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Change in nuclear fission rate caused by voids in a reactor
In nuclear engineering, the void coefficient (more properly called void coefficient of reactivity) is a number that can be used to estimate how much the
Void_coefficient
Investigations into the Chernobyl nuclear accident
time." The reactor had a dangerously large positive void coefficient of reactivity. The void coefficient is a measurement of how a reactor responds to increased
Investigations into the Chernobyl disaster
Investigations_into_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Type of Soviet nuclear power reactor
reactor design had several shortcomings, such as the large positive void coefficient, the 'positive scram effect' of the control rods and instability at
RBMK
Type of nuclear reactor
This property is called the void coefficient of reactivity, and in an RBMK reactor like Chernobyl, the void coefficient is positive, and fairly large
Pressurized_water_reactor
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
light-water reactor designs, the RBMK design had a positive void coefficient, meaning that voids formed during boiling had the effect of increasing rather
Chernobyl_disaster
Measure of nuclear reactor fuel stability
physics Void coefficient Temperature coefficient "Doppler Broadening". Nuclear Power. Retrieved 27 February 2026. Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity
Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity
Fuel_temperature_coefficient_of_reactivity
Substance that slows down particles with no electric charge
the moderator is also lost and the reaction will stop. This negative void coefficient is an important safety feature of these reactors. In CANDU the moderator
Neutron_moderator
Indian nuclear reactor design
with the mixed oxide fuel enables the reactor to achieve a negative void coefficient. The remaining 37 channels are occupied by the shutdown system. This
Advanced_heavy-water_reactor
Reactor accident due to core overheating
cooling is lost, but moderation continues. This is termed a positive void coefficient of reactivity. The RBMK tends towards dangerous power fluctuations
Nuclear_meltdown
Nuclear power safety method that does not require electrical power nor intervention
Nuclear reactor response properties such as Temperature coefficient of reactivity and Void coefficient of reactivity usually refer to the thermodynamic and
Passive_nuclear_safety
Form of nuclear reactor failure
of a LOCA or of voids appearing in its coolant system (by water boiling, for example). This is measured by the coolant void coefficient. Most modern nuclear
Loss-of-coolant_accident
People involved in the nuclear accident
boiling in the reactor, and because of a combination of a positive void coefficient and xenon burnout, the power began to increase dramatically. At ~1:23:30 a
Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster
Individual_involvement_in_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Kinetic energy of an unbound neutron
can provide positive or negative feedback (a positive or negative void coefficient), depending on whether the reactor is under- or over-moderated. Intermediate-energy
Neutron_temperature
Former Soviet inorganic chemist and member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1936–1988)
media some defects in the RBMK reactor design such as the positive void coefficient, as well as problems with operator training. Some details were censored
Valery_Legasov
present. It was partially moderated with graphite, but had a negative void coefficient due to also using moderation from the coolant water, meaning it was
N-Reactor
Safety systems of boiling water reactors
pressurized water reactor, a boiling water reactor has a negative void coefficient, that is, the neutron (and the thermal) output of the reactor decreases
Boiling water reactor safety systems
Boiling_water_reactor_safety_systems
Nuclear reactor design
these comparatively low concerns. For example, the IFR's positive void coefficient could be reduced to an acceptable level by adding technetium to the
Integral_fast_reactor
Sustained nuclear fission achieved solely by prompt neutron emission
California, Berkeley in 1942. Subcritical reactor Thermal neutron Void coefficient "INSAG-7: The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1" (PDF). IAEA
Prompt_criticality
Decommissioned nuclear power plant in Ukraine
2019. "RBMK Reactors | reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny | Positive void coefficient – World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Archived from
Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant
Field of physics dealing with nuclear reactors
moderated by groundwater and, presumably, controlled by the negative void coefficient as the water boiled from the heat of the reaction. Uranium from the
Nuclear_reactor_physics
Ability of soils to allow water to flow through its voids
of its porosity. The coefficient of permeability varies with the void ratio as e/sup>/(1+e). For a given soil, the greater the void ratio, the higher the
Permeability_of_soils
Graphite used as a reflector or moderator within a nuclear reactor
Instead, a massive power excursion (exacerbated by the high and positive void coefficient of the RBMK as it was designed and used at the time) during a mishandled
Nuclear_graphite
Form of water
(being cooled with ordinary water instead) which produced the positive void coefficient that was one of a series of flaws in reactor design leading to the
Heavy_water
Type of nuclear reactor, CO2 or He cooled
fuel but require online refueling to be viable power reactors. No void coefficient of reactivity as the coolant is a gas at room temperature and remains
Gas-cooled_reactor
Nuclear reactor design
positive void coefficient of reactivity, the Argentina-designed CARA fuel bundles used in Atucha I, are capable of the preferred negative coefficient. While
Pressurized heavy-water reactor
Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor
Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
however, the reaction slowed or stopped. The reactor thus had a negative void coefficient of reactivity, something employed as a safety mechanism in human-made
Natural nuclear fission reactor
Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor that uses normal water
and shut the reactor down. This capability is known as a negative void coefficient of reactivity. Currently offered LWRs include the following: ABWR AP1000
Light-water_reactor
Indian fast breeder nuclear reactor design
[clarification needed] The prototype fast breeder reactor has a negative void coefficient, thus ensuring a high level of passive nuclear safety. This means that
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor
Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor
When one nuclear reaction causes more
example, power plants licensed in the United States require a negative void coefficient of reactivity: if coolant were to be removed from the reactor core
Nuclear_chain_reaction
Canadian heavy water nuclear reactor design
layout of the system. CANDU designs have a positive void coefficient, as well as a small power coefficient, normally considered bad in reactor design. This
CANDU_reactor
Soviet politician and engineer (1898–1991)
2023-10-30. "RBMK Reactors | reactor Bolshoy Moshchnosty Kanalny | Positive void coefficient - World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 2023-10-25
Efim_Slavsky
Differential diffusion
suppression of voids formed at the boundary interface in various kinds of alloy-to-metal bonding. These are referred to as Kirkendall voids. The Kirkendall
Kirkendall_effect
Nuclear reactor where water boils in core
the fuel, and reactor power decreases. Thus the BWR has a negative void coefficient. Reactor pressure in a BWR is controlled by the main turbine or main
Boiling_water_reactor
Power generated from nuclear reactions
prevented by natural feedback mechanisms, a concept known as negative void coefficient of reactivity. If the temperature or the amount of steam in the reactor
Nuclear_power
Concept nuclear reactor whose water operates at supercritical pressure
fast SCWR needs a relatively complex reactor core to have a negative void coefficient. [clarification needed] However, single coolant flow pass core is feasible
Supercritical_water_reactor
Series of boiling water nuclear reactor safety experiments
core could be stable, because the bubble formation creates a negative void coefficient. Subsequently, the reactor was used for power excursion tests which
BORAX_experiments
Comparison between the Chernobyl disaster and Fukushima nuclear disaster
unsafe reactor design caused instability at low power due to a positive void coefficient and steam formation. When an improper test was conducted at 1:23 AM
Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents
Comparison_of_the_Chernobyl_and_Fukushima_nuclear_accidents
Soviet / Russian nuclear reactor type
and compensating for loss of cooling, a condition known as negative void coefficient. Later versions of the reactors are encased in massive steel reactor
VVER
enriched uranium (<2% 235U). RBMK Hanford Engineer Works Hanford Site Void coefficient "Plutonium: The First 50 Years". FAS Project on Government Secrecy
Light_water_graphite_reactor
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal
Compressibility
Retired research nuclear reactor
temporary cooling system, and some of them ruptured; the positive void coefficient of the reactor led to a further power increase. About 14 seconds later
NRX
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume
Porosity
2006. "RBMK Reactors | reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny | Positive void coefficient". World-nuclear.org. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on
History_of_nuclear_power
Fast-neutron nuclear reactor cooled by molten lead
lead-cooled fast reactors. Lead has a positive void coefficient, or void reactivity, meaning that as voids occur in the circulating coolant an increase
Lead-cooled_fast_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by molten sodium
could increase. Furthermore, a large-core SFR can have a positive void coefficient in the center of its core. However, other design features can be used
Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by a gas
elements with low neutron capture cross sections to prevent positive void coefficient and induced radioactivity. The use of gas also removes the possibility
Gas-cooled_fast_reactor
Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources
Retrieved 8 August 2019. MSRs have large negative temperature and void coefficients of reactivity, and are designed to shut down due to expansion of the
Cost_of_electricity_by_source
Nuclear reactor where fast neutrons maintain a fission chain reaction
which affects thermal neutrons, does not work, nor does a negative void coefficient of the moderator. Both techniques are common in ordinary light-water
Fast-neutron_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor that uses molten material as fuel
void coefficient too many neutrons may be lost. Old proposed single fluid designs promising breeding performance tend to have an unsafe positive void
Liquid fluoride thorium reactor
Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor
Mass per unit volume
void material with another while maintaining constant volume can be used to estimate the void fraction, if the difference in density of the two voids
Density
Theory of soil consolidation and effective stress
Darcy's law is valid for all hydraulic gradients. The coefficient of permeability and the coefficient of volume compressibility remain constant throughout
Terzaghi's_principle
standard natural uranium fuel, with more negative temperature and void coefficients, enhancing overall safety. Development began in the mid-1980s by AECL
CANFLEX
Classification of grainy soils based on the sizes of their grains
a soil can also be determined by calculating the coefficient of uniformity, Cu, and the coefficient of curvature, Cc, of the soil and comparing the calculated
Soil_gradation
Roughly, the number of k-dimensional holes on a topological surface
homology group in this case is a vector space over Q. The universal coefficient theorem, in a very simple torsion-free case, shows that these definitions
Betti_number
Study of heat conduction between solid bodies
or liquid bodies in thermal contact. The thermal contact conductance coefficient, h c {\displaystyle h_{c}} , is a property indicating the thermal conductivity
Thermal_contact_conductance
metallization (aluminum, copper). Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or
Stress_migration
center-to-center void spacing, d {\displaystyle d} is the grain size, D B {\displaystyle D_{B}} is the grain-boundary diffusion coefficient, δ B {\displaystyle
Damage_mechanics
Sexual activity between close relatives
physical disability, and death; that risk is proportional to their parents' coefficient of relationship, a measure of how closely the parents are related genetically
Incest
Process by which soils decrease in volume
material. The first phase consists of soil grains, and a combination of void (air) or other fluid (typically groundwater) comprise the second and third
Soil_consolidation
with the coefficient of x n − 1 {\displaystyle x^{n-1}} and ending with the coefficient of x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} , a.k.a. the coefficient of 1. However
Computation of cyclic redundancy checks
Computation_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks
Electronic instrument
magnitude of the reflection is referred to as the reflection coefficient or ρ. The coefficient ranges from 1 (open circuit) to −1 (short circuit). The value
Time-domain_reflectometer
Extinct genus of marine squamate reptiles
accounting for drag may have been underestimated; estimation of drag coefficients for an extinct species can be difficult as it requires a hypothetical
Tylosaurus
Electric charge generated in certain solids due to mechanical stress
In the equation above, they must be engineering strains for the 6,6 coefficient of the compliance matrix to be written as shown, i.e., 2(sE 11 − sE 12)
Piezoelectricity
Common synthetic polymer
thicknesses and colors. As flat sheets, PVC is often expanded to create voids in the interior of the material, providing additional thickness without
Polyvinyl_chloride
Interconnect between layers in HDI substrates and PCBs
hence decreases microvia fatigue life. As for voids, different voiding conditions, such as different void sizes, shapes, and locations result in different
Microvia
Metallic material
ceramic chip carriers. Coefficient of expansion matching many common materials. Due to zero wetting angle requires pressure to form a void-free joint. Alloy
Solder_alloys
Measure of how well an object, per unit of area, resists conductive flow of heat
over a unit area. The U-factor or U-value is the overall heat transfer coefficient and can be found by taking the inverse of the R-value. It is a property
R-value_(insulation)
Mechanism of spontaneous phase separation
initially homogeneous alloy implies uphill diffusion or a negative diffusion coefficient. Becker and Dehlinger had already predicted a negative diffusivity inside
Spinodal_decomposition
Probability distribution
the probability mass function's binomial coefficient arises when considering the equivalent multiset coefficient ( ( r k ) ) {\displaystyle \textstyle \left(\
Negative binomial distribution
Negative_binomial_distribution
Scottish club in European football
Retrieved 31 July 2015. "Member associations - UEFA rankings - Club coefficients". UEFA. 6 October 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2025. "1914 Budapest Cup"
Celtic F.C. in international football
Celtic_F.C._in_international_football
International football competition
point, expulsion for two yellow cards in one match = 3 points); UEFA coefficient ranking for the qualifying group stage draw. To determine the best runner-up
2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification
2023_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_qualification
Affinity (Catholic canon law) Assortative mating Avunculate marriage Coefficient of relationship Consanguine marriage Cousin marriage in the Middle East
Legality of incest in the United States
Legality_of_incest_in_the_United_States
Amount of water an aquifer releases while staying saturated
Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar. Storativity or the storage coefficient is the volume of water released from storage per unit decline in hydraulic
Specific_storage
Aspects of fluid mechanics involving flow of fluids (liquids and gases)
heterogeneous fluid properties and body forces Cavitation – Low-pressure voids formed in liquids Compressible flow – Branch of fluid mechanics Couette
Outline_of_fluid_dynamics
Construction element consisting of at least two glass plates
impacts both the thermal performance (R-value) and the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC). Two types of low E coatings are available: hard coatings and
Insulated_glazing
Legality of sexual relationships between family members
"Genetic And Quantitative Aspects Of Genealogy - Calculation Of The Coefficient Of Relationship". Genetic-genealogy.co.uk. "Kin Selection". Benjamin/Cummings
Legality_of_incest
European football tournament
domestic league). The association ranking based on the UEFA association coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
2021–22_UEFA_Champions_League
Physical process
for vapor growth. Confined boiling typically has higher heat transfer coefficient but a lower CHF than pool boiling. CHF occurs when the vapor momentum
Boiling
Country in West Asia
International Monetary Fund. 14 April 2026. Retrieved 18 April 2026. "Gini Index coefficient". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 26 January 2026.
Israel
Steel alloy resistant to corrosion
1021/es903584q. PMID 20426460. Wu, Wenjie; Maye, Mathew M. (1 January 2014). "Void Coalescence in Core/Alloy Nanoparticles with Stainless Interfaces". Small
Stainless_steel
Type of shift register in computing
in finite field arithmetic as a polynomial mod 2. This means that the coefficients of the polynomial must be 1s or 0s. This is called the feedback polynomial
Linear-feedback shift register
Linear-feedback_shift_register
Material
high-temperature ceramic, and gets insulating properties from the many tiny air-filled voids within the material. The foam can be used not only for thermal insulation
Ceramic_foam
Motor vehicle
have been adopted throughout the industry. It had one of the lowest coefficient of drag (Cd) of any vehicle of the time (0.28 for the 200/200D model
Mercedes-Benz_W124
Twin-aisle airliner family
Ciornei (31 May 2005). "Mach number, relative thickness, sweep and lift coefficient of the wing – An empirical investigation of parameters and equations"
Airbus_A330
Women's top division association football league in Scotland
for the league's survival when the 2020 season was halted and eventually voided due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Along with other Scottish football organisations
Scottish Women's Premier League
Scottish_Women's_Premier_League
Sports car manufactured by Japanese automobile manufacturer Nissan
team. The team set a numerical target for the car to achieve a drag coefficient of Cd=0.28 or lower, combined with front and rear downforce, which was
Nissan_GT-R
Football tournament season
Liechtenstein. The team remaining in the competition with the highest UEFA club coefficient, Vaduz, were selected to play in the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League by the
2019–20_Liechtenstein_Cup
Identity document of China
second-generation cards came into force; all first-generation cards became void and unusable. If used, first-generation cards are treated as expired ID cards
Resident_Identity_Card
American full-size car
traveling at 101 mph (163 km/h). The ninth generation Impala has a drag coefficient of 0.33. Available trim levels at the time of introduction of the ninth
Chevrolet_Impala
Extension of the factorial function
binomial coefficients motivates why the properties of the gamma function when extended to negative numbers are natural. A binomial coefficient gives the
Gamma_function
Italian open-source hardware and software company
Jaume (2016-03-15). "Estimating the Underwater Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient with a Low-Cost Instrument: The KdUINO DIY Buoy". Sensors. 16 (3): 373
Arduino
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
photoelectric effect for hydrogen and X-rays, obtaining the absorption coefficient at the K-edge. His calculations accorded with observations of the X-ray
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
Most populous city in the United States
York City has a degree of income disparity, as indicated by its Gini coefficient of 0.55 as of 2022. In November 2023, the city had total employment of
New_York_City
Distinction between nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables
differences, one cannot define measures that require some ratios, such as the coefficient of variation. More subtly, while one can define moments about the origin
Level_of_measurement
Used to count, measure, and label
Indian texts used a Sanskrit word Shunye or shunya to refer to the concept of void. In mathematics texts this word often refers to the number zero. In a similar
Number
Portuguese association football club
At the end of the 2024–25 season, they ranked 18th in the UEFA club coefficient ranking. The club was founded on 28 September 1893 as Foot-Ball Club
FC_Porto
Numerical calculations carrying along derivatives
dual numbers, constants are lifted to dual numbers with a zero epsilon coefficient, and the numeric primitives are lifted to operate on dual numbers. This
Automatic_differentiation
Property of solid materials under mechanical stress
tending to shrink voids that must be overcome is related to the surface energy and surface area-volume ratio of the voids. For a general void with surface
Creep_(deformation)
Chemical compound
specification. The average coefficient of permeability of the ASA mixture is 6–10 times higher than the asphalt mixture in the same air void level. The average
Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate
Acrylonitrile_styrene_acrylate
Element of an industrial furnace
bottom of the bed at a low flow rate, the fluid merely percolates through the void spaces between stationary particles. (b) Minimum fluidization: When the gas
Circulating_fluidized_bed
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
Male
Welsh
Welsh form of Roman Latin Ovid, OFYDD means "sheep herder."
Boy/Male
Gaelic
Blonde.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Made void, forsaken.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Void.
Female
Slovene
Feminine form of Slovene Vid, VIDA means "life."Â Compare with masculine Vida.
Boy/Male
Hebrew Latin
Worker.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Void, empty.
Biblical
made void; forsaken
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin) and French
English (of Norman origin) and French : occupational name for a maker of glass objects, Old French verrie(o)r (from verre, voir(r)e ‘glass’, Latin vitrum).
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian, Slovak and Slovenian form of Hebrew David, DÃVID means "beloved."
Girl/Female
Biblical
Vain, void, mountain of enjoyment.
Boy/Male
Indian
Helper; Doctor; Medicine
Male
Slovene
Slovene form of Roman Latin Vitus, VID means "life."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Coward, perhaps a deliberate respelling by a bearer anxious to avoid association with the unrelated modern English word coward.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German, Greek, Kurdish
Empty; Void
Boy/Male
Australian, Hebrew, Latin, Portuguese
Worker; She; Woman; Sheep Herder
Male
Czechoslovakian
, beloved.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Stopper; The One who Says to Avoid
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Rapha, RAFA means "feeble, flaccid, weak," i.e. "a shade" living in Hades, void of blood and animal life; therefore weak and languid like a sick person, but still able to think.Â
Biblical
vain; void; mountain of enjoyment
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
Girl/Female
Indian
Beauty, Splendor, Brilliance, Fashion, Form, Figure
Boy/Male
Hindu
Wise, Learned, Knowledgeable
Female
Italian
Italian form of Celtic Genovefa, probably GINEVRA means "race of women."
Boy/Male
British, English
Spike of Grain
Boy/Male
Arabic
Servant of the capable.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
A Flower; Delicate; Soft; Slender
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant spelling of the habitational name Clandon, from places in Surrey and Dorset named Clandon, from Old English clǣne ‘clean’ (i.e. ‘clear of weeds’) + dūn ‘hill’.
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon American Latin Greek English French
Brave.
Girl/Female
English
given names Avis and Aveline.
Boy/Male
Tamil
God
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
v. i.
To void excrement.
a.
Void of love; void of tenderness or kindness.
a.
Void of understanding.
imp. & p. p.
of Void
a.
Being without; destitute; free; wanting; devoid; as, void of learning, or of common use.
a.
To defeat or evade; to invalidate. Thus, in a replication, the plaintiff may deny the defendant's plea, or confess it, and avoid it by stating new matter.
v. i.
To void excrement.
a.
To throw or send out; to evacuate; to emit; to discharge; as, to void excrements.
n.
Any void space; a void space on paper, or in any written instrument; an interval void of consciousness, action, result, etc; a void.
a.
To render void; to make to be of no validity or effect; to vacate; to annul; to nullify.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Void
a.
To remove the contents of; to make or leave vacant or empty; to quit; to leave; as, to void a table.
v. i.
To void excrement.
v. i.
To become void or vacant.
a.
Void of meaning.
a.
To emit or throw out; to void; as, to avoid excretions.
a.
To keep away from; to keep clear of; to endeavor no to meet; to shun; to abstain from; as, to avoid the company of gamesters.
a.
Void of delight.
a.
To make void; to annul or vacate; to refute.
v. i.
To void excrement.