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Sector of persistent data storage device
A boot sector is the sector of a persistent data storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, optical disc, etc.) which contains machine code to be loaded
Boot_sector
First sector of partitioned PC computer disk
A master boot record (MBR) is a type of boot sector in the first block of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives
Master_boot_record
Boot sector of non-partitioned media in PC systems
A volume boot record (VBR) (also known as a volume boot sector, a partition boot record or a partition boot sector) is a type of boot sector introduced
Volume_boot_record
Process of starting a computer
storage devices ("boot device sequence") until it finds one that is bootable. Once the BIOS has found a bootable device it loads the boot sector to linear address
Booting
Computer file system architecture design
FATs × sectors per FAT), the root directory (n/a for FAT32), and hidden sectors including the boot sector: this would result in unused sectors at the
Design_of_the_FAT_file_system
Computer program that modifies other programs to replicate itself and spread
control" in 1984. The first IBM PC compatible virus in the "wild" was a boot sector virus dubbed (c)Brain, created in 1986 and was released in 1987 by Amjad
Computer_virus
Technical specification for firmware architecture
for a boot sector as part of the backward BIOS compatibility.[citation needed] Computers are started up by a process which has been called booting: the
UEFI
Software responsible for starting the computer
also spelled as boot loader or called bootstrap loader, is a computer program that is responsible for booting a computer and booting an operating system
Bootloader
Architecture of computer operating systems
Master boot record is loaded at address 7C00h and loads the boot sector of the Windows Disk partition. The boot sector contains the disk boot program
Architecture_of_Windows_9x
Proprietary file system developed by Microsoft
in the Master Boot Record (MBR) is limited to 2 TiB with a hard drive with 512-byte physical sectors, although for a 4 KiB physical sector the MBR partition
NTFS
Microcomputer virus
the Apple DOS 3.3 operating system using a technique now known as a boot sector virus. It was attached to a program being shared on a disk (usually a
Elk_Cloner
Firmware for hardware initialization and OS runtime services
is bootable by attempting to load the first sector (boot sector). If the sector cannot be read, the BIOS proceeds to the next device. If the sector is
BIOS
Computer virus
Stoned is a boot sector computer virus created in 1987. It is one of the first viruses and is thought to have been written by a student in Wellington
Stoned_(computer_virus)
Boot loader used in Windows NT-based products
Windows. The boot sector or UEFI loads the Windows Boot Manager (a file named BOOTMGR on either the system or the boot partition), accesses the Boot Configuration
Windows_Boot_Manager
Boot loader for Microsoft Windows
appropriate boot sector in a file. NTLDR requires, at a minimum, the following three (or four) files to be on the system volume: ntldr, the main boot loader
NTLDR
Boot loader package
the first 440 bytes of the Master Boot Record (MBR boot code in sector 0), or optionally in a partition boot sector (PBR). It addresses diskboot.img by
GNU_GRUB
operating system boot manager programs, chain loading is used to pass control from the boot manager to a boot sector. The target boot sector is loaded in
Chain_loading
1991 DOS boot sector computer virus
engage the operating system or make any OS calls. Michelangelo, like all boot sector viruses, operated at the BIOS level. Each year, the virus remained dormant
Michelangelo_(computer_virus)
Family of operating systems for IBM PC compatibles
computers, the master boot record, is located beginning at the boot sector, the first sector on the first track (track zero), of the boot disk. The ROM BIOS
DOS
Act of installing multiple operating systems on a single computer
Multi-booting is the act of installing multiple operating systems on a single computer, and being able to choose which one to boot. The term dual-booting refers
Multi-booting
Computer virus
Form was a boot sector virus isolated in Switzerland in the summer of 1990 which became very common worldwide. The origin of Form is widely listed as
Form_(computer_virus)
Removable disk from which a computer can boot an operating system
computer they are designed for. MS-DOS/PC DOS/DR-DOS A valid boot sector in form of a volume boot record (VBR) IO.SYS or IBMBIO.COM MSDOS.SYS or IBMDOS.COM
Boot_disk
System file (DOS BIOS) in PC DOS and DR-DOS
being loaded by a boot sector. In the PC bootup sequence, the first sector of the boot volume contains a boot loader called the volume boot record (VBR) and
IBMBIO.COM
1986 IBM PC boot sector computer virus
the PC by replacing the boot sector of a floppy disk with a copy of the virus. The real boot sector is moved to another sector and marked as bad. Infected
Brain_(computer_virus)
Boot sector computer virus
The Ping-Pong virus (also called Boot, Bouncing Ball, Bouncing Dot, Italian, Italian-A or VeraCruz) is a boot sector virus discovered on March 1, 1988
Ping-Pong_(computer_virus)
including boot sector information. The System Deployment Image (SDI) file format is often used to allow the use of a virtual disk for startup or booting. Some
System_Deployment_Image
Data structure in the volume boot record
contain, the length of the BPB is different for FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS boot sectors. (A detailed discussion of the various FAT BPB versions and their entries
BIOS_parameter_block
AntiEXE, also known under the aliases NewBug, D3, and CMOS4, is a boot sector virus isolated in France in September 1993 that later became common worldwide
AntiEXE
Subsidiary partition table in the MBR partitioning scheme
An extended boot record (EBR), or extended partition boot record (EPBR), is a descriptor for a logical partition under the common DOS disk drive partitioning
Extended_boot_record
Software designed to enable access to unauthorized locations in a computer
intercepted attempts to read the boot sector, and redirected these to elsewhere on the disk, where a copy of the original boot sector was kept. Over time, DOS-virus
Rootkit
MSDOS-like operating system
to the advanced loader in the boot sector could be physically stored anywhere on disk. The OEM label in the boot sectors was changed to "IBM␠␠3.3". DR DOS
DR-DOS
Disk encryption software for Microsoft Windows
integrity of the trusted boot path (e.g. BIOS and boot sector), in order to prevent most offline physical attacks and boot sector malware. In order for BitLocker
BitLocker
Computer malware timeline
code is present in the source code of this new copy. January: The Brain boot sector virus is released. Brain is considered the first IBM PC compatible virus
Timeline of computer viruses and worms
Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms
monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) - developed by Faisal Kashif. A boot sector computer virus dubbed (c)Brain, one of the first computer viruses in
List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries
List_of_Pakistani_inventions_and_discoveries
Partition used by Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
compatibility code, effectively creating a legacy boot sector. On legacy BIOS-based systems, the first sector of a partition is loaded into memory, and execution
EFI_system_partition
Operating system of the Atari ST range of computers
is used to mark the boot sector as executable (the PC format uses the signature word 0x55 0xAA instead). Executable boot sectors for the Atari platform
Atari_TOS
Malicious software
programs or boot sectors of floppy disks. By inserting a copy of itself into the machine code instructions in these programs or boot sectors, a virus causes
Malware
Raw disk image
example, a typical floppy disk[needs update] raw image begins with a FAT boot sector, which can be used to identify the file system. A raw optical disc image
IMG_(file_format)
Directory in Unix-like operating systems
system will not boot. boot.xxyy – these 512-byte files are backups of boot sectors, either the master boot record (MBR) or volume boot record (VBR), created
Boot_folder
First Amiga computer virus
gain public notoriety. It appeared in November 1987. The SCA virus is a boot sector virus. It features a line of text that appears at every 15th copy after
SCA_(computer_virus)
Topics referred to by the same term
(database), a set of fields in a database related to one entity Boot sector or boot record, record used to start an operating system Storage record,
Record
Antivirus program
Checks all disks (hard drive and floppy) for boot sector viruses. Warns of attempts to write to the boot sector or partition table of the hard disk Warns
MSAV
Shell command for copying and converting file data
Therefore, the command can be used for tasks such as backing up the boot sector of a drive, and obtaining random data. The command can also support converting
Dd_(Unix)
Early form of read-only memory
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
Core_rope_memory
Microsoft employee
communication delays with IBM), O'Rear produced PC DOS v1.0 in August 1981. The boot sector of the PC DOS v1.0 floppy disk even bears his name, instead of the 'Microsoft
Bob_O'Rear
Method of bypassing authentication or encryption in a computer
during the system booting process; these are also mentioned by Karger and Schell in 1974, and now exist in the form of boot sector viruses. A traditional
Backdoor_(computing)
Anti-virus software
would include the partition table, CMOS settings memory information, and boot sector of a hard disk of an MS-DOS computer system. This was very handy in case
Norton_AntiVirus
Computing terms for disk partitions
the boot loader, a piece of software responsible for booting the operating system. This partition holds the boot sector and is marked active. The boot partition
System partition and boot partition
System_partition_and_boot_partition
Computer data storage partitioning standard
In operating systems that support GPT-based boot through BIOS services rather than EFI, the first sector may also still be used to store the first stage
GUID_Partition_Table
Computing command
already formatted medium bootable. It will install a boot sector capable of booting the operating system into the first logical sector of the volume. Further
SYS_(command)
Data recovery utility
recover deleted partitions, rebuild partition tables or rewrite the master boot record (MBR). EFI GPT is also supported. TestDisk retrieves the LBA size
TestDisk
Flash file system
volume boot record (VBR) is a 12-sector region that contains the boot records, BIOS parameter block (BPB), OEM parameters and the checksum sector. (There
ExFAT
Type of memory used on processors that require high transfer rate memory
since early 2025 ... [because of] unprecedented demand coming from the AI sector ... HBM is crowding out commodity DRAM capacity. Micron noted a 3-to-1 conversion
High_Bandwidth_Memory
First discovered multipartite virus
Skúlason. The virus is capable of infecting both executable .COM-files and boot sectors. The virus was written up based on code from two different viruses. The
Ghostball_(computer_virus)
IT security term
The process was originally developed in response to the problem of boot sector viruses on floppy disks. Subsequently, its scope has been expanded to
Sheep_dip_(computing)
Creation of accessible areas on secondary storage device
sector (relative sector 0) of the partition before removing it. It still may be possible to restore a FAT or NTFS partition if a backup boot sector is
Disk_partitioning
Disk imaging utility
Modification of some filesystem content: boot sector, Windows multi-boot boot sector, Windows boot configuration, boot sector and superblock backup, bad clusters
Partition-Saving
1988 computer virus
Byte Bandit is a boot sector computer virus created for the Amiga personal computer. It first appeared in January 1988. In contrast to the feared Amiga
Byte_Bandit
Computer memory type used for data preservation
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
5D_optical_data_storage
Removable disk storage medium
the boot and when disk errors occurred and track zero synchronization was attempted. All 8-inch and some 5¼-inch drives use methods to locate sectors, known
Floppy_disk
System file (DOS BIOS in MS-DOS, combined with DOS kernel in Windows 9x)
sequence, the first sector of the boot disk is loaded into memory and executed. If this is the DOS boot sector, it loads the first three sectors of IO.SYS into
IO.SYS
CIA files on cyber war and surveillance
Windows 7, made of five parts. Solartime was the malware that modified the boot sector to load Wolfcreek, which was a self-loading driver that loaded other
Vault_7
Topics referred to by the same term
set Bubble sort, a sorting algorithm Boot sector, a memory region containing machine code, generally used for booting an operating system BraveSentry, a
BS
Topics referred to by the same term
Boot signature may refer to: VBR boot signature, a signature in IBM PC compatible floppy and superfloppy boot sectors (Volume Boot Records) MBR boot signature
Boot_signature
Topics referred to by the same term
method to sharpen the edges of steel tools Stoned (computer virus), a boot-sector virus created in 1987 Stoned (TV special), a 1981 ABC Afterschool Special
Stoned
Apple II disk operating system
tools has a boot sector that supports booting both ProDOS and SOS depending on what computer it is booted on. Block 0 is the Apple II boot block and block
Apple_ProDOS
Different bootloaders
(Master Boot Record) refers to whether or not the boot loader can be stored in the first sector of a mass storage device. The column VBR (Volume Boot Record)
Comparison_of_bootloaders
Logic bomb DOS computer virus
active boot sector and will place a copy of itself there if it was not present before. When a computer is booted from a contaminated boot sector/disk,
Jerusalem_(computer_virus)
Stored data in computer systems
disaster. Boot sector: The boot sector can sometimes be recreated more easily than saving it. It usually is not a normal file and the system will not boot without
Backup
Computer memory that loses its contents when unpowered
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
Volatile_memory
Line-oriented debug utility in DOS
anything else. It can also be used to edit disk sectors, which is one method of removing boot-sector viruses. Although technical documentation for the
Debug_(command)
Computer program for chess analysis and game
reduced to 468 bytes). Capable of running from a boot sector on Windows, Linux, OS X, and DOS, BootChess utilizes a "TaxiMax" heuristic but still lacks
Chess_engine
Computer memory that does not lose its contents after being turned off
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
Non-volatile_memory
Form of computer memory
systems, the benefit may be hypothetical because the BIOS is not used after booting. Some virtual private network services utilize RAM servers to keep all
Random-access_memory
Form of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices
execution (a process known as bootstrapping, often abbreviated to "booting" or "booting up"). Likewise, every non-trivial computer needs some form of mutable
Read-only_memory
Recording of information in a storage medium
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
Data_storage
boot either an Amiga or Atari ST computer. The layout of the first track of the disk was specially laid out to contain an Amiga and an Atari ST boot sector
Dual_format
Instructions directly executable by a computer
on the byte level such as in the implementation of boot loaders which have to fit into boot sectors. It is also sometimes used as a code obfuscation technique
Machine_code
Type of computer memory
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
LPDDR
Computer malware reported in 1990
on each boot the Trojan uses a random number generator to determine whether to do a low-level format of the active copy of the boot sector and the first
Twelve_Tricks
MS-DOS software to copy floppy disks
ten-second waiting time on startup and it was not able to write to individual boot sectors. Later the limitations changed to requiring to enter a 5-digit number
VGA-Copy
BASIC programming languages designed for under 4 KB
July 2019). "bootBASIC Fits Your Favorite Language in the Boot Sector". Hack A Day. Retrieved 26 March 2022. Gutierrez, Oscar Toledo. "bootBASIC is a BASIC
Tiny_BASIC
Type of memory used on graphics cards
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
GDDR_SDRAM
Data recording made of plastic film
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
Magnetic_tape
Component that stores information
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
Computer_memory
Magnetic data storage device
addressed by track. Tracks were divided into fixed length sectors and addressing was by track and sectors. Blocks were variable length, and blocks were addressed
Drum_memory
Replaceable device used for the distribution and storage of video games
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
ROM_cartridge
Type of computer memory
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
Static_random-access_memory
Data storage device
these file systems. Sectors are 512 bytes long, for compatibility with hard disk drives, and the first sector can contain a master boot record and a partition
USB_flash_drive
Antivirus software
real-time monitoring, and boot-disk tools intended to clean infected systems. The software focused on detecting file and boot sector viruses and later added
Dr_Solomon's_Antivirus
Type of computer memory
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
DDR_SDRAM
Magnetic tape data storage technology
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
Linear_Tape-Open
Electro-mechanical data storage device
with a particular file. Examples of partition mapping scheme include master boot record (MBR) and GUID Partition Table (GPT). Examples of data structures
Hard_disk_drive
Implementation of logical volume manager for Microsoft Windows NT
message appears: "Boot sector doesn't have valid information". Using the 1-MB alignment boundary will not put VBRs or EBRs on the first sector of a track (according
Logical_Disk_Manager
Computer storage interface standard
overridden with a small program[which?] loaded at startup from a hard drive's boot sector. Some hard drive manufacturers, such as Western Digital, started including
Parallel_ATA
Computer operating system
in logical sector 1, assuming only one reserved sector of 512 bytes (the boot sector in logical sector 0) instead of the 52 reserved sectors á 128 bytes
86-DOS
Write once computer memory
where reliable and repeatable reading of data is required. Examples include boot code, encryption keys and configuration parameters for analog, sensor or
Programmable_ROM
Home computers produced by Amstrad
stored on the boot sectors of a 3" disk in what was called "System format"; typing |CPM from Locomotive BASIC would load code from these sectors, making it
Amstrad_CPC
Computer memory architecture
protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record GUID Partition Table Disk array Disk image Disk
Memory_hierarchy
2-D grid of wires where data is represented by the presence or absence of diodes at nodes
righto.com. Retrieved 2026-06-01. Photo of DEC M792 Diode Matrix used as boot ROM for PDP-11 computer Photo of Telefunken diode matrix in the collection
Diode_matrix
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