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Chemical compound
Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is a furanosyl borate diester or tetrahydroxy furan (species dependent) that—as the name suggests—is an autoinducer, a member of a
Autoinducer-2
Signaling molecule enabling detection and response to cell-population density
In biology, an autoinducer is a signaling molecule that enables detection and response to changes in the population density of bacterial cells. Synthesized
Autoinducer
Class of chemical compounds
major groups are oligopeptides AIs in gram-positive bacteria; and autoinducer-2 (AI-2), as a universal signal for interspecies communications. It arises
N-Acyl_homoserine_lactone
Signaling molecule in the bacterium Vibrio cholerae
Cholera autoinducer-1 (CAI-1) is an autoinducer signaling molecule present in the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera. CAI-1 is known structurally
Cholera_autoinducer-1
Species of bacterium
"Characterization of autoinducer 2 signal in Eikenella corrodens and its role in biofilm formation". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 102 (2): 110–7. doi:10
Eikenella_corrodens
about other species as well. This universal molecule is called autoinducer 2 or AI-2. AI-2 was first discovered in the light producing system of the bacteria
Interspecies_quorum_sensing
Protein family
involved in the synthesis of autoinducer AI-2 (autoinducer-2), which mediates quorum sensing in roughly half of bacterial species. AI-2, a furanosyl borate diester
S-ribosylhomocysteine_lyase
Biological ability to detect and respond to cell population density
autocrine signaling: a cell produces both an autoinducer molecule and the receptor for the autoinducer. As one example, quorum sensing enables bacteria
Quorum_sensing
Species of bacterium
dependent on cell density. V. harveyi uses a second AI, termed autoinducer-2 or AI-2, which is unusual because it is made and detected by a variety of
Vibrio_harveyi
inter-species signalling is mediated by 4, 5-dihydroxy-2, 3-pentanedione (DPD), also known as autoinducer-2 (Al-2). The evolution of the human oral microbiome can
Oral_microbiology
Movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus
Laganenka L, Colin R, Sourjik V (30 September 2016). "Chemotaxis towards autoinducer 2 mediates autoaggregation in Escherichia coli". Nature Communications
Chemotaxis
5-kinase EC 2.7.1.187: acarbose 7IV-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.188: 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone 7-kinase EC 2.7.1.189: autoinducer-2 kinase EC 2.7.1.190: aminoglycoside
List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)
Chemical compound
DPD reacts with boric acid to form a borate diester known as autoinducer-2 (AI-2). AI-2 is a signaling molecule used for bacterial quorum sensing. It
4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione
4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione
Spanish-American bioanalytical chemist
and whole-cell systems for detecting quorum sensing molecules such as autoinducer-2. Her work has also addressed stimuli-responsive biomaterials and nanotechnology-based
Sylvia_Daunert
Phenomenon in physics
"Regulation of Bacterial Biofilm Formation by Ultrasound: Role of Autoinducer-2 and Finite-Element Analysis of Acoustic Streaming". Ultrasound in Medicine
Acoustic_streaming
Metabolites produced by probiotics
W. (2012-10-01). "Bifidobacterium spp. influences the production of autoinducer-2 and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7". Anaerobe. 18 (5):
Proteobiotics
Classification of membrane proteins including ion channels
Family 2.A.85 The Aromatic Acid Exporter (ArAE) Family 2.A.86 The Autoinducer-2 Exporter (AI-2E) Family (Formerly the PerM Family, TC #9.B.22) 2.A.87 The
Transporter Classification Database
Transporter_Classification_Database
Enzyme Commission numbers
transporter EC 7.6.2.11: ABC-type polyamine transporter EC 7.6.2.12: ABC-type capsular-polysaccharide transporter EC 7.6.2.13: ABC-type autoinducer-2 transporter
List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)
Bacteria that produce light through chemiluminescence
LuxR, encoded by luxI and luxR respectively. LuxI is autoinducer synthase that produces autoinducer (AI) while LuxR functions as both a receptor and transcription
Bioluminescent_bacteria
Species of bacterium
regulating the operon. The luxI gene produces the autoinducer (N-acyl homoserine lactone, AHL). The autoinducer binds to the LuxR protein, and this complex
Aliivibrio_fischeri
Class of enzymes
AHL synthase, AHS, AHSL synthase, AhyI, AinS, AinS protein, autoinducer synthase, autoinducer synthesis protein rhlI, EsaI, ExpISCC1, ExpISCC3065, LasI
Acyl-homoserine-lactone synthase
Acyl-homoserine-lactone_synthase
American microbiologist
called an autoinducer, which was not identified until 1981. In 1985, Greenberg reported that, instead of a complex mechanism, the autoinducer simply passively
Everett_Peter_Greenberg
Molecule to signal group actions in cells
sensing are called autoinducers, which are communicatory molecules that can induce conformist actions among a group. Specific autoinducers are used to influence
Pseudomonas_quinolone_signal
Protein found in humans
infection. The mechanism of antagonism entails binding ApoB to a S. aureus autoinducer pheromone, preventing signaling through its receptor. Mice deficient
Apolipoprotein_B
Protein family
C-terminal region of the protein; the N-terminal region often containing an autoinducer-binding domain or a response regulatory domain. Most luxR-type regulators
LuxR-type DNA-binding HTH domain
LuxR-type_DNA-binding_HTH_domain
One of the five major groups of lipoprotein
mechanism of antagonism entails binding apolipoprotein B to a S. aureus autoinducer pheromone, preventing signaling through its receptor. Mice deficient
Low-density_lipoprotein
Class of antibacterial drugs, subgroup of quinolones
Cámara M (March 2011). "Quinolones: from antibiotics to autoinducers". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 35 (2): 247–274. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00247.x. PMC 3053476
Quinolone_antibiotic
Species of bacterium
which may utilize autoinducers or other mechanisms in order to restrict colonization by V. cholerae or other enteropathogens. Autoinducers, specifically with
Vibrio_cholerae
Theory connecting gene loss in microbial communities to natural selection
conclusion is twofold: When autoinducers are costly, any microbial strain that simultaneously produces both the autoinducer and mixed goods is unlikely
Black_Queen_hypothesis
Species of bacterium
(short hydrophobic peptides) that are quorum sensing pheromones, a.k.a. autoinducers. The SHP's are translated to an immature form of the pheromone and must
Streptococcus_pyogenes
Species of cephalopods known as the Hawaiian bobtail squid
Biological Bulletin 195: 326-336. Effects of colonization, luminescence, and autoinducer on host transcription during development of the squid-vibrio association
Euprymna_scolopes
Species of bacterium
6-N-acetylglucosamine PNAG, acyl-homoserine lactones through AbaR receptor, and AbaI autoinducer synthase. Moreover, inactivation of adeRS operon negatively affects biofilm
Acinetobacter_baumannii
Domain of microorganisms
bacteria to coordinate gene expression and to produce, release, and detect autoinducers or pheromones that accumulate with the growth in cell population. Classification
Bacteria
Film of microorganisms on a surface
enclose bacterial biofilms. The matrix exopolysaccharides can trap QS autoinducers within the biofilm to prevent predator detection and ensure bacterial
Biofilm
Species of bacterium
a consecutive sequence. This is accomplished via detection of small autoinducers which are secreted in response to increasing cell-population density
Lactobacillus_acidophilus
Semmelhack MF, Bassler BL (2007-11-14). "The major Vibrio cholerae autoinducer and its role in virulence factor production". Nature. 450 (7171): 883–886
History_of_cholera
Species of bacterium
or quorum sensing (QS) via the production of small molecules called autoinducers that are released into the external environment. These signals, when
Pseudomonas_aeruginosa
Bacterium, genetic engineering tool
N-(3-oxo-octanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3OC8HSL) or the Agrobacterium autoinducer. This activates the transcription factor TraR, positively regulating
Agrobacterium_tumefaciens
Behavioral pattern of microorganisms
involves the secretion by individual cells of 'signaling' molecules, called autoinducers or pheromones. These bacteria also have a receptor that can specifically
Microbial_cooperation
System of communication
coordinated response. In this context, the signaling molecules are called autoinducers. This signaling mechanism may have been involved in evolution from unicellular
Cell_signaling
Circular plasmid used in creation of transgenic plants
to bacterial population densities by sensing a molecule, known as an autoinducer, that is produced by the bacterial cells at low levels and would build
Ti_plasmid
Infection of an artificial joint
attach to each other and to the joint surface. The bacteria then secrete autoinducer proteins that act as bacterial signals which facilitate the secretion
Prosthetic_joint_infection
Rgg/SHP quorum sensing system
signaling Short Hydrophobic Peptide (SHP). The SHP acts as a pheromone (or autoinducer) and is generally secreted by peptidase-containing ABC transporters such
Regulator gene glucosyltransferases (Rgg/SHP) systems
Regulator_gene_glucosyltransferases_(Rgg/SHP)_systems
American molecular biologist
LuxS family of bacterial autoinducers: biosynthesis of a novel quorum-sensing signal molecule". Molecular Microbiology. 41 (2): 463–476. doi:10.1046/j
Bonnie_Bassler
Bacterial molecular machine
attributable to differences in quorum-sensing levels. In Vibrio cholerae, autoinducer-1 (AI-1) signals are detected by LuxQ, a sensor kinase. LuxQ activates
Type_VI_secretion_system
American biologist
autoinduction), the bacteria release a substance into the medium, the autoinducer. Once the concentration of this substance reaches a critical level (a
John_Woodland_Hastings
Chemical compound
small RNAs that, ultimately, control the production of quorum sensing autoinducers. Since this interaction occurs at the proximal Hfq binding site (the
Ajoene
gram-positive bacterium, is capable of quorum sensing and can release autoinducers, chemical signals that increase as concentration based on density. CSPs
Competence stimulating peptide
Competence_stimulating_peptide
protein involved in quorum sensing, particularly in the synthesis of autoinducer molecules. Quorum-sensing E. coli regulator A (QseA) is found in LuxS
Locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded regulator
Locus_of_enterocyte_effacement-encoded_regulator
Aggregation of microorganisms in low coastline
the production and release of signaling molecules known as autoinducers. When autoinducers reach a specific threshold concentration, signaling pathways
Intertidal_biofilm
small soluble molecules called autoinducers that contain the ability to express genetic competence in other cells. Autoinducers are used as a type of quorum
Competence_factor
Biological molecule
utilized in V. harveyi for the phenomenon of bioluminescence. Three autoinducers (AIs) are produced by this species: AI-1, LuxS, and CAI-1. LuxN, LuxPq
Qrr_RNA
AUTOINDUCER 2
AUTOINDUCER 2
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of Swiss German Bürki, or an altered spelling of Berke (see Berke 2).Possibly an Americanized spelling of Hungarian Berki, a habitational name from a village called Berki, in Pest county, or a topographic name from berek ‘marsh wi
Americanized spelling of Swiss German Bürki, or an altered spelling of Berke (see Berke 2).Possibly an Americanized spelling of Hungarian Berki, a habitational name from a village called Berki, in Pest county, or a topographic name from berek ‘marsh with groves’.English : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic meaning ‘son of the mayor’ (see Mayer 1).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : patronymic from the personal Meyer (see Meyer 2).American form of German Meyer, with excrescent -s.Irish : variant of Meyer 3.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of or patronymic from Merritt 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a mayor, Middle English, Old French mair(e) (from Latin maior ‘greater’, ‘superior’; compare Mayor). In France the title denoted various minor local officials, and the same is true of Scotland (see Mair 1). In England, however, the term was normally restricted to the chief officer of a borough, and the surname may have been given not only to a citizen of some standing who had held this office, but also as a nickname to a pompous or officious person.German and Dutch : variant of Meyer 1.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Meyer 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Maul 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Melhuish in Devon, so called from Old English mǣl(e) ‘brightly colored’, ‘flowery’ + hīwisc ‘hide’ (a measurement of land).Scottish : variant of Mellis 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Miner.German : nickname, meaning ‘small(er)’, from Latin minor ‘less’, ‘smaller’.French : nickname meaning ‘younger’, from the same word as in 2.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Beiss(e), a variant of Beitz 2.English
Americanized spelling of German Beiss(e), a variant of Beitz 2.English : perhaps a variant of Biss. Compare Beese, Bise, Buys, Byce.Hungarian : nickname for someone with a limp or a peculiar gait, from bice ‘limp’.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : variant of Mill 1.English : either a metronymic form of Mill 2, or a variant of Miles.Irish : in Ulster this is the English name, but elsewhere in Ireland it may be a translation of a Gaelic topographic byname, an Mhuilinn ‘of the mill’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from places called Merton in London, Devon, Norfolk, and Oxfordshire, named in Old English with mere ‘lake’, ‘pool’ + tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’. Compare Marton, Martin 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Mixon 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Mellis 1.German : variant of Melius.Dutch ((van) Melis) : variant of Millis 2.Czech and Slovak (Meliš), and Hungarian : from a short form of the Biblical personal name Melichar (see Melchior).Greek : from the personal name Melis, a pet form of Meletios or Meliton (names of various early saints and martyrs). The personal names are derived from either meli ‘honey’ or meletan ‘care for’, ‘study’.Italian (Sardinia and southern Italy) : habitational name from a place so named in Sardinia.Lithuanian : nickname from melis ‘blue’.Latvian : unflattering nickname from melis ‘liar’.Latvian : variant of Mellis.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Mayer 1.German : patronymic from Mayer 2.Dutch : variant of Meyer 1 and 3.
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from a short form of the personal name Amaury (see Emery).Southern French (Occitan) : habitational name from Maury, in Basses Pyrénées.English : probably a variant of Morey 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a meadow, from Mead 1 + the suffix -er, denoting an inhabitant.English : occupational name for a brewer or seller of mead, Middle English med(i)er (see Mead 2).
Surname or Lastname
Variant of Nicolai 2.English
Variant of Nicolai 2.English : variant of Nicholas.
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire)
English (Lancashire) : variant spelling of Mayer 1.Spanish and Jewish (Sephardic) : nickname for an older man or a distinguishing epithet for the elder of two bearers of the same personal name, from Spanish mayor ‘older’ (Latin maior (natus), literally ‘greater (by birth)’).Spanish and Jewish (Sephardic) : occupational or status name, from major ‘governor’, ‘chief’.Catalan : variant spelling of Major.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Meyer 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from a variant spelling of Mayer 1.English : variant of Myers.Spanish : variant of Mier 2.Dutch : variant of Mier 3.Dutch (van der Miers) : variant of Meers 2.
Surname or Lastname
North German variant of Laas 2.Jewish (Ashkenazic)
North German variant of Laas 2.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : unexplained.English : nickname from Middle English lesse, lasse ‘smaller’ (from Old English lǣssa ‘less’), perhaps also used in the sense ‘younger’.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of Jewish Leykin (from Belarus), a metronymic from Leyke, a pet form of the Yiddish female personal name Leye, from the Hebrew female personal name Lea, from which English Leah is derived (see Genesis 29
Americanized spelling of Jewish Leykin (from Belarus), a metronymic from Leyke, a pet form of the Yiddish female personal name Leye, from the Hebrew female personal name Lea, from which English Leah is derived (see Genesis 29 : 16) + the Slavic possessive suffix -in.English : from a medieval personal name, a diminutive of Lawrence. Compare Law 1 and Larkin.
AUTOINDUCER 2
AUTOINDUCER 2
Female
Romanian
(Bulgarian Виолета): Bulgarian and Romanian form of Latin Viola, VIOLETA means "violet color" or "violet flower."
Girl/Female
Muslim
Angel
Boy/Male
British, English, Hebrew
The Lord is My God
Girl/Female
Tamil
Leader
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Christian, Greek, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Italian, Kannada, Latin, Marathi, Punjabi, Sikh, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Silvery; Farm Worker
Girl/Female
Muslim
Jubilant, Jovial
Boy/Male
Indian
Heart; One with Great Heart
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bulmer.Americanized spelling of German Baumer.
Boy/Male
British, English
Surname and Place-name; Treves
Girl/Female
Tamil
The Moon
AUTOINDUCER 2
AUTOINDUCER 2
AUTOINDUCER 2
AUTOINDUCER 2
AUTOINDUCER 2
n.
A close railway car for baggage. See the Note under Car, 2.
a.
Somewhat viscous. Cf. Mobile, a., 2.
n.
A game in word making. See Logomachy, 2.
n.
A sign of the zodiac which the sun enters about the 21st of August, marked thus [/] in almanacs.
n.
The first month of the French republican calendar, dating from September 22, 1792.
n.
See 2d Vail, 3.
n.
A measure for liquids, and also a dry measure; especially, a liquid measure in Belgium and Holland, corresponding to the hectoliter of the metric system, which contains 22.01 imperial gallons, or 26.4 standard gallons in the United States.
n.
A Russian liquid measure, equal to 3.249 gallons of U. S. standard measure, or 2.706 imperial gallons.
a.
Consisting of, or characterized by, voice, or tone produced in the larynx, which may be modified, either by resonance, as in the case of the vowels, or by obstructive action, as in certain consonants, such as v, l, etc., or by both, as in the nasals m, n, ng; sonant; intonated; voiced. See Voice, and Vowel, also Guide to Pronunciation, // 199-202.
a.
Of no legal force or effect, incapable of confirmation or ratification; null. Cf. Voidable, 2.
n.
One of the planets, the second in order from the sun, its orbit lying between that of Mercury and that of the Earth, at a mean distance from the sun of about 67,000,000 miles. Its diameter is 7,700 miles, and its sidereal period 224.7 days. As the morning star, it was called by the ancients Lucifer; as the evening star, Hesperus.
n.
A compensation given to a hired person for services; price paid for labor; recompense; hire. See Wage, n., 2.
a.
The sixth month of the calendar adopted by the first French republic. It began February 19, and ended March 20. See Vend/miaire.
n.
See Vinaigrette, n., 2.
n.
One of the vessels which carry blood, either venous or arterial, to the heart. See Artery, 2.
n.
A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into twenty-four leaves; hence, indicating more or less definitely a size of book so made; -- usually written 24mo, or 24¡.
n.
The quality or state of being vegetal, or exhibiting those physiological phenomena which are common to plants and animals. See Vegetal, a., 2.
n.
See Viol, 2.