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Process in Economics
In economics, valuation using multiples, or "relative valuation", is a process that consists of: identifying comparable assets (the peer group) and obtaining
Valuation_using_multiples
Determination of the economic value of a business
benefit Valuation using discounted cash flows Valuation using multiples Valuation using the Market Penetration Model Kwok, Benny K. B. (2008). Forensic
Business_valuation
Estimation method of company valuation
Valuation using discounted cash flows (DCF valuation) is a method of estimating the current value of a company based on projected future cash flows adjusted
Valuation using discounted cash flows
Valuation_using_discounted_cash_flows
Comparing the price of an asset
Relative valuation also called valuation using multiples is the notion of comparing the price of an asset to the market value of similar assets. In the
Relative_valuation
in the sector. See valuation using multiples more generally. This approach is fundamentally different from that of DCF valuation method, which calculates
Comparable_transactions
range or mean. List of valuation topics Price discovery Valuation using multiples Valuation using discounted cash flows Valuation using the Market Penetration
Market-based_valuation
supplied by Lipper Analytical Services on a regular basis. Valuation Valuation using multiples "Lipper Indexes", Investopedia. "Lipper Mutual Fund Industry
Lipper_average
Process of estimating what something is worth, used in the finance industry
approaches taken, namely discounted cashflow valuation, relative valuation, and contingent claim valuation. Valuations can be done for assets (for example, investments
Valuation_(finance)
Acquisition of a company using a significant proportion of borrowed money
often higher than it would be if less leverage were used. The LBO (or leveraged buyout) valuation model estimates the current value of a business to a
Leveraged_buyout
Financial metric
market bubble Stock market crash Stock valuation using discounted cash flows Value investing Valuation using multiples Tobin's q Shiller, Robert (2005). Irrational
Price–earnings_ratio
Stock in an unlisted private company
cash flow generation / debt paydown Valuation multiple expansion (typically an Enterprise Value / EBITDA multiple) Value creation strategies can vary
Private_equity
Defense against a takeover of a company
proxies against the board or by acquiring a controlling block of shares and using the associated votes to get elected to the board. Once in control of the
Shareholder_rights_plan
Type of stock senior to common stock
but common shares to employees is the ability to retain a lower 409(a) valuation for common shares and thus a lower strike price for incentive stock options
Preferred_stock
American diversified financial services company
agreement they are making with JG Wentworth. This has been covered by multiple news sources, as well as late night talk show host John Oliver. "The J
J.G._Wentworth
Overview of finance and finance-related topics
Cash on cash return Equity Financial ratio Market-based valuation Valuation using multiples Comparable company analysis Dividend yield Yield gap Return
Outline_of_finance
Bid". The New York Times. 22 May 2007. "BRIEF-Emerson Electric has made multiple offers for Rockwell Automation – CNBC". reuters.com. 31 October 2017. Archived
List of largest mergers and acquisitions
List_of_largest_mergers_and_acquisitions
Marketing measurement
Brand valuation is the process of estimating the total financial value of a brand. A conflict of interest exists if those who value a brand were also
Brand_valuation
Type of bond
Equity Price. Out-the-money: Conversion Price is > Equity Price. From a valuation perspective, a convertible bond consists of two assets: a bond and a warrant
Convertible_bond
Venture capital term
"Pre-money valuation" is a term widely used in the private equity and venture capital industries. It refers to the valuation of a company or asset prior
Pre-money_valuation
American artificial intelligence company
company is privately held but plans to go public. It had an estimated valuation of $965 billion in May 2026, making it the most valuable pure-play AI
Anthropic
Cyclical Companies by Using the Price/Sales Ratio :: The Market Oracle ::". www.marketoracle.co.uk. "CHAPTER 10 REVENUE MULTIPLES" (PDF). New York University
Enterprise value-to-sales ratio
Enterprise_value-to-sales_ratio
Process of developing an opinion of value for real property
Real estate appraisal, home appraisal, property valuation or land valuation is the process of assessing the value of real property (usually market value)
Real_estate_appraisal
Instrument of indebtedness
differ substantially from the principal due to various factors in bond valuation. Bonds are often identified by their international securities identification
Bond_(finance)
Analysis of company ownership structure
analysis, showing the economic outcome available to investors at all valuations across a range of outcomes, rather than focusing on a specific point or
Capitalization_table
Aspect of finance
through means other than simple cash interest payments. As a result, by using equity ownership and PIK interest, the mezzanine lender effectively defers
Mezzanine_capital
Capital budgeting analysis term
Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis, (ROV or ROA) applies option valuation techniques to capital budgeting decisions. A real
Real_options_valuation
Method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks
Stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market
Stock_valuation
Economic measure
sophisticated valuation is required. Associates and minority interests are often valued either at book value or using earnings multiples, depending on
Enterprise_value
Future discounted value of all future cash flows beyond a given date
company multiples must be used, the resulting implied enterprise value will not reflect a control premium. Depending on the purposes of the valuation, this
Terminal_value_(finance)
options Residual income Stock valuation Sum-of-the-parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline
Lists of corporate mergers and acquisitions
Lists_of_corporate_mergers_and_acquisitions
Equity valuation metric
(more commonly referred to by the acronym EV/EBITDA) is a popular valuation multiple used to determine the fair market value of a company. By contrast to
EV/EBITDA
Method of Startup Valuation
business valuation approach used by venture capital and private equity investors that combines elements of both a multiples-based valuation and a discounted
First_Chicago_method
Method of valuing a project, company, or asset
see aside. For further context see Valuation (finance) § Valuation overview; and for the mechanics see valuation using discounted cash flows, which includes
Discounted_cash_flow
1868 land survey of Ireland
Griffith's Valuation was a boundary and land valuation survey of Ireland completed in 1868. Richard John Griffith started to value land in Scotland, where
Griffith's_Valuation
Type of equity in finance
sensitive to changes in valuation and market sentiment. Nasdaq notes that growth stocks often carry higher valuation multiples than the broad market and
Growth_stock
American software company
commands, and complete programming tasks using natural-language instructions. Cursor achieved a US$29.3 billion valuation and surpassed $3 billion in annual
Cursor_(company)
Accounting term
Data valuation is a discipline in the fields of accounting and information economics. It is concerned with methods to calculate the value of data collected
Data_valuation
Estimation of market value of works of art
Art valuation, an art-specific subset of financial valuation, is the process of estimating the market value of works of art. As such, it is more of a financial
Art_valuation
United States. Posner's investments were typically motivated by attractive valuations, balance sheets and cash flow characteristics. Because of its high debt
Early history of private equity
Early_history_of_private_equity
well as the use of these types of assets as loan security. These uses give rise to the growing importance[as of?] of financial valuation of intellectual
Patent_valuation
Aggregate stock market valuation metric
Buffett metric, or the Market capitalization-to-GDP ratio) is a valuation multiple used to assess how expensive or cheap the aggregate stock market is
Buffett_indicator
Term used in business finance
options Residual income Stock valuation Sum-of-the-parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline
Special_situation
Type of hybrid security
options Residual income Stock valuation Sum-of-the-parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline
Exchangeable_bond
Asset pricing models
mathematical finance, multiple factor models are asset pricing models that can be used to estimate the discount rate for the valuation of financial assets;
Multiple_factor_models
Private equity investment firm
limiting the financial sponsor's ability to sell shares and managing the use of proceeds from the offering. Various studies have been conducted to evaluate
Financial_sponsor
Equity valuation method based on the present value of future residual income
Residual income valuation (RIV), also called the residual income model or residual income method (RIM), is an approach to equity valuation that formally
Residual_income_valuation
Ecosystem valuation is an economic process which assigns a value (either monetary, biophysical, or other) to an ecosystem and/or its ecosystem services
Ecosystem_valuation
options Residual income Stock valuation Sum-of-the-parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline
Tobacco_bond
Software company
shares at a $6.6 billion valuation. On 4 February 2026, ElevenLabs announced that it raised $500 million at an $11 billion valuation, as it eyes a potential
ElevenLabs
Canadian business valuation organization
Valuators (CICBV), is a Canadian business valuation organization. The CBV Institute is a not-for-profit valuation professional organization that establishes
CBV_Institute
Valuation model that prices a stock by discounting expected future dividends
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Gordon, Myron J. (1962). The Investment, Financing, and Valuation of the Corporation. Homewood
Dividend_discount_model
In finance, a type of leveraged recapitalization
Pearl, Joshua; Rosenbaum, Joshua (2013) [2009]. Investment Banking: Valuation, Leveraged Buyouts, and Mergers and Acquisitions (Second ed.). Hoboken
Dividend_recapitalization
Real estate valuation measure
Capitalization rate (or "cap rate") is a real estate valuation measure used to compare different real estate investments. Although there are many variations
Capitalization_rate
Listed private equity (LPE)
shutdown of the IPO market would dampen the prospects of obtaining a valuation that would be attractive to KKR and the flotation was repeatedly postponed
Publicly traded private equity
Publicly_traded_private_equity
Real estate listing information
disseminate information to enable appraisals. A multiple listing service's database and software is used by real estate brokers in real estate (or in other
Multiple_listing_service
Financial metric comparing stock price to cash flow per share
better value. The price/cash flow ratio is often used as an alternative to earnings-based valuation multiples because cash flow may be less affected by non-cash
Price-to-cash_flow_ratio
American defense technology company
software. It is privately owned, and as of May 2026, the company has a valuation of $61 billion. In January 2025, Anduril announced a series of Arsenal
Anduril_Industries
Framework for corporate funding, capital structure, and investments
In general, each "project's" value will be estimated using a discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, and the opportunity with the highest value, as measured
Corporate_finance
Private startup companies valued at over US$1 billion
finance, a unicorn is a privately held startup company with a current valuation of US$1 billion or more. Notable lists of unicorn companies are maintained
List of unicorn startup companies
List_of_unicorn_startup_companies
future payments determined by discounting such payments to the present using the most recently published Applicable Federal Rate for determining the
Structured settlement factoring transaction
Structured_settlement_factoring_transaction
Medical information platform
$250M, doubles valuation to $12B". www.fiercehealthcare.com. Retrieved 2026-02-24. "Medical AI startup OpenEvidence doubles valuation to $12 billion in
OpenEvidence
Open-source analytics and visualization platform
raised over $500 million in venture capital funding, reaching a $6 billion valuation in 2024. Since 2021, Grafana has been licensed under the AGPLv3 (previously
Grafana
Government body in the United Kingdom
release -with its functions subsumed into HMRC. The terms Valuation Office(r) (VO) are still widely used for its functions and staff, although it is no longer
Valuation_Office_Agency
AI platform
invested in the company at a valuation of US$450 million. In January 2024, Chai Research reported a $450 million valuation following an investment from
Chai_AI
Concept in auction theory
auction theory, particularly Bayesian-optimal mechanism design, a virtual valuation of an agent is a function that measures the surplus that can be extracted
Virtual_valuation
Indian multinational educational technology company
edtech startup, with a valuation of $22 billion in 2022. However, by October 2024, multiple media reports indicated that its valuation had effectively dropped
Byju's
Probabilistic measurement methods
Corporate Finance. In 1977, Phelim Boyle pioneered the use of simulation in derivative valuation in his seminal Journal of Financial Economics paper. This
Monte Carlo methods in finance
Monte_Carlo_methods_in_finance
Disputed equity valuation model
The "Fed model", or "Fed Stock Valuation Model" (FSVM), is a disputed theory of equity valuation that compares the stock market's forward earnings yield
Fed_model
US-based software and services company
Forbes wrote that the valuation made Palantir "among Silicon Valley's most valuable private technology companies". Palantir's valuation rose to $15 billion
Palantir
Asset management firm based in Boston
from deep value stocks which are the cheapest ones based on their valuation multiples. "Form ADV" (PDF). SEC. "GMO's Mean-Reversion Strategy Is Tested
GMO_LLC
Israeli artificial intelligence company
became the first Israeli AI-focused unicorn company. As of 2026, it has a valuation of approximately $4 billion. Decart was founded on September 7, 2023,
Decart
JSTOR 3665868. SWORD-financing on Investopedia.com Reasons for Financing R&D using the SWORD structure by Alexandra K. Theodossiou Michael E. Solt. SWORD Financing
SWORD-financing
Branch of economics
bidders is to bid their true valuation. William Vickrey was the first scholar to study second-price valuation auctions, but their use goes back in history, with
Auction_theory
flow valuation, the forecast period is the time period during which explicitly forecast, individual yearly cash flows are input to the valuation-formula
Forecast_period_(finance)
2026 American company IPO
in 2002, occurred on June 12, 2026. It was the largest ever IPO, at a valuation of US$1.77 trillion. On the first trading day, the company reached a market
Initial public offering of SpaceX
Initial_public_offering_of_SpaceX
Application of mathematical and statistical methods in finance
Rational pricing assumptions Risk neutral valuation Arbitrage-free pricing Valuation adjustments Credit valuation adjustment XVA Yield curve modelling Multi-curve
Mathematical_finance
Method for evaluating stock options that divides time into discrete intervals
quantitative finance, a lattice model is a numerical approach to the valuation of derivatives in situations requiring a discrete time model. For dividend
Lattice_model_(finance)
American multinational technology corporation
IPO on June 1, 2021 with a valuation of $4.5 billion. IBM announced the acquisition of Confluent at a $11 billion valuation on December 8, 2025. The deal
Confluent
Economic measure placing a monetary value on reducing the risk of death
than an individual's wage. Another method used to estimate VSL is contingent valuation. Contingent valuation asks individuals to value an option either
Value_of_a_statistical_life
Evaluation of property for tax purposes
Assessing Officers. "Apartment Property Tax Appeals". Apartment Property Valuation. "City of Buffalo Property Revaluation". NY Property Tax. 30 October 2024
Tax_assessment
Virtual mental health service
highest-valued mental health startups, reaching a unicorn status with a $2 billion valuation by 2021 and $3.3 billion by 2024. Spring Health was founded in 2016 by
Spring_Health
Option for employee to share in company stock
stock price or a private company's most recent valuation, such as an independent 409A valuation commonly used within the United States. Depending on the vesting
Employee_stock_option
Ratio of interest to price for a bond
Priaulet, Phillippe and Priaulet, Stephane (2003). Fixed Income Securities: Valuation, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies. Chichester, England: John Wiley
Current_yield
Software company
n8n raised $180 million in a Series C round, bringing the company’s valuation to $2.5 billion; the round was led by Accel with participation from: Sequoia;
N8n
American artificial intelligence company
June 2025, Perplexity closed a $500 million funding round, elevating its valuation to $14 billion. Investors in Perplexity AI have included Jeff Bezos, Tobias
Perplexity_AI
Valuation method
Owner earnings is a valuation method detailed by Warren Buffett in Berkshire Hathaway's annual report in 1986. He stated that the value of a company is
Owner_earnings
Processes through which companies combine or transfer ownership
under Valuation using discounted cash flows, which compares M&A DCF models to other cases. Professionals who value businesses generally do not use just
Mergers_and_acquisitions
Model in mathematical finance
early exercise features. As is standard, Monte Carlo valuation relies on risk neutral valuation. Here the price of the option is its discounted expected
Monte Carlo methods for option pricing
Monte_Carlo_methods_for_option_pricing
Income return on an investment expressed as a percentage of its value
of the property value. E.g. £100,000 passing rent per annum £1,850,000 valuation 100000/1850000 = 0.054 or 5.4% Reversionary yield is the anticipated yield
Yield_(finance)
English artificial intelligence company
a built-in video assistant. In January 2026, it reached a $4 billion valuation, with 70% of FTSE 100 companies noted among its customers. The company
Synthesia_(company)
Chinese artificial intelligence company
Alibaba Group led a $1 billion funding round for Moonshot, which gave it a valuation of $2.5 billion. Alibaba acquired 36% stake and invested US $0.8 billion
Moonshot_AI
determine replacement cost. An alternative valuation for income-producing property may be based on economic concepts. Using the income approach, value is determined
Property tax in the United States
Property_tax_in_the_United_States
Financial measurement
State-of-the-Art Debt Analysis and Valuation Modeling, Probus Publishing Brooks, Robert; Attinger, Bill (1992-07-01). "Using Duration and Convexity in the
Bond_convexity
Person who performs financial analysis
and (credit) risk management, as opposed to focusing on investments and valuation. Financial analysts can work in a variety of industries. A large proportion
Financial_analyst
Robotics company
In 2024, Physical Intelligence has raised $400 million dollars at a valuation of about $2.4 billion dollars. Investors in that round included Jeff Bezos
Physical_Intelligence_Inc.
Financial accounting term
announcements and the market valuation of these firms—the opposite effect to research announcements in other industries. Business valuation Cashflow forecast Discounted
Free_cash_flow
Type of sealed-bid multiple-item auction
auction is a type of sealed-bid auction of multiple items. Bidders submit bids that report their valuations for the items, without knowing the bids of
Vickrey–Clarke–Groves_auction
American businessman (born 1985)
Goldman Sachs had invested in Kushner's Thrive Capital at a $3.6 billion valuation. Kushner sold a 3.3% stake in Thrive to a group of investors, including
Joshua_Kushner
American technology company
surges to $19 billion valuation". CNBC. Retrieved October 4, 2024. "Cisco Nears Investment in CoreWeave at $23 Billion Valuation". Bloomberg.com. October
CoreWeave
Cost of persuading a customer to purchase a product or service
course of a customer relationship. The LTV to CAC ratio (LTV / CAC) can be used to gauge marketing efficiency: 1:1 – The company loses money (if the cost
Customer_acquisition_cost
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