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Whitehead's algorithm is a mathematical algorithm in group theory for solving the automorphic equivalence problem in the finite rank free group Fn. The
Whitehead's_algorithm
British mathematician (1904–1960)
John Henry Constantine Whitehead FRS (11 November 1904 – 8 May 1960), known as "Henry", was a British mathematician and was one of the founders of homotopy
J._H._C._Whitehead
Area in mathematics devoted to the study of finitely generated groups
Kapovich, I.; Schupp, P.; Shpilrain, V. (2006). "Generic properties of Whitehead's algorithm and isomorphism rigidity of random one-relator groups". Pacific
Geometric_group_theory
2009. I. Kapovich, P. Schupp, V. Shpilrain, Generic properties of Whiteheads algorithm and isomorphism rigidity of random one-relator groups, Pacific J
Generic-case_complexity
Yes-or-no question that cannot ever be solved by a computer
construct an algorithm that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer. The halting problem is an example: it can be proven that there is no algorithm that correctly
Undecidable_problem
American mathematician (born 1940)
conjecture made by G. Peter Scott.) Gersten, S. M. (1984). "On Whitehead's algorithm". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 10 (2): 281–285
Stephen_M._Gersten
American video game designer and programmer
titles. He also developed a "venetian blinds" animation technique: an algorithm that horizontally reused and vertically interlaced sprites several times
Bob_Whitehead
Mathematica and Related Systems — Kurt Gödel Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs — Niklaus Wirth Algorithms Unlocked — Thomas H. Cormen The Art of Computer
List_of_mathematics_books
Control loop feedback mechanism
account for time taken by the algorithm itself during the loop, or more importantly, any pre-emption delaying the algorithm. A common issue when using K
PID_controller
Solitaire card game
search was able to solve up to 35% of randomly generated games. Another algorithm has a winning rate of 52% in "turn one" mode, and 18% in "turn three"
Klondike_(solitaire)
Impossible task in computing
posed by David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann in 1928. It asks for an algorithm that considers an inputted statement and answers "yes" or "no" according
Entscheidungsproblem
Problem in computer science
1937 that the halting problem is undecidable, meaning that no general algorithm exists that can correctly solve the problem for all possible program–input
Halting_problem
Topics referred to by the same term
(space group), three-dimensional space group number 6 Particle mesh, an algorithm for determining forces Perl module, file extension .pm Petametre (Pm)
PM
he announced a new unknot recognition algorithm that runs in quasi-polynomial time. Lackenby won the Whitehead Prize of the London Mathematical Society
Marc_Lackenby
Fictional character in Arthur C. Clarke's Space Odyssey series
in the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, HAL (Heuristically Programmed Algorithmic Computer) is a sentient artificial general intelligence computer that
HAL_9000
Operation in graph theory
number of irreducible factors. Imrich (1998) gives a polynomial time algorithm for recognizing tensor product graphs and finding a factorization of any
Tensor_product_of_graphs
Statistical method
Some PLS algorithms are only appropriate for the case where Y is a column vector, while others deal with the general case of a matrix Y. Algorithms also differ
Partial least squares regression
Partial_least_squares_regression
Data mining framework
aims at allowing the development and evaluation of advanced data mining algorithms and their interaction with database index structures. The ELKI framework
ELKI
Mathematics notation with operators preceding operands
(1989). Arithmetische Algorithmen der Mikrorechentechnik [Arithmetic algorithms in microcomputers] (in German) (1 ed.). Berlin, Germany: VEB Verlag Technik
Polish_notation
Diagnostic criteria for gastrointestinal disorders
reporting. Provide translations into other languages Creation of diagnostic algorithms for a functional GI disorder diagnosis or other diagnosis To address the
Rome_process
Determining whether a knot is the unknot
algorithmically recognizing the unknot, given some representation of a knot, e.g., a knot diagram. There are several types of unknotting algorithms.
Unknotting_problem
Logical principle
is in fact irrational (or rational, as the case may be); or a finite algorithm that could determine whether the number is rational. The above proof is
Law_of_excluded_middle
True when either but not both inputs are true
be used to swap two numeric variables in computers, using the XOR swap algorithm; however this is regarded as more of a curiosity and not encouraged in
Exclusive_or
learning algorithm, where the agent is rewarded only when its predictions show improvement. It significantly outperformed previous algorithms. TD-learning
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Scheduling technique in computer science
computer science, rate-monotonic scheduling (RMS) is a priority assignment algorithm used in real-time operating systems (RTOS) with a static-priority scheduling
Rate-monotonic_scheduling
Subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic
(now called Presburger arithmetic in his honor) is decidable and gave an algorithm that could determine if a given sentence in the language was true or false
Automated_theorem_proving
Video game and media franchise
(1991) originated with a tech demo created by Naka, who had developed an algorithm that allowed a sprite to move smoothly on a curve by determining its position
Sonic_the_Hedgehog
Algebraic structure modeling logical operations
two-element Boolean algebra (which can be checked by a trivial brute force algorithm for small numbers of variables). This can for example be used to show
Boolean_algebra_(structure)
Formal system of logic
type-theoretic flavor of third-order logic, that is, there can be no algorithm to decide whether an arbitrary equation between second-order (let alone
Higher-order_logic
2024; Washington & Musgrave 2025; Harmon 2026a Barrón-López et al. 2024; Whitehead & Perry 2025, p. 1; Wendling & Epstein 2025; Ferguson 2025, p. 112; Brooks
Persecution of transgender people under the second Trump administration
Persecution_of_transgender_people_under_the_second_Trump_administration
Limitative results in mathematical logic
axioms whose theorems can be listed by an effective procedure (i.e. an algorithm) is capable of proving all truths about the arithmetic of natural numbers
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's_incompleteness_theorems
2004 video game
Breeder, a 1986 Famicom algorithm-based simulation combat game by SoftPro ChipWits COMSIGHT, a 1987 PC88, X1, and X68000 algorithm-based simulation combat
Armored_Core:_Formula_Front
Set of mathematical functions concerning algebraic group isomorphism
generating sets of the group. The algorithm is well studied, and survey is given in (Pak 2001). One version of the algorithm, called "shake", is: Take any
Nielsen_transformation
Problem in finite group theory
word problem for a finitely generated group G {\displaystyle G} is the algorithmic problem of deciding whether two words in the generators represent the
Word_problem_for_groups
String used to identify a name of a web or internet resource
[Internationalized Resource Identifier] are just confusing. In practice a single algorithm is used for both so keeping them distinct is not helping anyone. URL also
Uniform_Resource_Identifier
In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons
populations of evolving animals. Typically these studies use a genetic algorithm to simulate evolution over many generations in the model. These studies
Shoaling_and_schooling
Taylor-kehitelmänä [The representation of the cumulative rounding error of an algorithm as a Taylor expansion of the local rounding errors] (PDF) (Thesis) (in
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence
Memorial and museum in New York City
1993 World Trade Center bombing. The names are arranged according to an algorithm, creating "meaningful adjacencies" based on relationships—proximity at
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
National_September_11_Memorial_&_Museum
Peruvian mathematician (born 1977)
Helfgott spotted a subtle error in the proof of the quasipolynomial time algorithm for the graph isomorphism problem that was announced by László Babai in
Harald_Helfgott
Mathematical puzzle
problems requiring integer solutions in the 3rd century CE. The Euclidean algorithm for greatest common divisor which underlies the solution of such problems
The_monkey_and_the_coconuts
Study of mathematics itself
"effective procedure" (e.g., a computer program, but it could be any sort of algorithm) is capable of proving all truths about the relations of the natural numbers
Metamathematics
Array of numbers
product, n multiplications are necessary. The Strassen algorithm outperforms this "naive" algorithm; it needs only n2.807 multiplications. Theoretically
Matrix_(mathematics)
Function in algebraic graph theory
Hypergraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications., American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-2812-0 Wilf, H. S. (1986), Algorithms and Complexity, Prentice–Hall
Chromatic_polynomial
the 2010s have been unable to figure out how the game's maze-generating algorithm managed to consistently generate playable mazes. The original coder says
List_of_Atari_2600_games
Aspect of cloud computing products and services
on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing, 15th International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing
Cloud_management
Mathematical theorem
elementary algorithm for computing conformal maps was discovered. Given points z 0 , … , z n {\displaystyle z_{0},\ldots ,z_{n}} in the plane, the algorithm computes
Riemann_mapping_theorem
American radio artist, writer and media philosopher
Voices. In this film, a voice from the perspective of an all-embracing algorithm addresses humanity in its final moments, punctuated by a song drawn from
Gregory_Whitehead
American mathematician
Mathematical Association of America. Whitehead Jr., Earl Glen (1976). "Book Review: Combinatorial algorithms". Bulletin of the American Mathematical
Herbert_Wilf
Concept in behavioral economics, political theory and behavioral sciences
technology in Algorithmic Regulation. A piece in the Harvard Business Review published in 2021 was one of the first articles to coin the term "Algorithmic Nudging"
Nudge_theory
Parallel computing platform and programming model
more effective than general-purpose central processing unit (CPUs) for algorithms in situations where processing large blocks of data is done in parallel
CUDA
American computer scientist and entrepreneur (b. 1961)
topics including machine learning, the future of work, and the impact of algorithms used by search and social media companies. Siegel was born in 1961 and
David Siegel (computer scientist)
David_Siegel_(computer_scientist)
Machine learning model for vision processing
discarded entirely. The input image is split into patches by the same algorithm as in training, but no patches are masked out. A linear projection with
Vision_transformer
ISBN 978-0-19-162080-5. A. P. Ershov, Donald Ervin Knuth, ed. (1981). Algorithms in modern mathematics and computer science: proceedings, Urgench, Uzbek
List of pioneers in computer science
List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science
Type of topological space
Cellulation Conjecture (PDF). International Workshop on Combinatorial Algorithms. Davis, James F.; Kirk, Paul (2001). Lecture Notes in Algebraic Topology
CW_complex
Dutch-American mathematician
http://www.cah.utexas.edu/collections/math.php Whitehead Jr., Earl Glen (1976). "Book Review: Combinatorial algorithms". Bulletin of the American Mathematical
Albert_Nijenhuis
Functional gastrointestinal disorder
associated with additional stool- or defecation-related criteria. The algorithm may include additional tests to guard against misdiagnosis of other diseases
Irritable_bowel_syndrome
Anderton, Ethan (August 5, 2021). "'He's All That' Trailer: Imagine An Algorithm Trying To Disguise Itself As A High School Rom-Com". /Film. Archived from
List of American films of 2021
List_of_American_films_of_2021
study topological spaces. Algorithmic number theory also known as computational number theory, it is the study of algorithms for performing number theoretic
Glossary of areas of mathematics
Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics
learning. Major advances in this field can result from advances in learning algorithms (such as deep learning), computer hardware, and, less intuitively, the
List of datasets for machine-learning research
List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research
American mathematician (born 1957)
two collaborated to develop a computer algorithm to analyze the maps of genes. In 1986 Lander joined the Whitehead Institute and became an assistant professor
Eric_Lander
Adhering absolutely to certain constraints with consistency
Cantorian set theory. Mathematical rigour can be modelled as amenability to algorithmic proof checking. Indeed, with the aid of computers, it is possible to
Rigour
Used to count, measure, and label
is that there is no algorithm for testing the equality of two computable numbers. More precisely, there cannot exist any algorithm which takes any computable
Number
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
information to make a used word clearer. Lexical ambiguity can be addressed by algorithmic methods that automatically associate the appropriate meaning with a word
Ambiguity
Sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent
ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7075880. PMID 32179822. "Understanding reality through algorithms". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the
Reality
Swedish YouTuber (born 1989)
criticism at YouTube's changing algorithm negatively affecting viewership for content creators. The site's algorithm began to focus on watch time statistics
PewDiePie
nonnegative integer appear in Recamán's sequence? Skolem problem: can an algorithm determine if a constant-recursive sequence contains a zero? The values
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
2021 browser game
Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Whitehead, Thomas (23 July 2021). "Random: Google's 'Doodle Champion Island Games'
Doodle_Champion_Island_Games
1960 article by Eugene Wigner
in describing nature. Albert Einstein and the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead had previously thought that the success of abstract mathematics in physical
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences
The_Unreasonable_Effectiveness_of_Mathematics_in_the_Natural_Sciences
Platform game
Sonic's speed caused animation problems. Naka solved this by developing an algorithm which retained fluidity. All that was left was to optimize of the game
Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game)
Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(1991_video_game)
Aspect of U.S. history
against the company with the NLRB, accusing the company of using "intrusive algorithms" as part of a surveillance program to deter union organizing at the warehouse
History of union busting in the United States
History_of_union_busting_in_the_United_States
Research Department
of cognitive processes at the neural level. This includes developing algorithms and mathematical models of neural activity. Cognitive science This engages
MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
MIT_Department_of_Brain_and_Cognitive_Sciences
Methods in artificial intelligence research
one, not withstanding the occasional fallibility of heuristics: "The A* algorithm provided a general frame for complete and optimal heuristically guided
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
major release, GLIM4, in 1993. GLIM was distributed by the Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG). GLIM was notable for being the first package capable of fitting
GLIM_(software)
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
26..439L. Bostrom, N. (2002), op. cit. Schmidhuber, Juergen (2000). "Algorithmic theories of everything". arXiv:quant-ph/0011122. Jürgen Schmidhuber,
Anthropic_principle
"The horse is red"). In other words, a propositional function is like an algorithm. The meaning of "red" in this case is whatever takes the entity "the horse"
Philosophy_of_language
American mathematician (1911–1996)
Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-8176-3114-7. Birkhoff algorithm Birkhoff's condition Birkhoff polytope Birkhoff's representation theorem
Garrett_Birkhoff
2013 platforming video game
Kingdom is a platform game created by Pwnee Studios. The game uses a set of algorithms developed by Jordan Fisher to create procedurally generated levels that
Cloudberry_Kingdom
Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts
to a problem in order to produce an algorithm which solves the problem using a composition of existing algorithms (encoded as subroutines, or subclasses)
Reductionism
Latin Americans of European or West Asian descent
subsaharian African, those results were using the Bayesian clustering algorithm structure while on the weighted least mean square method was 80% European
White_Latin_Americans
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
theme, arguing that more powerful notations aided thinking about computer algorithms. The essays of Paul Graham explore similar themes, such as a conceptual
Linguistic_relativity
Video game racing series
production, the Liverpudlian studio created new user interfaces and other algorithms that helped speed up the development process in time for the PlayStation
Wipeout_(video_game_series)
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
and information markets. Algorithmic game theory and within it algorithmic mechanism design combine computational algorithm design and analysis of complex
Game_theory
Graphical set representation involving overlapping shapes
below—that their use is based on practice and intuition, not on a strict algorithmic practice: “In fact ... those diagrams not only do not fit in with the
Euler_diagram
results, Staples' lawyer reveals that ChumHum was testing a new censorship algorithm they were creating for China. The firm fails to successfully defend ChumHum
List of The Good Fight episodes
List_of_The_Good_Fight_episodes
British, acoustic homing, light-weight
incorporated a spinning magnetic disc onto which the acoustic correlation algorithms were etched but this was replaced by integrated circuit technology when
Sting_Ray_(torpedo)
Arrangement of amino acid sequence
thermostability, or to investigate properties of the original protein. Traditional algorithms for sequence alignment and structure alignment are not able to detect
Circular permutation in proteins
Circular_permutation_in_proteins
Network (2010), Dustin Moskovitz's character says, "I'm developing an algorithm to define the connection between Jewish guys and Asian girls," to which
Interracial marriage in the United States
Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States
Aldis Aldrin – Kurt Alder Alexanderson alternator – Ernst Alexanderson Algorithm – Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī Anderson shelter – John Anderson, 1st
List of inventions named after people
List_of_inventions_named_after_people
Branch of mathematics
combinatorial topology name is still sometimes used to emphasize an algorithmic approach based on decomposition of spaces. In the algebraic approach
Algebraic_topology
its current owner, Elon Musk, the platform, renamed X, has changed its algorithms, account-verification system, and content-moderation approach in ways
Misinformation about the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season
Misinformation_about_the_2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season
American member of the British royal family (born 1981)
2021). "Harry and Meghan targeted by hate campaign fueled by Twitter's algorithm, report says". The Independent. Retrieved October 31, 2023.{{cite web}}:
Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex
Theorem in geometric topology
"1.3.4 Zeeman's Collapsing Conjecture". Algorithmic Topology and Classification of 3-Manifolds. Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics. Vol. 9. Springer
Poincaré_conjecture
Gene editing method
altogether different effector protein, modifying the sgRNA, or using an algorithmic approach to identify existing optimal solutions. Specificity is an important
CRISPR_gene_editing
Greek mathematician and physicist (c. 287 – 212 BC)
2012. Miel, G (1983). "Of Calculations Past and Present: The Archimedean Algorithm". The American Mathematical Monthly. 90 (1): 17–35. doi:10.1080/00029890
Archimedes
Process of replacing missing data with substituted values
Bootstrapping (statistics) Censoring (statistics) Expectation–maximization algorithm Geo-imputation Interpolation Matrix completion Full information maximum
Imputation_(statistics)
Basic framework of mathematics
self-contradictory theories, and to have reliable concepts of theorems, proofs, algorithms, etc. in particular. This may also include the philosophical study of
Foundations_of_mathematics
Category of mathematical proof
showed that there are problems that cannot be solved in general by any algorithm, with one of the more prominent ones being the halting problem. Gödel's
Proof_of_impossibility
American biologist
As a postdoctoral fellow he developed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, an algorithm that is widely used in genomics and has been implemented into a popular
Vamsi_Mootha
Australian mathematician
ISBN 978-0-521-41325-1. Cameron, Peter J. (1994). Combinatorics : topics, techniques, algorithms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45133-7. OCLC 29910262
Peter_Cameron_(mathematician)
Romantic relationships formed on the internet
people of average physical attractiveness. Tyson and his team wrote an algorithm that collected the biographical information of all the matches, liked
Online_dating
WHITEHEADS ALGORITHM
WHITEHEADS ALGORITHM
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : nickname for someone with fair or prematurely white hair, from Middle English whit ‘white’ + heved ‘head’.Irish (Connacht) : erroneous translation of Ó Ceanndubháin ‘descendant of the little black-headed one’ (see Canavan), as if from Gaelic ceann ‘head’ + bán ‘white’.Translated form of German Weisshaupt (see Weishaupt) or Weisskopf (see Weiskopf).
WHITEHEADS ALGORITHM
WHITEHEADS ALGORITHM
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord Shiva
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; perhaps a respelling of the southern French name Faure, which was taken to England as early as the 13th century.
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
King of Group; Big
Boy/Male
English American Spanish
Earnest.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Girl/Female
French Latin
Free-born; noble.who was the swift-running warrior maid in Virgil's 'Aeneid'.
Girl/Female
Indian
Kind affectionate
Girl/Female
Hindu
Granter of auspicious things, Goddess Laxmi
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Teutonic
High-born; Brilliant; Intelligent; Noble; Bright
Boy/Male
Native American English
Moon.
WHITEHEADS ALGORITHM
WHITEHEADS ALGORITHM
WHITEHEADS ALGORITHM
WHITEHEADS ALGORITHM
WHITEHEADS ALGORITHM
n.
Alt. of Algorithm
n.
The blue-winged snow goose.
n.
The surf scoter.
n.
The art of calculating with any species of notation; as, the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc.
n.
The art of calculating by nine figures and zero.