Search references for WIND GRADIENT. Phrases containing WIND GRADIENT
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Rate of increase in wind strength per unit increase in height
In common usage, wind gradient, more specifically wind speed gradient or wind velocity gradient, or alternatively shear wind, is the vertical component
Wind_gradient
Difference in wind speed or direction over a short distance
Wind shear (/ʃɪər/; also written windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short
Wind_shear
Vector difference of geostrophic wind movement at high and low altitudes
thermal wind balance, a term generalizable also to more complicated horizontal flow balances such as gradient wind balance. Since the geostrophic wind at a
Thermal_wind
Lowest part of the atmosphere directly influenced by contact with the planetary surface
there is a wind gradient in the wind flow ~100 meters above the Earth's surface—the surface layer of the planetary boundary layer. Wind speed increases
Planetary_boundary_layer
Natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface
over time. The gradient wind is similar to the geostrophic wind but also includes centrifugal force (or centripetal acceleration). Wind direction is usually
Wind
Concept in atmospheric science
-ˈstroʊ-/) is the theoretical wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force. This condition is called
Geostrophic_wind
Speed of sound wave through elastic medium
is a wind gradient; the fact that sound is carried along by the wind is not important. For sound propagation, the exponential variation of wind speed
Speed_of_sound
Gradient whose components are spatial derivatives
Pressure gradient Temperature gradient Geothermal gradient Sound speed gradient Wind gradient Lapse rate Grade (slope) Image gradient Time derivative Material
Spatial_gradient
California weather phenomenon
stability of the Great Basin High, causing a pressure gradient that turns the synoptic scale winds southward down the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada
Santa_Ana_winds
Flying technique
the boundary between air masses of different velocity. Such zones of wind gradient are generally found close to obstacles and close to the surface, so
Dynamic_soaring
Study of the effects of wind on natural and built environments
{\displaystyle \ v_{z}} = speed of the wind at height z {\displaystyle \ z} v g {\displaystyle \ v_{g}} = gradient wind at gradient height z g {\displaystyle
Wind_engineering
Space rate of variation of pressure in a given direction
above, the pressure gradient constitutes one of the main forces acting on the air to make it move as wind. Note that the pressure gradient force points from
Pressure_gradient
Rate at which air moves from high- to low-pressure areas
the pressure gradient, Rossby waves, jet streams, and local weather conditions. There are also links to be found between wind speed and wind direction,
Wind_speed
Family of large seabirds
soaring involves repeatedly rising into wind and descending downwind, thus gaining energy from the vertical wind gradient. The only effort expended is in the
Albatross
Intensity indicator of tropical cyclone
water, maximum sustained winds over land average 8% lower. More especially, over a city or rough terrain, the wind gradient effect could cause a reduction
Maximum_sustained_wind
Rate of change of speed of sound with distance
ISBN 0-415-23870-6. Everest, F. (2001). The Master Handbook of Acoustics. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 262–263. ISBN 0-07-136097-2. SOFAR channel Wind gradient
Sound_speed_gradient
Model of atmospheric motion
pressure charts supporting gradient-wind conditions Each balanced-flow idealisation gives a different estimate for the wind speed in the same conditions
Balanced_flow
Sustainable energy from sea and river water
wind farm. In January 2014 however Statkraft announced not to continue this pilot. Statkraft found that with existing technology, the salt gradient was
Osmotic_power
Area impenetrable by sound waves
wind that brought it to us being the same that should bring it to them: but so it is. . — Monday 4 June 1666, The Diary of Samuel Pepys Wind gradient
Acoustic_shadow
1825 Category 4 Atlantic hurricane
documentation on the island began. The storm had an unusually sharp wind gradient and was small in size. This may have played a role on its unusual intensity
1825_Santa_Ana_hurricane
Concept in fluid dynamics
mechanism behind this is not yet fully understood. Boundary layer Wall Slip Wind gradient Shear stress Shell balance Reynolds, Osbourne. (1876). "I. On the force
No-slip_condition
Strongest direction of wind on a region of Earth's surface
prevailing wind, but the flight of birds is less dependent on it. Prevailing winds in mountain locations can lead to significant rainfall gradients, ranging
Prevailing_winds
Wave where gravity is the main restoring force
shear. If the shear becomes strong enough, the stretching forces from wind gradients are more positive than the buoyant resistance which causes air layers
Gravity_wave
Meteorological phenomenon
horizontal velocity rather than by rising air. Such zones of high "wind gradient" are usually too close to the ground to be used safely by gliders, but
Lift_(soaring)
anemometers are commonly used to indicate wind direction. wind gradient wind gust A brief increase in the speed of the wind, usually lasting less than 20 seconds
Glossary_of_meteorology
Type of tropical climate in which there is no dry season
horizontal pressure gradient is low, and winds are rare and usually weak (except sea and land breezes in coastal areas). In tropical trade-wind climates, often
Tropical_rainforest_climate
2002 video game
patterns and gradients. Japanese: ゼルダの伝説 風のタクト, Hepburn: Zeruda no Densetsu: Kaze no Takuto; lit. "The Legend of Zelda: Baton of Winds" Based on 80 reviews
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Wind_Waker
potential temperature wet-bulb temperature wind wind chill wind direction wind gradient wind profiler wind shear wind speed windcatcher Windscale fire winter
Index_of_meteorology_articles
Process of water movement through a plant
the hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the magnitude of the pressure gradient through the soil. Both of these factors influence the rate of bulk flow
Transpiration
Atmospheric and ocean flow equations
geostrophic motion refers to the wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and horizontal pressure-gradient forces, quasi-geostrophic
Quasi-geostrophic_equations
Fast-flowing atmospheric air current
derive the thermal wind relation: the vertical gradient of the horizontal wind is proportional to the horizontal temperature gradient. If two air masses
Jet_stream
Recreational activity and competitive air sport
masses of different horizontal velocity. However, such zones of high "wind gradient" are usually too close to the ground to be used safely by gliders. Most
Gliding
California weather pattern
contrasts with the more typical onshore flow. The winds blow with greatest force when the pressure gradient is perpendicular to the axis of the Santa Ynez
Sundowner_winds
Family of seabirds which includes petrels, shearweters and prions
vertical wind gradient and minimising the effort required to stay in the air. Slope soaring is more straightforward: the procellariid turns to the wind, gaining
Procellariidae
Architectural element for creating a draft
using the pressure of wind blowing into the windcatcher, or directing airflow using buoyancy forces from temperature gradients (stack effect). The relative
Windcatcher
Meteorological phenomenon
of wind (a vertically oriented rotating column of air) forms due to instabilities and turbulence created by heating and flow (current) gradients. Whirlwinds
Whirlwind
Racing trimaran
times wind speed. The measured wind velocity is taken at near sea level, and does not account for effects of wind gradient with reported true wind speed
USA_17
Relatively minor flow superimposed on the primary flow by inviscid assumptions
define an approximate geostrophic wind or gradient wind, balanced flows that are parallel to the isobars. Measurements of wind speed and direction at heights
Secondary_flow
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
dynamics, a wind wave, or wind-generated water wave, is a surface wave that occurs on the free surface of bodies of water as a result of the wind blowing
Wind_wave
Genus and family of birds
soaring, gliding across wave fronts gaining energy from the vertical wind gradient. The diet of many storm petrels species is poorly known owing to difficulties
Northern_storm_petrel
Charged-particle flow due to high electrostatic potential
Ion wind, ionic wind, corona wind or electric wind is the airflow of charged particles induced by electrostatic forces linked to corona discharge arising
Ion_wind
Wind in the western Mediterranean
accelerating and there is often a significant pressure gradient through the Strait, the strongest winds are not observed mid-Strait, as might be expected if
Levant_(wind)
Sandstorm Hurricane Katabatic winds Bohemian wind Bora Piteraq Gregale Anabatic wind Valley exit jet Santa Ana winds Foehn wind Williwaws Chinook Gale Monsoon
List of severe weather phenomena
List_of_severe_weather_phenomena
Distinct layer of temperature change in a body of water
water, as in an ocean or lake; or air, e.g. an atmosphere) with a high gradient of distinct temperature differences associated with depth. In the ocean
Thermocline
Prevailing winds from the west
The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees
Westerlies
Method to determine where barometric highs and lows are based on wind direction
in the Southern Hemisphere, but the angle between the pressure gradient force and wind is not a right angle in low latitudes. A version taught to US Naval
Buys_Ballot's_law
2025 video game
Where Winds Meet is a wuxia action-adventure role-playing game developed by Everstone Studio and published by NetEase Games. The player assumes the role
Where_Winds_Meet
Sound emanating from motor vehicles
Micrometeorology is significant in that sound waves can be refracted by wind gradients or thermoclines, effectively dismissing the effect of some noise barriers
Roadway_noise
The Bulk Richardson Number (BRN) is an approximation of the Gradient Richardson number. The BRN is a dimensionless ratio in meteorology related to the
Bulk_Richardson_number
reliably measure. These winds can be estimated from both the radius of maximum winds and the pressure gradient, but this gradient is also difficult to measure
Pressure-wind relationship calculations for tropical cyclones
Pressure-wind_relationship_calculations_for_tropical_cyclones
Mountain in France
is about 13.8 km (8.6 mi) at an average gradient of 7.9%. The last kilometres may have strong, violent winds. The ride takes 1+1⁄2 to 2+1⁄2 hours for
Mont_Ventoux
Type of aircraft formation
respectively; Δv, Δy, Δx represent the ignored model items associated with the wind gradient and external disturbances. Denote vx = V cos(y) cos(x), vy = V cos(y)
Delta_formation
Weather phenomenon
determined by the vertical temperature gradient between sea level and an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The gradient plays a critical role in the arrangement
Lake-effect_rain
Change of direction of propagation due to variation of velocity
atmosphere. In the atmosphere, vertical gradients of wind speed and temperature lead to refraction. The wind speed is usually increasing with height,
Refraction_(sound)
Assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of Euclidean space
scalar fields using the gradient operator (denoted by the del: ∇). A vector field V defined on an open set S is called a gradient field or a conservative
Vector_field
Phenomenon of supersonic flight
as the required refraction depends on temperature gradient, air pressure gradient and differing wind speeds in the air column. Boom Technology Refraction
Mach_cutoff
German meteorologist (1854–1939)
the previous year up to and including 31 March of the current year. Wind gradient Loraine Daston and Peter Galison (2007). Objectivity. Zone Books. pp
Gustav_Hellmann
of Kauai. By July 21, a strong trade wind gradient exacerbated by the presence of Fico caused widespread winds over 60 mph (97 km/h), which resulted
1978_Pacific_hurricane_season
Northern California weather pattern
humid air from the ocean. The dry offshore wind, already strong because of the offshore pressure gradient, can become quite strong with gusts reaching
Diablo_wind
Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 1978
progress in the strong winds of Fico. A strong trade wind gradient, increased due to the presence of the hurricane, produced winds of over 60 mph (97 km/h)
Hurricane_Fico
Boundary layer that forms on a wedge
on a flat plate with an imposed pressure gradient along the plate length, a situation often encountered in wind tunnel flow. It is a generalization of the
Falkner–Skan_boundary_layer
Strong surface-level winds that radiate from a single point
In meteorology, a downburst is a strong downward and outward gushing wind system that emanates from a point source above and blows radially, that is, in
Downburst
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
back at the same time creates no gradient between the two. The characteristic polar pattern of a pure pressure-gradient microphone is a figure-8. Other
Microphone
Leading edge of a cooler mass of air
the temperature gradient steepens during frontogenesis, the thermal wind becomes imbalanced. To maintain balance, the geostrophic wind aloft and below
Cold_front
Pacific typhoon in 2021
through an area of moderate wind shear which made the system's LLC broad while moving west-northwestward: the wind gradient slowly became conducive for
Typhoon_In-fa
Strong downslope wind in the Sierra Nevada
winds are strong, dry downslope winds that occur along the western slopes of the central Sierra Nevada in California. They are a type of foehn wind that
Mono_winds
Vertical rate of change of temperature in atmosphere
circumstances. Lapse rate corresponds to the vertical component of the spatial gradient of temperature. Although this concept is most often applied to the Earth's
Lapse_rate
Meteorological process of producing weather fronts
the wind blows, the wheel rotates) and deform the parcel through stretching and shrinking. In the end, this can also tighten temperature gradient, but
Frontogenesis
Directional mass flow of oceanic water
circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream)
Ocean_current
Energy available from oceans
hydrokinetic energy, refers to energy harnessed from waves, tides, salinity gradients, and temperature differences in the ocean. The movement of water in the
Marine_energy
Boundary between two distinct water masses
creating a strong vertical gradient in temperature that leads to the formation of a front. As the location of the trade winds varies seasonally, the location
Front_(oceanography)
Ionization of air around a high-voltage conductor
occurs at locations where the strength of the electric field (potential gradient) around a conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of the air. It is often
Corona_discharge
Atlantic tropical storm in 2007
a Hurricane Hunters flight into the storm reported a tighter wind gradient and peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Convection rapidly weakened as the storm
Tropical_Storm_Olga_(2007)
Cloud pattern on the planet Saturn
the hexagon forms where there is a steep latitudinal gradient in the speed of the atmospheric winds in Saturn's atmosphere. Similar regular shapes were
Saturn's_hexagon
Layer where the density gradient is greatest within a body of water
lower density gradient called a pycnostad. As the seasons begin to change again, a net loss of heat from the surface layer and continued wind mixing wear
Pycnocline
Development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere
significant Coriolis force allows the developing vortex to achieve gradient wind balance. This is a balance condition found in mature tropical cyclones
Tropical_cyclogenesis
heating causes a thermal low to develop which sets up a pressure gradient which induces the wind, pulling cooler air down from the High Sierra. The Washoe Zephyr
Washoe_Zephyr
Windstorm in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada
low center, a strong atmospheric pressure gradient was carried across Washington, with associated high winds. With a cold airflow moving toward the northeast
February_13,_1979,_windstorm
Natural processes removing soil and rock
Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's
Erosion
Directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus
Aerotaxis (stimulation by oxygen) Anemotaxis (by wind) Barotaxis (by pressure) Chemotaxis or "gradient search" (by chemicals) Durotaxis (by stiffness)
Taxis
Hypothetical navigation method of homing pigeons
reliable wind-borne cues, although Papi (1990), argues the utilisation of olfactory information obtained during the outward journey. Wallraff's gradient theory
Olfactory_navigation
Energy collected from renewable resources
timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are solar energy, wind power, and hydropower. Bioenergy and geothermal power are also significant
Renewable_energy
Region of rotation within a powerful thunderstorm
temperature gradients between warm and cold air cause these changes in the wind with height and over distance. The resulting sheared wind field is said
Mesocyclone
Short-term state of the atmosphere
The resulting horizontal pressure gradient moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions, creating a wind, and the Earth's rotation then causes
Weather
Force observed on an asymmetric capacitor
effective distance between electrodes occurs at an electric potential gradient of about 10 kV/cm, which is just below the nominal breakdown voltage of
Biefeld–Brown_effect
Astrophysical model
subscript denotes geostrophic wind. Note that in this case, the geostrophic wind is perpendicular to pressure gradient. This is due to the fact that Coriolis
Atmospheric circulation of exoplanets
Atmospheric_circulation_of_exoplanets
Microphone for live news reporters
is subject to increased bass when used at close proximity in pressure gradient mode. Distant sources are not affected by this. However, increasing the
Lip-ribbon_microphone
Flow in a body of water generated by wind friction on its surface
A Wind generated current is a flow in a body of water that is generated by wind friction on its surface. Wind can generate surface currents on water bodies
Wind_generated_current
Major oceanic gyre in the Indian Ocean
the winds blow from the land to the ocean. Because most of the air pressure gradient is retained behind the Tibetan Plateau, air pressure gradients over
Indian_Ocean_Gyre
Boundary separating two masses of air of different densities
especially with parallel winds directions; They usually move in waves but not persistently. There is normally a broad temperature gradient behind the boundary
Weather_front
Large scale rotating air mass
(opposite to an anticyclone). Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure. Cyclones have also been seen on
Cyclone
Biogeographical unit with a particular biological community
low tide Climatic moisture gradient Temperature gradient by altitude Temperature gradient by latitude Along these gradients, Whittaker noted several trends
Biome
Difference between the actual wind and the geostrophic wind
geostrophy is an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force, ageostrophic flow reflects an imbalance, and thus is often implicated
Ageostrophy
Theorerical model of air flow in the atmosphere
Hadley Circulation. The Walker circulation is associated with the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific
Walker_circulation
American mechanical and aerospace engineer
coefficient dependent on the pressure gradient of the flow. Nagib's research efforts have focused on enhancing wind tunnel design to achieve superior flow
Hassan_Nagib
Mountain wind in Switzerland
Maloja Wind (German: Malojawind) is a Foehn-type mountain wind that occurs in the upper Engadin, an alpine valley located in Switzerland. The wind blows
Maloja_Wind
of interstitial condensation that is independent of wind speed and direction. Under certain wind conditions a dynamically insulated building can have
Dynamic_insulation
Electricity in planetary atmospheres
atmospheric electrical phenomena. Francis Ronalds began observing the potential gradient and air-earth currents around 1810, including making continuous automated
Atmospheric_electricity
Net transport of surface water perpendicular to wind direction
density gradients). Though the following theory technically applies to the idealized situation involving only wind forces, Ekman motion describes the wind-driven
Ekman_transport
Common weather phenomenon in San Francisco
temperature-pressure gradient is not always necessary to drive the marine layer and low clouds onshore into the Bay Area. Winds ahead of an approaching
San_Francisco_fog
WIND GRADIENT
WIND GRADIENT
Boy/Male
Welsh English
Handsome.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived near a pathway, alleyway, or road, Old English (ge)wind (from windan ‘to go’).English, German, and Danish : nickname for a swift runner, from Middle English wind ‘wind’, Middle High German wint ‘wind’, also ‘greyhound’.German : variant of Wendt.Swedish : ornamental name from vind ‘wind’, or a habitational name from a place named with this element.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Wynn.Americanized spelling of German Wein.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Kind; Find
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Jamaican
Full of Wind; Windy; Blustery; Breezy
Boy/Male
English
Lives by the linden tree.
Boy/Male
Scandinavian
From the Island of the Wends (the Wends were an ancient Scandinavian tribe).
Surname or Lastname
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from Middle High German kint, German Kind ‘child’, hence a nickname for someone with a childish or naive disposition, or an epithet used to distinguish between a father and his son. In some cases it may be a short form of any of various names ending in -kind, a patronymic ending of Jewish surnames.Dutch : variant spelling of Kint, cognate with 1, also found in such forms as ’t Kind and compounds such as Jongkind.English : nickname from Middle English kind (Old English gecynde) in any of its many senses: ‘legitimate’, ‘dutiful’, ‘benevolent’, ‘loving’, ‘gracious’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Winch.
Surname or Lastname
English (central and northern)
English (central and northern) : nickname for a gentle or timid person, from Middle English, Old English hind ‘female deer’.English and Scottish : variant of Hine ‘servant’, with excrescent -d.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Auspicious mahurat, Moment especially for  performing rituals
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Wild Wind
Girl/Female
German
Snake.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps a nickname for a shy or short-sighted person, from Old English wand ‘mole’. Compare Want.German : occupational name for a weaver or cloth cutter, from a reduced form of Middle High German gewant ‘cloth’, ‘garment’. Compare Wander 2.German : topographic name from Middle High German want ‘wall’, ‘steep rock’, ‘precipice’.Dutch : metonymic occupational name for a glove maker, from Middle Dutch wante ‘glove’.
Male
English
Short form of English Winfred and Winifred, both WIN means "holy reconciliation," and other names beginning with Win-.Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English wild ‘wild’, ‘uncontrolled’ (Old English wilde), hence a nickname for a man of violent and undisciplined character, or a topographic name for someone who lived on a patch of overgrown uncultivated land.English : habitational name from a place named Wyld, as for example in Berkshire and Dorset, both named from Old English wil ‘trap’, ‘snare’.German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : cognate of 1, from Middle High German wilde, wilt, German wild ‘wild’, also used in the sense ‘strange’, ‘foreign’, and therefore in some cases a nickname for an incomer.
Girl/Female
Indian
India, Female deer
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from places named Wing in Buckinghamshire and Rutland. The former was probably named in Old English as the settlement of the Wiwingas ‘the family or followers of a man named Wiwa’, or alternatively perhaps ‘the people of the temple’ (from a derivative of Old English wīg, wēoh ‘(pre-Christian) temple’). The latter is from Old Norse vengi, a derivative of vangr ‘field’. Compare Wang.Dutch (van Wing) : variant of Winge.Chinese : variant of Rong 2.
Girl/Female
Norse
A giant.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Wynn.Variant of Welsh Gwynn.
WIND GRADIENT
WIND GRADIENT
Boy/Male
Greek Latin Biblical
God of wine.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Moons Light
Girl/Female
Hindu
Beloved
Girl/Female
Tamil
Girl, Young
Biblical
the doings of God
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Adept; Expert
Male
Portuguese
Portuguese form of Spanish Santiago, TIAGO means "Saint Iago."
Boy/Male
Arabic
Dedicated to Allah
Boy/Male
Hindu
One of the kauravas
Male
Arthurian
, (lordly); a king of Brittany.
WIND GRADIENT
WIND GRADIENT
WIND GRADIENT
WIND GRADIENT
WIND GRADIENT
v. i.
To turn completely or repeatedly; to become coiled about anything; to assume a convolved or spiral form; as, vines wind round a pole.
superl.
Attended or caused by wind, or gas, in the intestines.
v. t.
To cover or surround with something coiled about; as, to wind a rope with twine.
superl.
Exposed to the wind and sea; unsheltered; as, a wild roadstead.
n.
A horse given to wind-sucking
n.
Air artificially put in motion by any force or action; as, the wind of a cannon ball; the wind of a bellows.
v.
Memory; remembrance; recollection; as, to have or keep in mind, to call to mind, to put in mind, etc.
n.
A direction from which the wind may blow; a point of the compass; especially, one of the cardinal points, which are often called the four winds.
a.
Windy; generating wind.
a.
Having the taste or qualities of wine; vinous; as, grapes of a winy taste.
v. t.
To drive hard, or force to violent exertion, as a horse, so as to render scant of wind; to put out of breath.
v. t.
To expose to the wind; to winnow; to ventilate.
superl.
Next the wind; windward.
superl.
Consisting of wind; accompanied or characterized by wind; exposed to wind.
v. t.
To cut off the wings of; to wound in the wing; to disable a wing of; as, to wing a bird.
n.
Air or gas generated in the stomach or bowels; flatulence; as, to be troubled with wind.
v. i.
To have a circular course or direction; to crook; to bend; to meander; as, to wind in and out among trees.
a.
Anemophilous; fertilized by pollen borne by the wind.
superl.
Serving to occasion wind or gas in the intestines; flatulent; as, windy food.
n.
A liquor or beverage prepared from the juice of any fruit or plant by a process similar to that for grape wine; as, currant wine; gooseberry wine; palm wine.