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Change in nuclear fission rate caused by voids in a reactor
In nuclear engineering, the void coefficient (more properly called void coefficient of reactivity) is a number that can be used to estimate how much the
Void_coefficient
Nuclear incidents at Leningrad Unit 1 and Chernobyl Unit 1
"positive void coefficient", and the RBMK reactor has the highest positive void coefficient of any commercial reactor ever designed. A high void coefficient does
Partial meltdowns at Leningrad and Chernobyl
Partial_meltdowns_at_Leningrad_and_Chernobyl
Investigations into the Chernobyl nuclear accident
time." The reactor had a dangerously large positive void coefficient of reactivity. The void coefficient is a measurement of how a reactor responds to increased
Investigations into the Chernobyl disaster
Investigations_into_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Type of Soviet nuclear power reactor
reactor design had several shortcomings, such as the large positive void coefficient, the 'positive scram effect' of the control rods and instability at
RBMK
Type of nuclear reactor
This property is called the void coefficient of reactivity, and in an RBMK reactor like Chernobyl, the void coefficient is positive, and fairly large
Pressurized_water_reactor
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
light-water reactor designs, the RBMK design had a positive void coefficient, meaning that voids formed during boiling had the effect of increasing rather
Chernobyl_disaster
Nuclear reactor design
these comparatively low concerns. For example, the IFR's positive void coefficient could be reduced to an acceptable level by adding technetium to the
Integral_fast_reactor
Indian nuclear reactor design
with the mixed oxide fuel enables the reactor to achieve a negative void coefficient. The remaining 37 channels are occupied by the shutdown system. This
Advanced_heavy-water_reactor
Substance that slows down particles with no electric charge
the moderator is also lost and the reaction will stop. This negative void coefficient is an important safety feature of these reactors. In CANDU the moderator
Neutron_moderator
Form of nuclear reactor failure
of a LOCA or of voids appearing in its coolant system (by water boiling, for example). This is measured by the coolant void coefficient. Most modern nuclear
Loss-of-coolant_accident
Reactor accident due to core overheating
cooling is lost, but moderation continues. This is termed a positive void coefficient of reactivity. The RBMK tends towards dangerous power fluctuations
Nuclear_meltdown
People involved in the nuclear accident
boiling in the reactor, and because of a combination of a positive void coefficient and xenon burnout, the power began to increase dramatically. At ~1:23:30 a
Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster
Individual_involvement_in_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Decommissioned nuclear power plant in Ukraine
2019. "RBMK Reactors | reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny | Positive void coefficient – World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Archived from
Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant
present. It was partially moderated with graphite, but had a negative void coefficient due to also using moderation from the coolant water, meaning it was
N-Reactor
Nuclear power safety method that does not require electrical power nor intervention
Nuclear reactor response properties such as Temperature coefficient of reactivity and Void coefficient of reactivity usually refer to the thermodynamic and
Passive_nuclear_safety
Former Soviet inorganic chemist and member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1936–1988)
media some defects in the RBMK reactor design such as the positive void coefficient, as well as problems with operator training. Some details were censored
Valery_Legasov
Kinetic energy of an unbound neutron
can provide positive or negative feedback (a positive or negative void coefficient), depending on whether the reactor is under- or over-moderated. Intermediate-energy
Neutron_temperature
Nuclear reactor where water boils in core
the fuel, and reactor power decreases. Thus the BWR has a negative void coefficient. Reactor pressure in a BWR is controlled by the main turbine or main
Boiling_water_reactor
Sustained nuclear fission achieved solely by prompt neutron emission
University of California, Berkeley. Subcritical reactor Thermal neutron Void coefficient "Reactor Physics" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 23 September
Prompt_criticality
Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
however, the reaction slowed or stopped. The reactor thus had a negative void coefficient of reactivity, something employed as a safety mechanism in human-made
Natural nuclear fission reactor
Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
Field of physics dealing with nuclear reactors
moderated by groundwater and, presumably, controlled by the negative void coefficient as the water boiled from the heat of the reaction. Uranium from the
Nuclear_reactor_physics
When one nuclear reaction causes more
example, power plants licensed in the United States require a negative void coefficient of reactivity: if coolant were to be removed from the reactor core
Nuclear_chain_reaction
Safety systems of boiling water reactors
pressurized water reactor, a boiling water reactor has a negative void coefficient, that is, the neutron (and the thermal) output of the reactor decreases
Boiling water reactor safety systems
Boiling_water_reactor_safety_systems
Power generated from nuclear reactions
prevented by natural feedback mechanisms, a concept known as negative void coefficient of reactivity. If the temperature or the amount of steam in the reactor
Nuclear_power
Measure of nuclear reactor fuel stability
about −1.7×10−5 per kelvin. Nuclear fission Nuclear reactor physics Void coefficient Friant, David; Bernard, David; Blaise, Patrick (2023-08-03). "State
Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity
Fuel_temperature_coefficient_of_reactivity
Concept nuclear reactor whose water operates at supercritical pressure
fast SCWR needs a relatively complex reactor core to have a negative void coefficient. [clarification needed] However, single coolant flow pass core is feasible
Supercritical_water_reactor
Deuterium oxide
(being cooled with ordinary water instead) which produced the positive void coefficient that was one of a series of flaws in reactor design leading to the
Heavy_water
Graphite used as a reflector or moderator within a nuclear reactor
Instead, a massive power excursion (exacerbated by the high and positive void coefficient of the RBMK as it was designed and used at the time) during a mishandled
Nuclear_graphite
Ability of soils to allow water to flow through its voids
of its porosity. The coefficient of permeability varies with the void ratio as e/sup>/(1+e). For a given soil, the greater the void ratio, the higher the
Permeability_of_soils
Canadian heavy water nuclear reactor design
layout of the system. CANDU designs have a positive void coefficient, as well as a small power coefficient, normally considered bad in reactor design. This
CANDU_reactor
Soviet / Russian nuclear reactor type
and compensating for loss of cooling, a condition known as negative void coefficient. Later versions of the reactors are encased in massive steel reactor
VVER
Nuclear reactor design
positive void coefficient of reactivity, the Argentina-designed CARA fuel bundles used in Atucha I, are capable of the preferred negative coefficient. While
Pressurized heavy-water reactor
Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor that uses normal water
and shut the reactor down. This capability is known as a negative void coefficient of reactivity. Currently offered LWRs include the following: ABWR AP1000
Light-water_reactor
Comparison between the Chernobyl disaster and Fukushima nuclear disaster
unsafe reactor design caused instability at low power due to a positive void coefficient and steam formation. When an improper test was conducted at 1:23 AM
Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents
Comparison_of_the_Chernobyl_and_Fukushima_nuclear_accidents
2006. "RBMK Reactors | reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny | Positive void coefficient". World-nuclear.org. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on
History_of_nuclear_power
Differential diffusion
suppression of voids formed at the boundary interface in various kinds of alloy-to-metal bonding. These are referred to as Kirkendall voids. The Kirkendall
Kirkendall_effect
enriched uranium (<2% 235U). RBMK Hanford Engineer Works Hanford Site Void coefficient "Plutonium: The First 50 Years". FAS Project on Government Secrecy
Light_water_graphite_reactor
Fast-neutron nuclear reactor cooled by molten lead
lead-cooled fast reactors. Lead has a positive void coefficient, or void reactivity, meaning that as voids occur in the circulating coolant an increase
Lead-cooled_fast_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor, CO2 or He cooled
fuel but require online refueling to be viable power reactors. No void coefficient of reactivity as the coolant is a gas at room temperature and remains
Gas-cooled_reactor
Soviet politician and engineer (1898–1991)
2023-10-30. "RBMK Reactors | reactor Bolshoy Moshchnosty Kanalny | Positive void coefficient - World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 2023-10-25
Efim_Slavsky
Nuclear reactor where fast neutrons maintain a fission chain reaction
which affects thermal neutrons, does not work, nor does a negative void coefficient of the moderator. Both techniques are common in ordinary light-water
Fast-neutron_reactor
Series of boiling water nuclear reactor safety experiments
core could be stable, because the bubble formation creates a negative void coefficient. Subsequently, the reactor was used for power excursion tests which
BORAX_experiments
Type of nuclear reactor that uses molten material as fuel
void coefficient too many neutrons may be lost. Old proposed single fluid designs promising breeding performance tend to have an unsafe positive void
Liquid fluoride thorium reactor
Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor
Retired research nuclear reactor
temporary cooling system, and some of them ruptured; the positive void coefficient of the reactor led to a further power increase. About 14 seconds later
NRX
Material fuelling nuclear reactors
reactivity control, and reduces the RBMK's dangerously high positive void coefficient. Ceramic-metallic (cermet) fuel is a type of micro-particle fuel that
Nuclear_fuel
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal
Compressibility
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by molten sodium
could increase. Furthermore, a large-core SFR can have a positive void coefficient in the center of its core. However, other design features can be used
Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume
Porosity
Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources
Retrieved 8 August 2019. MSRs have large negative temperature and void coefficients of reactivity, and are designed to shut down due to expansion of the
Cost_of_electricity_by_source
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by a gas
elements with low neutron capture cross sections to prevent positive void coefficient and induced radioactivity. The use of gas also removes the possibility
Gas-cooled_fast_reactor
Classification of grainy soils based on the sizes of their grains
a soil can also be determined by calculating the coefficient of uniformity, Cu, and the coefficient of curvature, Cc, of the soil and comparing the calculated
Soil_gradation
Roughly, the number of k-dimensional holes on a topological surface
homology group in this case is a vector space over Q. The universal coefficient theorem, in a very simple torsion-free case, shows that these definitions
Betti_number
standard natural uranium fuel, with more negative temperature and void coefficients, enhancing overall safety. Twenty-four of these fuel bundles have
CANFLEX
Theory of soil consolidation and effective stress
Darcy's law is valid for all hydraulic gradients. The coefficient of permeability and the coefficient of volume compressibility remain constant throughout
Terzaghi's_principle
metallization (aluminum, copper). Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or
Stress_migration
Mass per unit volume
void material with another while maintaining constant volume can be used to estimate the void fraction, if the difference in density of the two voids
Density
Affinity (Catholic canon law) Assortative mating Avunculate marriage Coefficient of relationship Consanguine marriage Cousin marriage in the Middle East
Legality of incest in the United States
Legality_of_incest_in_the_United_States
center-to-center void spacing, d {\displaystyle d} is the grain size, D B {\displaystyle D_{B}} is the grain-boundary diffusion coefficient, δ B {\displaystyle
Damage_mechanics
Country in South America
Subjects: April 2025". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. "Gini Index coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved
Guyana
As a result of job losses, social inequality (as measured on the Gini coefficient) has also increased, which has been shown in studies to have affected
Suicide_in_Japan
Sports car manufactured by Japanese automobile manufacturer Nissan
team. The team set a numerical target for the car to achieve a drag coefficient of Cd=0.28 or lower, combined with front and rear downforce, which was
Nissan_GT-R
Extension of the factorial function
binomial coefficients motivates why the properties of the gamma function when extended to negative numbers are natural. A binomial coefficient gives the
Gamma_function
Steel reinforcement
patterns embossed into its surface. Steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion, so a concrete structural member reinforced with
Rebar
Probability distribution
the probability mass function's binomial coefficient arises when considering the equivalent multiset coefficient ( ( r k ) ) {\displaystyle \textstyle \left(\
Negative binomial distribution
Negative_binomial_distribution
Study of heat conduction between solid bodies
or liquid bodies in thermal contact. The thermal contact conductance coefficient, h c {\displaystyle h_{c}} , is a property indicating the thermal conductivity
Thermal_contact_conductance
Property of solid materials under mechanical stress
tending to shrink voids that must be overcome is related to the surface energy and surface area-volume ratio of the voids. For a general void with surface
Creep_(deformation)
Interconnect between layers in HDI substrates and PCBs
hence decreases microvia fatigue life. As for voids, different voiding conditions, such as different void sizes, shapes, and locations result in different
Microvia
Branch of soil physics and applied mechanics that describes the behavior of soils
tested with an oedometer test to determine their compression index and coefficient of consolidation. When stress is removed from a consolidated soil, the
Soil_mechanics
Iron-based alloy resistant to rust and corrosion
1021/es903584q. PMID 20426460. Wu, Wenjie; Maye, Mathew M. (1 January 2014). "Void Coalescence in Core/Alloy Nanoparticles with Stainless Interfaces". Small
Stainless_steel
Marriage between those with common grandparents or other recent ancestors
that increase the chance of sharing genes for recessive traits. The coefficient of relationship between any two individuals decreases fourfold as the
Cousin_marriage
Species of flightless bird
flattening, which conserves body heat through insulation. The low conductance coefficient of air allows less heat to be lost to the environment. This flattening
Common_ostrich
Process by which soils decrease in volume
material. The first phase consists of soil grains, and a combination of void (air) or other fluid (typically groundwater) comprise the second and third
Soil_consolidation
Genus of ants (Camponotus sp.)
sisters, the coefficient of relatedness is r > 0.75 (due to their haplodiploid genetic system). Between parent and offspring, the coefficient of relatedness
Carpenter_ant
Force resulting from the quantisation of a field
reduces to the 1/a3 force law of the London dispersion force (with a coefficient called a Hamaker constant) for small a, with a more complicated dependence
Casimir_effect
Union of an uncle/aunt or their nephew/niece
inherited identical gene copies at 1/8 of all their loci, defined as a coefficient of inbreeding F = 0.125. It follows that for first cousin progeny, F
Avunculate_marriage
Association football league in Vietnam
fourteenth, ahead of Singapore and above Iraq. As of 18 May 2025, the coefficients for are as follows: Currently, Vietnam is standing 14th in the AFC clubs
V.League_1
Initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading
strength coefficient, b {\displaystyle b} is the fatigue strength exponent, ε f ′ {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{f}'} is the fatigue ductility coefficient, c
Fatigue_(material)
Non-destructive type of ultrasonics
internal features such as film thickness as well as cracks, delaminations and voids. It can also be used to probe liquids. The technique is also referred to
Picosecond_ultrasonics
Composite material used in architecture
bending, and torsion strength; lower drag coefficients; smaller area to paint; better aesthetics; ability to fill voids if discovered later. The confinement
Concrete_filled_steel_tube
Method of separating mixtures
α of distillation used in place of the crystallization distribution coefficient k. Non-condensable gas can be expelled from the apparatus by the vapor
Distillation
Country in West Asia
Monetary Fund. 13 October 2026. Retrieved 13 October 2026. "Gini Index coefficient". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 26 January 2026.
Israel
was about 69% of the U.S. level. At the same time, Greenland's Gini coefficient for income distribution is around 0.34 according to CIA estimate for
Proposed United States acquisition of Greenland
Proposed_United_States_acquisition_of_Greenland
British wave-dissipating concrete armour unit for breakwaters
Further model tests in 1965, using Mark III units, established design coefficients, wave run-up, porosity and armour-layer thickness for a range of breakwater
Stabit
Amount of water an aquifer releases while staying saturated
Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar. Storativity or the storage coefficient is the volume of water released from storage per unit decline in hydraulic
Specific_storage
Standardized examination for prospective medical students in the United States and Canada
(LSAT)), the MCAT may be voided on the day of the exam if the exam taker is not satisfied with his or her performance. It can be voided at any time during the
Medical College Admission Test
Medical_College_Admission_Test
Intentional introduction of impurities into an intrinsic semiconductor
good conductor (metal) and thus exhibits more linear positive thermal coefficient. Such effect is used for instance in sensistors. Lower dosage of doping
Doping_(semiconductor)
Metalworking process
its diameter reduced, changing the springrate (K) values and damping coefficient (C) of the rubber. After swaging, any inconsistencies in the metal and
Swaging
Separation technique to characterize the size of colloidal particles
method, the property driving separation is the translational diffusion coefficient or the hydrodynamic size. For a thermal field (heating one wall and cooling
Field_flow_fractionation
there are no coolant pumps. The reactor has both negative void and negative temperature coefficients. It uses a uranium oxide fuel with 235 U enrichment of
List of small modular reactor designs
List_of_small_modular_reactor_designs
Association football club in Bosnia and Herzegovina
the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009. Club coefficients "FK Željezničar i FK Igman Konjic potpisali Memorandum o saradnji". fkzeljeznicar
FK_Željezničar_Sarajevo
overcurrent Die fracture – due to mis-match of thermal expansion coefficients Die-attach voids – manufacturing defect—screenable with scanning acoustic microscopy
Reliability_(semiconductor)
Development of mathematics in South Asia
times the [coefficient of the] square, add the square of the [coefficient of the] middle term; the square root of the same, less the [coefficient of the]
Indian_mathematics
American full-size car
traveling at 101 mph (163 km/h). The ninth generation Impala has a drag coefficient of 0.33. Available trim levels at the time of introduction of the ninth
Chevrolet_Impala
Chemical reactor
velocities, the solids remain in place as the fluid passes through the voids in the material. This is known as a packed bed reactor. As the fluid velocity
Fluidized_bed_reactor
Chemical compound
specification. The average coefficient of permeability of the ASA mixture is 6–10 times higher than the asphalt mixture in the same air void level. The average
Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate
Acrylonitrile_styrene_acrylate
with the coefficient of x n − 1 {\displaystyle x^{n-1}} and ending with the coefficient of x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} , a.k.a. the coefficient of 1. However
Computation of cyclic redundancy checks
Computation_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks
Legality of sexual relationships between family members
"Genetic And Quantitative Aspects Of Genealogy - Calculation Of The Coefficient Of Relationship". Genetic-genealogy.co.uk. "Kin Selection". Benjamin/Cummings
Legality_of_incest
Pyrotechnic intermetallic laminated foil
substrates, which reduces problems with mismatched thermal expansion coefficients between the materials and allows their joining at room temperature. The
Reactive_multi-layer_foil
Ability of water to flow through a porous material
{\displaystyle K=C(D_{10})^{2}} where C {\displaystyle C} Hazen's empirical coefficient, which takes a value between 0.0 and 1.5 (depending on literature), with
Hydraulic_conductivity
Football tournament season
Liechtenstein. The team remaining in the competition with the highest UEFA club coefficient, Vaduz, were selected to play in the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League by the
2019–20_Liechtenstein_Cup
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VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
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