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Type of malicious software
Air-gap malware is malware that is designed to defeat the air-gap isolation of secure computer systems using various air-gap covert channels. Because most
Air-gap_malware
Network security measure
Scientists in 2013 demonstrated the viability of air gap malware designed to defeat air gap isolation using acoustic signaling.[citation needed] Shortly
Air_gap_(networking)
Physical software-controlling switch
access, interrupting the download. If laptop software is compromised by air-gap malware, the user may activate the security switch and disconnect the speaker
Security_switch
Malicious software
world. However, malware can still cross the air gap in some situations, not least due to the need to introduce software into the air-gapped network and can
Malware
Malware package
Lyons, Jessica (2024-10-09). "Moscow-adjacent GoldenJackal gang strikes air-gapped systems with custom malware". The Register. Retrieved 2024-10-16. v t e
Turla_(malware)
Cyber espionage framework and toolkit
air gap". May 20, 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-05-20. Cimpanu, Catalin. "New Ramsay malware can steal sensitive documents from air-gapped networks"
Ramsay_(malware)
BIOS-based computer malware
air gaps using ultrasonic communication between a computer's speakers and microphone. To date, there have been no proven occurrences of this malware.
BadBIOS
Computer worm first discovered in 2010
target environment via an infected USB flash drive, thus crossing any air gap. The worm then propagates across the network, scanning for Siemens Step7
Stuxnet
Computer malware targeting Windows systems
the encrypted VFS partition created by the malware doesn't facilitate data collection within the air gapped system, leading to the hypothesis that zero-day
Project_Sauron
IT security term
other removable devices, all of which can potentially carry malware. Sandboxing Air gap Webopedia definition of term "sheep-dip" Retrieved on 11 April
Sheep_dip_(computing)
Type of malware
In computing, a trojan horse or trojan is a kind of malware that misleads users as to its true intent by disguising itself as a normal program. Trojans
Trojan_horse_(computing)
Malicious software used in ransom demands
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts the victim's personal data until a ransom is paid. Difficult-to-trace digital currencies such as paysafecard
Ransomware
Cybersecurity model
security exploits, as well as web-borne threats such as ransomware and other malware. When a browser isolation technology is delivered to its customers as a
Browser_isolation
CIA files on cyber war and surveillance
Kangaroo". Brutal Kangaroo was a project focused on CIA malware designed to compromise air-gapped computer networks with infected USB drives. Brutal Kangaroo
Vault_7
American cybersecurity company
posture. OPSWAT conducts research on malware, operational technology security, vulnerability assessment, air-gapped networks, and industrial control systems
OPSWAT
Israeli computer scientist
In each case, new types of attacks that can bridge the air-gap have been demonstrated. Malware detection is a central component of cyber security and
Yuval_Elovici
Security risk and prevention for mobile devices
weakness. Some malware makes use of the common user's limited knowledge. Only 2.1% of users reported having first-hand contact with mobile malware, according
Mobile_security
Unfixed software vulnerability
— including multi-factor authentication, least-privilege access, and air-gapping makes it harder to compromise systems with a zero-day exploit. Since
Zero-day_vulnerability
Obtaining secrets using the Internet
infect computers protected by an air gap or otherwise not on the same network. Manipulate Files and File Maintenance: Malware can be used to erase traces of
Cyber_espionage
2024-10-15. Toulas, Bill (2024-10-08). "European govt air-gapped systems breached using custom malware". Bleeping Computer. Retrieved 2024-10-16. Goodin,
GoldenJackal
Espionage using electromagnetic leakage
can be used to escape sensitive data from Faraday-caged, air-gapped computers with malware code-named 'ODINI' that can control the low-frequency magnetic
Tempest_(codename)
German cryptography expert and hacker (born 1981)
issue commands on behalf of the logged-in user to install malware on their computer, malware which would also infect other USB devices connected. A USB
Karsten_Nohl
Use of digital attacks against a state
to a Trojan Horse computer malware implanted in the pirated Canadian software by the Central Intelligence Agency. The malware caused the SCADA system running
Cyberwarfare
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
tools to defend the business." SMBs are most likely to be affected by malware, ransomware, phishing, man-in-the-middle attacks, and Denial-of Service
Computer_security
Category of computer technology
for OT systems, which in the past have relied on air gaps and the inability to run PC-based malware (see Stuxnet for a well-known example of this change)
Operational_technology
Indian multinational technology company
Ravie (27 February 2026). "ScarCruft Uses Zoho WorkDrive and USB Malware to Breach Air-Gapped Networks". Hacker News. Retrieved 10 April 2026. Hartmans, Avery
Zoho_Corporation
Set of stealthy and continuous computer hacking processes
enable network attacks. The purpose of these attacks is to install custom malware. APT attacks on mobile devices have also become a legitimate concern, since
Advanced_persistent_threat
Secure communications method
Israel successfully jumped air gap and reached Natanz nuclear plant's network in Iran. To deal with key exfiltration with malware, one approach is to split
End-to-end_encryption
Open-source e-commerce platform
Retrieved 2025-06-04. Patching; Research; Security; Vulnerabilities; Malware; Sites cling to a million flawed, fading SHA-1 certificates: Netcraft;
Magento
Free and open-source anonymity network based on onion routing
circumvention, as well as distribution of child abuse content, drug sales, or malware distribution. Tor has been described by The Economist, in relation to Bitcoin
Tor_(network)
American software company
Commvault Cloud Unified Data Vault, a cloud-native service that offers air-gapped protection and resilience to data stored via the S3 protocol. On September
Commvault
American multinational software company
Retrieved May 23, 2014. "Adobe source code breach – is it a gateway for new malware and exploits?". Naked Security. October 5, 2013. Archived from the original
Adobe_Inc.
American developer of data management software
protects user data against ransomware or other cyber attacks using an air-gapped digital vault within AWS that is managed by Cohesity. In June 2022, DataProtect
Cohesity
Data that is useful in detecting or predicting cyberattacks
indicators of compromise (IOCs): IP addresses, domain names, file hashes, malware signatures, and similar artifacts. Security operations teams use these
Cyber_threat_intelligence
American whistleblower (born 1983)
cooperation with the GCHQ, has plans to infect millions of computers with malware using a program called TURBINE. Revelations included information about
Edward_Snowden
Disclosures of NSA and related global espionage
concluded that the list of malware victims matched French intelligence priorities and found French cultural reference in the malware's code, including the name
Snowden_disclosures
Fictional character
laptops after she accidentally infects her and her sister's laptop with a malware-laced USB flash drive, before ultimately getting credit for recovering
Barbie
Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021. Revertron (4 June 2026), Revertron/Alfis
List of Internet top-level domains
List_of_Internet_top-level_domains
American multinational technology company
now constitutes an 'advanced persistent threat,' alongside sophisticated malware and cyber attacks". The statement also marked the beginning of three-part
Microsoft
Science fiction book series by Martha Wells
it was the result of another mining operation's sabotage attempt using malware, which made all of the facility's SecUnits go berserk. The facility's
The_Murderbot_Diaries
American retailing company
Delta Air hit by customer data breach at tech firm". CNBC. April 5, 2018. O'Donnell, Lindsey (April 5, 2018). "Delta, Sears Breaches Blamed on Malware Attack
Kmart
American science fiction comedy-drama television series (2020-2025)
favorable" reviews. "San Junipero", an episode of Black Mirror that first aired in 2016 has a similar premise. Prime Video (March 16, 2020). "3,2,1...upload
Upload_(TV_series)
Theft of corporate information
increasingly keeping important information "off network," leaving an "air gap", with some companies building Faraday cages to shield from electromagnetic
Industrial_espionage
Software or hardware-based network security system
reduce exposure to threats like unauthorized access, malware, or other forms of cyberattack. Air gap (networking) Distributed firewall DMZ (computing) Firewall
Firewall_(computing)
Realistic artificially generated media
2020. O'Neill, Patrick Howell (3 April 2019). "Researchers Demonstrate Malware That Can Trick Doctors Into Misdiagnosing Cancer". Gizmodo. Archived from
Deepfake
Official digital identity platform of Vietnam
clicking malicious links or installing fake VNeID applications containing malware. These criminals may already possess some personal data, which they leverage
VNeID
2022 cryptocurrency exchange collapse
published 16 November by Vox, Bankman-Fried blamed an "ex-employee" or malware on a device owned by an ex-employee for the theft. In January 2024, the
Bankruptcy_of_FTX
American art collective
collaboration with Guo O Dong. It is a single 2008 Windows laptop loaded with six malware programs. The programs included caused an estimated US$95 billion in damage
MSCHF
2022 shooting of electrical substations in North Carolina, USA
Koppel argues that all utilities, but especially smaller ones, do not truly air-gap their operations from the internet, leaving significant attack surfaces
Electrical grid security in the United States
Electrical_grid_security_in_the_United_States
List of episodes of the TV series Mr. Robot
first season finale was postponed one week from its originally scheduled air date of August 26, 2015, because the episode includes a scene with similarities
List_of_Mr._Robot_episodes
Wireshark – network protocol analyzer YARA – tool to identify and classify malware Bitmessage – encrypted peer-to-peer messaging protocol Briar – encrypted
List of free and open-source software packages
List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
American period drama television series
"Sonaris", intended to map Mutiny's network, but it inadvertently acts as malware. To make up for his mistake, Gordon negotiates an arrangement with Joe
Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)
Halt_and_Catch_Fire_(TV_series)
Political opposition research report regarding the 2016 US election
cybercriminals and Russian state-sponsored actors to launch and control large scale malware campaigns over the past decade. Gubarev and other XBT executives do not
Steele_dossier
Protection from financial loss
Edition, 1968, page 35 Menapace, Michael (10 March 2019). "Losses From Malware May Not Be Covered Due To Your Policy's Hostile Acts Exclusion". The National
Insurance
July 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2022. Cimpanu, Catalin. "Hackers target the air-gapped networks of the Taiwanese and Philippine military". ZDnet. Archived from
Chinese intelligence activity abroad
Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad
Former multimedia software
memory corruption vulnerability CVE-2016-1019 that could be used to deliver malware via the Magnitude exploit kit. The vulnerability could be exploited for
Adobe_Flash_Player
Medium to store keys for signing cryptocurrency transactions
never expose their private keys, even computers that may be compromised by malware do not have a vector to access or steal them.The user sets a passcode when
Cryptocurrency_wallet
U.S. signals intelligence organization
It also included offensive cyber-warfare capabilities, like injecting malware into remote computers. Congress criticized Turbulence in 2007 for having
National_Security_Agency
Hemorrhagic fever caused by ebolaviruses
open air. Fake emails pretending to be Ebola information from the WHO or the Mexican government have, in 2014, been misused to spread computer malware. The
Ebola
vendor produced hardware and software, this set up was referred to as an air gap, and produced a false sense of security as people believed that the systems
Control_system_security
Border conflict between China and India
October 2020 was caused by a malware attack. A February 2021 study by cybersecurity firm Recorded Future found that Chinese malware flowed into Indian electricity
2020–2021 China–India skirmishes
2020–2021_China–India_skirmishes
products are less likely to be breached by hackers or infected by viruses or malware, while critics argue this is mainly because attackers show less interest
Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.
Discontinued line of mobile devices and services
security during the launch, indicating that this model included built-in malware protection and encryption of all user information. Industry observers pointed
BlackBerry
security incidents. Cyber Swachhta Kendra within CERT-In (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre) on 21 February 2017 as part of the Government of India's
Internet_in_India
(9th Cir. 2010)". Justia Law. Retrieved 12 June 2024. "Starwood Hotels Malware Data Breach: What You Need to Know". ABC News. "Starwood data breach: See
List_of_data_breaches
Computer security attack
Publishing. ISBN 978-1597497435. Lakshmanan, Ravie (2020-05-04). "New Malware Jumps Air-Gapped Devices by Turning Power-Supplies into Speakers". An open online
Covert_channel
Internet-like structure connecting everyday physical objects
service attack powered by Internet of things devices running the Mirai malware took down a DNS provider and major web sites. The Mirai Botnet had infected
Internet_of_things
Canadian telecommunications company (1895–2013)
decided to approach an outside expert, who reported finding sophisticated malware in the company's machines and activities traced to Chinese IP addresses
Nortel
Israeli business executive and inventor
patents in the domain of behavior-based Anti Malware, introducing an alternative to old signature-based Anti Malware. Touboul helped aggressively market Finjan's
Shlomo_Touboul
Bilateral relations
reported that American hackers from the United States Cyber Command planted malware potentially capable of disrupting the Russian electrical grid. US intelligence
Russia–United States relations
Russia–United_States_relations
2023. Retrieved April 8, 2022. Cimpanu, Catalin. "Hackers target the air-gapped networks of the Taiwanese and Philippine military". ZDnet. Archived from
Cyberwarfare_and_China
the SCSI-based Air Gap (e-Gap) was dropped, and the product was unified as a single-server appliance. Instead of using the Air Gap as the security barrier
Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway
Microsoft_Forefront_Unified_Access_Gateway
Calendar year
organize the expansion of internet access throughout the world. Significant malware programs in 2003 included the SQL Slammer, the Blaster worm, the Welchia
2003
Regional branch of China's Ministry of State Security
2024-03-28. Toulas, Bill (August 1, 2023). "Hackers use new malware to breach air-gapped devices in Eastern Europe". BleepingComputer. Archived from the
Hubei Provincial Department of State Security
Hubei_Provincial_Department_of_State_Security
concluded that the list of malware victims matched French intelligence priorities and found French cultural reference in the malware's code, including the name
Timeline of Snowden disclosures
Timeline_of_Snowden_disclosures
American organization of amateur radio enthusiasts
organization confirmed that it paid a million dollar ransom to resolve the malware attack. Sixteen radio amateurs have led the ARRL as president. The ARRL
American_Radio_Relay_League
2022 FBI search of Donald Trump's home
Chinese citizen with false passports, possessing a thumb drive containing malware, was arrested attending a function there. Experts considered Trump "the
FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago
Family of mobile operating systems by Microsoft (2000–2013)
(August 31, 2003). "Risk Analysis of Mobile Devices with Special Concern of Malware Contamination" (PDF). www.2000grad.com. Retrieved August 9, 2024. Amy (April
Windows_Mobile
Information security standard
security Operation Security- procedures and responsibilities, Protection from malware, Backup, Logging and monitoring, Control of operational software, Technical
ISO/IEC_27002
Engineering and chemistry of e-cigarettes
Digital Trends. Alex Hern (21 November 2014). "Now e-cigarettes can give you malware". The Guardian. Staal, Yvonne CM; van de Nobelen, Suzanne; Havermans, Anne;
Construction of electronic cigarettes
Construction_of_electronic_cigarettes
Intricate surveillance of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population
Media reports published in July 2021 exposed the use of NSO Group's phone malware software, Pegasus, for spying on rights activists, lawyers, and journalists
Mass_surveillance
Security of commerce ports
cyber risks include attacks on ports and port systems. Attacks such as malware insertion, including cyber and ransomware attacks. In these attacks, cyber
Port_security
'stolen' from malware produced in other states including the Russian Federation," and tweeted, "CIA steals other groups virus and malware facilitating
Reception_of_WikiLeaks
Canadian cryptologic agency
Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), originally designed to analyze malware. The algorithm and software of UMAP has since been released by TIMC to
Communications Security Establishment
Communications_Security_Establishment
Structured criminal groups
be used as an overarching phrase to include all types of true viruses, malware, including computer worms, Trojan horses, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest
Organized_crime
Website that deliberately publishes hoaxes and disinformation
or AdStyle. Website logo created by text-to-image model. Presence of malware (including scripts for cryptocurrency mining). Funding "Content [is] paid
Fake_news_website
Application of science to law and investigation
field of forensic intelligence. This article contends that a discernible gap exists between the perceived and actual comprehension of forensic intelligence
Forensic_science
Aldrian Obaja; Lu, Wei; Ong, Chen Hui (July 2017). "MalwareTextDB: A Database for Annotated Malware Articles". Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of
List of datasets for machine-learning research
List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research
Series of sit-in street protests
中國評論通訊社. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. BEWARE: It may contain malware. Bradsher, Keith (22 October 2014). "Amid Clamor Over Democracy, Hong Kong's
2014_Hong_Kong_protests
American computer scientist
a secure facility. The attack could even work with devices within an air-gapped system. News outlets such as Ars Technica and Motherboard noted Funtenna's
Ang_Cui
2022 series of congressional hearings
debunked QAnon theory which alleged an Italian defense contractor uploaded malware to a satellite in order to hack the election results and remotely switch
Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack
Public_hearings_of_the_United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack
Alex Gibney The phenomenon surrounding the Stuxnet computer virus and the development of the malware software known as "Olympic Games." Not nominated
Submissions for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature
Submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature
Aftermath of local civil unrest following murder of an unarmed black man
aftermath of Floyd's murder. Instances of ransomware, cryptomining, and malware increased. Malicious actors also caused temporary outages of Minnesota
Aftermath of the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Aftermath_of_the_George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis–Saint_Paul
Class of Internet of things for warfare
holds. The use of jamming devices, electronic eavesdropping, or cyber malware may pose a serious risk to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability
Internet_of_Military_Things
Anger directed towards a computer
reported that almost half (46%) of their computer problems were due to malware or computer viruses, followed by software issues (10%) and not enough memory
Computer_rage
Co-operation between Ukraine and Starlink
counteroffensive, a Five Eyes report found that Russian hackers planted malwares designed to steal data to Starlink from the Android tablets of Ukrainian
Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian war
Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war
Methods to bypass internet censorship
receives data through this process but transmits no data, a suitably air-gapped computer can be impossible to detect. Sneakernets: A sneakernet is the
Internet censorship circumvention
Internet_censorship_circumvention
Bitdefender, Thailand ranked fifth of 25 Asian nations in quantity of internet malware detected. India, Indonesia, China, and Vietnam were the top four cyber-security
International rankings of Thailand
International_rankings_of_Thailand
2012-05-29. Retrieved 2021-10-02. "Iran 'finds fix' for sophisticated Flame malware". BBC News. 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2021-10-02. McGrath, Matt (2012-05-30)
2012_in_science
Policy of CCP General Secretary (2012–present)
Perez, Evan (24 August 2017). "FBI arrests Chinese national connected to malware used in OPM data breach". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 October
Foreign_policy_of_Xi_Jinping
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