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Process in Economics
In economics, valuation using multiples, or "relative valuation", is a process that consists of: identifying comparable assets (the peer group) and obtaining
Valuation_using_multiples
Estimation method of company valuation
Valuation using discounted cash flows (DCF valuation) is a method of estimating the current value of a company based on projected future cash flows adjusted
Valuation using discounted cash flows
Valuation_using_discounted_cash_flows
Determination of the economic value of a business
benefit Valuation using discounted cash flows Valuation using multiples Valuation using the Market Penetration Model Kwok, Benny K. B. (2008). Forensic
Business_valuation
in the sector. See valuation using multiples more generally. This approach is fundamentally different from that of DCF valuation method, which calculates
Comparable_transactions
American diversified financial services company
agreement they are making with JG Wentworth. This has been covered by multiple news sources, as well as late night talk show host John Oliver. "The J
J.G._Wentworth
Acquisition of a company using a significant proportion of borrowed money
often higher than it would be if less leverage were used. The LBO (or leveraged buyout) valuation model estimates the current value of a business to a
Leveraged_buyout
Comparing the price of an asset
Relative valuation also called valuation using multiples is the notion of comparing the price of an asset to the market value of similar assets. In the
Relative_valuation
Financial metric
market bubble Stock market crash Stock valuation using discounted cash flows Value investing Valuation using multiples Tobin's q Shiller, Robert (2005). Irrational
Price–earnings_ratio
Defense against a takeover of a company
proxies against the board or by acquiring a controlling block of shares and using the associated votes to get elected to the board. Once in control of the
Shareholder_rights_plan
Stock in an unlisted private company
cash flow generation / debt paydown Valuation multiple expansion (typically an Enterprise Value / EBITDA multiple) Value creation strategies can vary
Private_equity
Process of estimating what something is worth, used in the finance industry
approaches taken, namely discounted cashflow valuation, relative valuation, and contingent claim valuation. Valuations can be done for assets (for example, investments
Valuation_(finance)
Type of stock senior to common stock
but common shares to employees is the ability to retain a lower 409(a) valuation for common shares and thus a lower strike price for incentive stock options
Preferred_stock
range or mean. List of valuation topics Price discovery Valuation using multiples Valuation using discounted cash flows Valuation using the Market Penetration
Market-based_valuation
Bid". The New York Times. 22 May 2007. "BRIEF-Emerson Electric has made multiple offers for Rockwell Automation – CNBC". reuters.com. 31 October 2017. Archived
List of largest mergers and acquisitions
List_of_largest_mergers_and_acquisitions
Type of bond
Equity Price. Out-the-money: Conversion Price is > Equity Price. From a valuation perspective, a convertible bond consists of two assets: a bond and a warrant
Convertible_bond
Instrument of indebtedness
differ substantially from the principal due to various factors in bond valuation. Bonds are often identified by their international securities identification
Bond_(finance)
supplied by Lipper Analytical Services on a regular basis. Valuation Valuation using multiples "Lipper Indexes", Investopedia. "Lipper Mutual Fund Industry
Lipper_average
Overview of finance and finance-related topics
Cash on cash return Equity Financial ratio Market-based valuation Valuation using multiples Comparable company analysis Dividend yield Yield gap Return
Outline_of_finance
Economic measure
sophisticated valuation is required. Associates and minority interests are often valued either at book value or using earnings multiples, depending on
Enterprise_value
Aspect of finance
through means other than simple cash interest payments. As a result, by using equity ownership and PIK interest, the mezzanine lender effectively defers
Mezzanine_capital
United States. Posner's investments were typically motivated by attractive valuations, balance sheets and cash flow characteristics. Because of its high debt
Early history of private equity
Early_history_of_private_equity
Capital budgeting analysis term
Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis, (ROV or ROA) applies option valuation techniques to capital budgeting decisions. A real
Real_options_valuation
Future discounted value of all future cash flows beyond a given date
company multiples must be used, the resulting implied enterprise value will not reflect a control premium. Depending on the purposes of the valuation, this
Terminal_value_(finance)
Cyclical Companies by Using the Price/Sales Ratio :: The Market Oracle ::". www.marketoracle.co.uk. "CHAPTER 10 REVENUE MULTIPLES" (PDF). New York University
Enterprise value-to-sales ratio
Enterprise_value-to-sales_ratio
American artificial intelligence company
company is privately held but plans to go public. It had an estimated valuation of $965 billion in May 2026, making it the most valuable pure-play AI
Anthropic
Venture capital term
"Pre-money valuation" is a term widely used in the private equity and venture capital industries. It refers to the valuation of a company or asset prior
Pre-money_valuation
Asset pricing models
mathematical finance, multiple factor models are asset pricing models that can be used to estimate the discount rate for the valuation of financial assets;
Multiple_factor_models
Analysis of company ownership structure
analysis, showing the economic outcome available to investors at all valuations across a range of outcomes, rather than focusing on a specific point or
Capitalization_table
options Residual income Stock valuation Sum-of-the-parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline
Lists of corporate mergers and acquisitions
Lists_of_corporate_mergers_and_acquisitions
Marketing measurement
Brand valuation is the process of estimating the total financial value of a brand. A conflict of interest exists if those who value a brand were also
Brand_valuation
Method of valuing a project, company, or asset
see aside. For further context see Valuation (finance) § Valuation overview; and for the mechanics see valuation using discounted cash flows, which includes
Discounted_cash_flow
Term used in business finance
options Residual income Stock valuation Sum-of-the-parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline
Special_situation
Method of Startup Valuation
business valuation approach used by venture capital and private equity investors that combines elements of both a multiples-based valuation and a discounted
First_Chicago_method
well as the use of these types of assets as loan security. These uses give rise to the growing importance[as of?] of financial valuation of intellectual
Patent_valuation
In finance, a type of leveraged recapitalization
Pearl, Joshua; Rosenbaum, Joshua (2013) [2009]. Investment Banking: Valuation, Leveraged Buyouts, and Mergers and Acquisitions (Second ed.). Hoboken
Dividend_recapitalization
Accounting term
Data valuation is a discipline in the fields of accounting and information economics. It is concerned with methods to calculate the value of data collected
Data_valuation
Equity valuation metric
(more commonly referred to by the acronym EV/EBITDA) is a popular valuation multiple used to determine the fair market value of a company. By contrast to
EV/EBITDA
Aggregate stock market valuation metric
Buffett metric, or the Market capitalization-to-GDP ratio) is a valuation multiple used to assess how expensive or cheap the aggregate stock market is
Buffett_indicator
Type of equity in finance
sensitive to changes in valuation and market sentiment. Nasdaq notes that growth stocks often carry higher valuation multiples than the broad market and
Growth_stock
Listed private equity (LPE)
shutdown of the IPO market would dampen the prospects of obtaining a valuation that would be attractive to KKR and the flotation was repeatedly postponed
Publicly traded private equity
Publicly_traded_private_equity
American software company
commands, and complete programming tasks using natural-language instructions. Cursor achieved a US$29.3 billion valuation and surpassed $3 billion in annual
Cursor_(company)
Process of developing an opinion of value for real property
Real estate appraisal, home appraisal, property valuation or land valuation is the process of assessing the value of real property (usually market value)
Real_estate_appraisal
Method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks
Stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market
Stock_valuation
Concept in auction theory
auction theory, particularly Bayesian-optimal mechanism design, a virtual valuation of an agent is a function that measures the surplus that can be extracted
Virtual_valuation
options Residual income Stock valuation Sum-of-the-parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline
Tobacco_bond
Private startup companies valued at over US$1 billion
finance, a unicorn is a privately held startup company with a current valuation of US$1 billion or more. Notable lists of unicorn companies are maintained
List of unicorn startup companies
List_of_unicorn_startup_companies
Software company
shares at a $6.6 billion valuation. On 4 February 2026, ElevenLabs announced that it raised $500 million at an $11 billion valuation, as it eyes a potential
ElevenLabs
Private equity investment firm
limiting the financial sponsor's ability to sell shares and managing the use of proceeds from the offering. Various studies have been conducted to evaluate
Financial_sponsor
Type of hybrid security
options Residual income Stock valuation Sum-of-the-parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline
Exchangeable_bond
Indian multinational educational technology company
edtech startup, with a valuation of $22 billion in 2022. However, by October 2024, multiple media reports indicated that its valuation had effectively dropped
Byju's
Framework for corporate funding, capital structure, and investments
In general, each "project's" value will be estimated using a discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, and the opportunity with the highest value, as measured
Corporate_finance
1868 land survey of Ireland
Griffith's Valuation was a boundary and land valuation survey of Ireland completed in 1868. Richard John Griffith started to value land in Scotland, where
Griffith's_Valuation
Government body in the United Kingdom
release -with its functions subsumed into HMRC. The terms Valuation Office(r) (VO) are still widely used for its functions and staff, although it is no longer
Valuation_Office_Agency
American defense technology company
software. It is privately owned, and as of May 2026, the company has a valuation of $61 billion. In January 2025, Anduril announced a series of Arsenal
Anduril_Industries
future payments determined by discounting such payments to the present using the most recently published Applicable Federal Rate for determining the
Structured settlement factoring transaction
Structured_settlement_factoring_transaction
Estimation of market value of works of art
Art valuation, an art-specific subset of financial valuation, is the process of estimating the market value of works of art. As such, it is more of a financial
Art_valuation
Real estate valuation measure
Capitalization rate (or "cap rate") is a real estate valuation measure used to compare different real estate investments. Although there are many variations
Capitalization_rate
Equity valuation method based on the present value of future residual income
Residual income valuation (RIV), also called the residual income model or residual income method (RIM), is an approach to equity valuation that formally
Residual_income_valuation
Ecosystem valuation is an economic process which assigns a value (either monetary, biophysical, or other) to an ecosystem and/or its ecosystem services
Ecosystem_valuation
Canadian business valuation organization
Valuators (CICBV), is a Canadian business valuation organization. The CBV Institute is a not-for-profit valuation professional organization that establishes
CBV_Institute
Valuation model that prices a stock by discounting expected future dividends
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Gordon, Myron J. (1962). The Investment, Financing, and Valuation of the Corporation. Homewood
Dividend_discount_model
Real estate listing information
disseminate information to enable appraisals. A multiple listing service's database and software is used by real estate brokers in real estate (or in other
Multiple_listing_service
Open-source analytics and visualization platform
raised over $500 million in venture capital funding, reaching a $6 billion valuation in 2024. Since 2021, Grafana has been licensed under the AGPLv3 (previously
Grafana
Private Delaware-based payroll and compliance provider
company at $12 billion. In October 2025 Deel raised $300 million, at a valuation of $17.3 billion. As Deel expanded, Forbes reported "a five-person “Navy
Deel,_Inc.
Medical information platform
$250M, doubles valuation to $12B". www.fiercehealthcare.com. Retrieved 2026-02-24. "Medical AI startup OpenEvidence doubles valuation to $12 billion in
OpenEvidence
English artificial intelligence company
a built-in video assistant. In January 2026, it reached a $4 billion valuation, with 70% of FTSE 100 companies noted among its customers. The company
Synthesia_(company)
AI platform
invested in the company at a valuation of US$450 million. In January 2024, Chai Research reported a $450 million valuation following an investment from
Chai_AI
Multi-sport event
agreement in 2026 with a firm named "A Paradise Acquisition" with a projected valuation of $1.2 billion, for the purpose of listing on the New York Stock Exchange
Enhanced_Games
Disputed equity valuation model
The "Fed model", or "Fed Stock Valuation Model" (FSVM), is a disputed theory of equity valuation that compares the stock market's forward earnings yield
Fed_model
Probabilistic measurement methods
Corporate Finance. In 1977, Phelim Boyle pioneered the use of simulation in derivative valuation in his seminal Journal of Financial Economics paper. This
Monte Carlo methods in finance
Monte_Carlo_methods_in_finance
Asset management firm based in Boston
from deep value stocks which are the cheapest ones based on their valuation multiples. "Form ADV" (PDF). SEC. "GMO's Mean-Reversion Strategy Is Tested
GMO_LLC
flow valuation, the forecast period is the time period during which explicitly forecast, individual yearly cash flows are input to the valuation-formula
Forecast_period_(finance)
method for real options valuation. The method provides an easy way to determine the real option value of a project simply by using the average of positive
Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation
Datar–Mathews_method_for_real_option_valuation
The sales comparison approach (SCA) is a real estate appraisal valuation method that relies on the assumption that a matrix of attributes or significant
Sales_comparison_approach
Economic measure placing a monetary value on reducing the risk of death
than an individual's wage. Another method used to estimate VSL is contingent valuation. Contingent valuation asks individuals to value an option either
Value_of_a_statistical_life
Financial metric comparing stock price to cash flow per share
better value. The price/cash flow ratio is often used as an alternative to earnings-based valuation multiples because cash flow may be less affected by non-cash
Price-to-cash_flow_ratio
Virtual mental health service
highest-valued mental health startups, reaching a unicorn status with a $2 billion valuation by 2021 and $3.3 billion by 2024. Spring Health was founded in 2016 by
Spring_Health
Application of mathematical and statistical methods in finance
Rational pricing assumptions Risk neutral valuation Arbitrage-free pricing Valuation adjustments Credit valuation adjustment XVA Yield curve modelling Multi-curve
Mathematical_finance
Method for evaluating stock options that divides time into discrete intervals
quantitative finance, a lattice model is a numerical approach to the valuation of derivatives in situations requiring a discrete time model. For dividend
Lattice_model_(finance)
Cost of persuading a customer to purchase a product or service
course of a customer relationship. The LTV to CAC ratio (LTV / CAC) can be used to gauge marketing efficiency: 1:1 – The company loses money (if the cost
Customer_acquisition_cost
Tel Aviv-based company
$400 million valuation". CTECH - www.calcalistech.com. Retrieved 2023-02-14. "AI21 Labs Started by Amnon Shashua Has $400 Million Valuation". Jewish Business
AI21_Labs
US-based software and services company
Forbes wrote that the valuation made Palantir "among Silicon Valley's most valuable private technology companies". Palantir's valuation rose to $15 billion
Palantir
American artificial intelligence company
June 2025, Perplexity closed a $500 million funding round, elevating its valuation to $14 billion. Investors in Perplexity AI have included Jeff Bezos, Tobias
Perplexity_AI
Financial measurement
State-of-the-Art Debt Analysis and Valuation Modeling, Probus Publishing Brooks, Robert; Attinger, Bill (1992-07-01). "Using Duration and Convexity in the
Bond_convexity
Auction priced by second-highest sealed bid
utility by bidding (revealing) their valuation of the item for sale. These types of auctions are sometimes used for specified pool trading in the agency
Vickrey_auction
American multinational technology corporation
IPO on June 1, 2021 with a valuation of $4.5 billion. IBM announced the acquisition of Confluent at a $11 billion valuation on December 8, 2025. The deal
Confluent
JSTOR 3665868. SWORD-financing on Investopedia.com Reasons for Financing R&D using the SWORD structure by Alexandra K. Theodossiou Michael E. Solt. SWORD Financing
SWORD-financing
Modeling financial systems
include: Business valuation, stock valuation, and project valuation - especially via discounted cash flow, but including other valuation approaches Scenario
Financial_modeling
Financial term
information may become available that permanently affects the long-term valuation of an underlying stock. In the case of bankruptcy, it may cease to trade
Mean_reversion_(finance)
Processes through which companies combine or transfer ownership
under Valuation using discounted cash flows, which compares M&A DCF models to other cases. Professionals who value businesses generally do not use just
Mergers_and_acquisitions
American financial technology company
CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Azevedo, Mary Ann (2022-09-01). "Alloy leans on fraud prevention to land new $1.55B valuation". TechCrunch
Alloy_(company)
Software company
n8n raised $180 million in a Series C round, bringing the company’s valuation to $2.5 billion; the round was led by Accel with participation from: Sequoia;
N8n
Finnish technology company
Holdings, Next Ventures, and private investors. In 2024 Oura reached a valuation of approximately $5.2 billion following a US$200 million Series D funding
Oura_Health
Model in mathematical finance
early exercise features. As is standard, Monte Carlo valuation relies on risk neutral valuation. Here the price of the option is its discounted expected
Monte Carlo methods for option pricing
Monte_Carlo_methods_for_option_pricing
Valuation method
Owner earnings is a valuation method detailed by Warren Buffett in Berkshire Hathaway's annual report in 1986. He stated that the value of a company is
Owner_earnings
American defense technology company
capabilities. In October 2023, the company raised $200 million at $2.7 billion valuation, co-led by U.S. Innovation Technology Fund (USIT) and Riot Ventures. In
Shield_AI
determine replacement cost. An alternative valuation for income-producing property may be based on economic concepts. Using the income approach, value is determined
Property tax in the United States
Property_tax_in_the_United_States
American artificial intelligence company
investments were made at a $29 billion valuation, double OpenAI's 2021 valuation. Later that year, Microsoft began using OpenAI models for its Copilot chatbot
OpenAI
American technology company
surges to $19 billion valuation". CNBC. Retrieved October 4, 2024. "Cisco Nears Investment in CoreWeave at $23 Billion Valuation". Bloomberg.com. October
CoreWeave
Indian fantasy sports platform
Steadview, Dream11's investors included Kalaari Capital, Think Investments, Multiples Equity and Tencent. In April 2019, they launched FanCode, an ad-free multi-sport
Dream11
VALUATION USING-MULTIPLES
VALUATION USING-MULTIPLES
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Variation
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Salvation
Boy/Male
Hindu
Validation
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Salvation
Girl/Female
Biblical
Gates, valuation, hairs.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Traditional
Salutation
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Salvation
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Salvation
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Salutation
Biblical
gates; valuation; hairs
Girl/Female
Indian
Salvation
Boy/Male
Tamil
Salvation
Boy/Male
Tamil
Salutation
Boy/Male
Biblical
Salvation.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Sing
Boy/Male
Indian, Rajasthani, Sanskrit
Salutation
Boy/Male
Tamil
Chervik | சேரà¯à®µà®¿à®•
Validation
Chervik | சேரà¯à®µà®¿à®•
Boy/Male
Hawaiian, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian
He will Sing; To Sing
Girl/Female
Tamil
Salvation
Girl/Female
Hindu
Salvation
VALUATION USING-MULTIPLES
VALUATION USING-MULTIPLES
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name, probably for a trimmer of cloth. The verb trim is not attested in its modern sense before the early 16th century, but the surname form William le Trymmere is found in the 14th century, and this seems to be continuous with Old English trymian, trymman ‘to strengthen or confirm’ (from trum ‘strong’, ‘firm’).
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Clouds with Rain
Boy/Male
Indian
Lord of Eswaran
Girl/Female
Tamil
Surpassed
Girl/Female
Indian
Good
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Limpid Water; With Clear Water
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Irish
From the Round Hill; Seething Pool; Ravine
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Uzzia, UZIA means "power of Jehovah."Â
Girl/Female
Indian
Happiness, Success
Boy/Male
Sikh
God, The loving caretaker
VALUATION USING-MULTIPLES
VALUATION USING-MULTIPLES
VALUATION USING-MULTIPLES
VALUATION USING-MULTIPLES
VALUATION USING-MULTIPLES
n.
Estimation; valuation.
n.
A second or new valuation.
n.
The act of vacating; a making void or of no force; as, the vacation of an office or a charter.
n.
An abrupt and marked variation in the condition or appearance of a species; a sudden modification which may give rise to new races.
a.
Using; accustomed.
n.
Salvation.
n. sing. & pl.
A person or persons not elected, or chosen, to salvation.
n.
Value set upon a thing; estimated value or worth; as, the goods sold for more than their valuation.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Use
n.
An estimate or estimation; valuation; judgment.
n.
The act of varying; a partial change in the form, position, state, or qualities of a thing; modification; alternation; mutation; diversity; deviation; as, a variation of color in different lights; a variation in size; variation of language.
n.
Excessive valuation; overestimate.
n.
The intermission of the regular studies and exercises of an educational institution between terms; holidays; as, the spring vacation.
n.
Beating or palpitation; as, the saltation of the great artery.
n.
The act of emptying; evacuation.
v. t.
To influence by singing; to lull by singing; as, to sing a child to sleep.
v. t.
An opinion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of anything, formed without using precise data; valuation; as, estimations of distance, magnitude, amount, or moral qualities.
n.
Valuation; appraisement.
n.
The act of valuing, or of estimating value or worth; the act of setting a price; estimation; appraisement; as, a valuation of lands for the purpose of taxation.
v. i.
To sing a variation or accomplishment.