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This article presents a timeline of hypertext technology, including "hypermedia" and related human–computer interaction projects and developments from
Timeline of hypertext technology
Timeline_of_hypertext_technology
Text with references (links) to other text that the reader can immediately access
enable readers to insert memories of their own while preserving tension and storyline. Timeline of hypertext technology Cybertext Distributed Data Management
Hypertext
software (1976–present) Timeline of GitHub Timeline of Google Search Timeline of hypertext technology (1945–2001) Timeline of computer viruses and worms
List_of_timelines
Overview of and topical guide to technology
textiles technology Timeline of communication technology Timeline of diving technology Timeline of heat engine technology Timeline of hypertext technology Timeline
Outline_of_technology
Application layer protocol
information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web, where hypertext documents include hyperlinks to other resources
HTTP
Linked hypertext system on the Internet
access to documents and other web resources according to specific rules of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The Web was invented by English computer
World_Wide_Web
Markup language for documents
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure
HTML
Aspect of Internet history
transport. Timeline of hypertext technology History of the Internet History of the World Wide Web HTML – Markup language for documents Association of Computing
History_of_hypertext
languages#2020s Timeline of machine learning Timeline of hypertext technology[needs update] Timeline of artificial intelligence History of supercomputing
Timeline of computing 2020–present
Timeline_of_computing_2020–present
Scripting language created in 1994
PHP was originally an abbreviation of Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive backronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP code is usually
PHP
1945 essay by Vannevar Bush
function. — Bill Johnston, Sheila Webber Man-Computer Symbiosis Timeline of hypertext technology Douglas Engelbart Wardrip-Fruin, Noah; Montfort, Nick (2003)
As_We_May_Think
Tim; Cailliau, Robert (November 12, 1990). "WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project". Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved February
Timeline of computing 1990–1999
Timeline_of_computing_1990–1999
Knowledge Technology. 1989. p. 77. "Changes since Max91: Reprint of Max91 changes - Faster hypertext jumps". MaxThinktm. Max94 HyperText Outline / Idea
History_of_the_web_browser
linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. The dramatic expansion of the capacity of the Internet
History_of_the_Internet
Software used to access websites
start with either http: or https: which means they are retrieved with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). For secure mode (HTTPS), the connection between
Web_browser
videoconferencing do. The history of the Internet and the history of hypertext date back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee
History_of_the_World_Wide_Web
detailed timeline of events in the history of computing: from prehistory until 1949. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see History of computing
Timeline of computing before 1950
Timeline_of_computing_before_1950
This page provides a full timeline of web search engines, starting from the WHOis in 1982, the Archie search engine in 1990, and subsequent developments
Timeline of web search engines
Timeline_of_web_search_engines
Illustration of web technologies
visions of the Semantic Web. The bottom layers contain technologies that are well known from hypertext web and that without change provide basis for the semantic
Semantic_Web_Stack
(scientist)|0px]] This is a timeline of women in computing. It covers the time when women worked as "human computers" and then as programmers of physical computers
Timeline of women in computing
Timeline_of_women_in_computing
Literary works created for digital devices
2000s. In the 1980s and 1990s hypertext fiction begun to be published, first on floppy disks and later on the web. Hypertext fictions are stories where the
Electronic_literature
American writer and visual artist
has composed works in both new media literature and hypertext fiction. She was an early creator of online interactive and collaborative fiction on The
Judy_Malloy
Specification of a conceptualization
International, Virtual Community of Practice on Ontology, Ontological Engineering and Semantic Technology Use of Ontologies in Natural Language Processing
Ontology (information science)
Ontology_(information_science)
billing practices. The information technology magazine Computerworld included this incident in its list of "Technology's 10 Most Mortifying Moments". 11B-X-1371
List_of_viral_videos
detailed timeline of events in the history of computing from 1950 to 1979. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing
Timeline of computing 1950–1979
Timeline_of_computing_1950–1979
Defunct American computer manufacturer (1980–1996)
interface for hypertext documents". Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Hypertext (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States). Hypertext '87. New York
Symbolics
detailed timeline of events in the history of computing from 1980 to 1989. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing
Timeline of computing 1980–1989
Timeline_of_computing_1980–1989
History of the Internet Identity theft Internet censorship Internet privacy List of security hacking incidents Net neutrality Spamming Timeline of computer
Timeline of Internet conflicts
Timeline_of_Internet_conflicts
The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including
List of British innovations and discoveries
List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries
Text-based, cross-platform web browser
Michael Grobe and Charles Rezac) as a hypertext browser used solely to distribute campus information as part of a Campus-Wide Information System and for
Lynx_(web_browser)
Organization responsible for managing network numbering
Internet Community Autonomy in Managing the Growth of the Internet". Journal of Information Technology & Politics. 10 (2): 171–189. doi:10.1080/19331681
Regional_Internet_registry
electronic edition of the Bible that can only be read with a stand-alone device. 1990 Eastgate Systems publishes the first hypertext fiction released on
Timeline_of_ebooks
Technology research and development agency of the U.S. Department of Defense
fields of speech recognition and signal processing, including parts of Shakey the robot. DARPA also supported the early development of both hypertext and
DARPA
July 5, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2011. "WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project". W3.org. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012. Retrieved
Timeline_of_file_sharing
Fifth and previous version of HyperText Markup Language
Standard. It is maintained by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), a consortium of the major browser vendors (Apple, Google
HTML5
Global system of connected computer networks
information services and resources, such as the interlinked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, discussion groups
Internet
Standards organization overseeing IP addresses
Timeline for Future Management of Internet". PC Tech Magazine. 2014-05-21. Archived from the original on 2014-06-02. Retrieved 2014-06-02. "Future of
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority
Multimedia webcomic by Andrew Hussie
Mordicai Knode of Tor Books explained that Homestuck has to be discussed separately as a webcomic and in terms of its plot. Comparing it to hypertext fiction
Homestuck
Overview of and topical guide to the Internet
Protocol (DHCP) – Domain Name System (DNS) – File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) – Internet
Outline_of_the_Internet
TCP/IP application layer protocol
disfavor, yielding to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web. The
Gopher_(protocol)
Technology hub in California, United States
high technology and innovation. Located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area, it corresponds roughly to the geographical area of the Santa
Silicon_Valley
Knowledge management software
ISBN 0805801014. OCLC 16922453. Smith, Catherine F. (1991). "Reconceiving hypertext". In Hawisher, Gail E.; Selfe, Cynthia L. (eds.). Evolving perspectives
Personal_knowledge_base
apply to the Internet as a source of information and communication. It examines the social implications of the technology, including new social networks
Sociology_of_the_Internet
solution given by the student were correct. 1945 Vannevar Bush describes a hypertext-like device called the "memex" in his article As we may think in The Atlantic
History of virtual learning environments
History_of_virtual_learning_environments
Exploration of possible solutions
Bulgarian-born, Swiss-national astrophysicist based at the California Institute of Technology. Among others, Zwicky applied morphological analysis to astronomical
Morphological analysis (problem-solving)
Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)
Process to evaluate alternative hypotheses
explicitly deals with uncertainty. This methodology forms the basis of the Sheba technology that is used in Veriluma's intelligence assessment software. A
Analysis of competing hypotheses
Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses
Internet information retrieval service
generalized to hypertext documents. In both cases, simple file servers generate the menus or hypertext directly from the file structure of a server. The
Wide_Area_Information_Server
Open internet standards organization
range of networking technologies that provide the foundation for the Internet's growth and evolution. It aims to improve the efficiency in management of networks
Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet_Engineering_Task_Force
Mental representation of the external world
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mental Models and Reasoning Laboratory Systems Analysis, Modelling and Prediction Group, University of Oxford System Dynamics
Mental_model
Diagram to visually organize information
prominent among students of art and design than in students of computer and information technology, with 62.5% vs 34% (respectively) agreeing that they were
Mind_map
of emerging technologies List of prolific inventors Ten Japanese Great Inventors The heroic theory of invention and scientific development Timeline of
List_of_inventors
Hyperstructures: Zzstructures, mSpaces, and Polyarchies. Proceedings of 15th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (HT) 2004. Theodor Holm Nelson. Interactive
ZigZag_(software)
University of Science and Technology through a computer lab, for instance. Access through this channel is monitored. In fact, as of 2007, many of the North
Internet_in_North_Korea
social inequality with regard to access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies (ICT). Factors causing the divide can vary depending
Digital divide by continent, area and country
Digital_divide_by_continent,_area_and_country
Sharing of bomb production methods on the Internet
not concerned about the true dissemination of such information. When lawsuits erupted over DeCSS technology available over the Internet, allowing users
Bomb-making instructions on the Internet
Bomb-making_instructions_on_the_Internet
Argumentation scheme
Assistant (AAA) combined the PHIBIS model with the Toulmin model of argumentation in "a hypertext-based authoring tool for argumentative texts". In the 1990s
Issue-based information system
Issue-based_information_system
American businessman (born 1971)
generation, Tim Berners-Lee launched the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and HTML standards with prototype Unix-based
Marc_Andreessen
Extended version of the XHTML for supporting RDF
XHTML+RDFa (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language + Resource Description Framework in attributes) is an extended version of the XHTML markup language for
XHTML+RDFa
Framework for communication protocols used in IP networking
routing protocols and host configuration. Examples of application layer protocols include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the File Transfer Protocol
Internet_protocol_suite
calls himself the Last One. The metaphor of the “archaeological dig” serves “to visualize time” Bly uses hypertext linking to collate and annotate this archive
We_Descend
Computer networking concept
initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing
Intergalactic Computer Network
Intergalactic_Computer_Network
Virtual online communities
Berners-Lee integrated HTML hypertext software with the Internet, creating the World Wide Web. This breakthrough led to an explosion of blogs, list servers,
Social_media
System of laws, policies and practices
in the aspect of data protection. However, criminals leverage the privacy, security, and confidentiality of online encryption technology to perpetrate
Internet_governance
Discussion or informational site published on the internet
experience with HTML or computer programming. Previously, knowledge of such technologies as HTML and File Transfer Protocol had been required to publish content
Blog
Devices networked together with computers' industrial applications
is a scalable architecture which allows for things to communicate over Hypertext Transfer Protocol and is easily adopted for IoT applications to provide
Industrial_internet_of_things
announced with a post to the Usenet newsgroup alt.hypertext on August 6, 1991. There is a snapshot of the site from November 1992 at The World Wide Web
List of websites founded before 1995
List_of_websites_founded_before_1995
Software system for finding relevant information on the Web
1998, doi:10.1109/4236.707687 "About: RankDex", rankdex.com USPTO, "Hypertext Document Retrieval System and Method", US Patent number: 5920859, Inventor:
Search_engine
International Society for Computing
FOGA: Foundations of Genetic Algorithms GECCO: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference HT: Hypertext: Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia JCDL:
Association for Computing Machinery
Association_for_Computing_Machinery
Digital good that is non-excludable and non-rival
wrote Building the Public Goods of the Twenty-First Century. The concept has attracted attention as new technologies are increasingly seen as having the
Digital_public_goods
2022 Marvel Studios film
2022). "Wakanda Forever breaks records on African opening weekend". Hypertext. Archived from the original on September 3, 2024. Retrieved November 15
Black Panther: Wakanda Forever
Black_Panther:_Wakanda_Forever
American nonprofit organization
One of 2014 Internet Governance Trifecta". CircleID. May 3, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014. "ICANN Releases Roadmap, Timeline for Future Management of Internet"
ICANN
Diagram showing relationships among concepts
García, Fermín María (eds.). Concept maps: theory, methodology, technology: proceedings of the first International Conference on Concept Mapping, CMC 2004
Concept_map
American scientific research institute (founded 1946)
collaboration software, hypertext, and precursors to the graphical user interface such as the computer mouse. As a pioneer of human-computer interaction
SRI_International
Using digital media for furthering historical analysis, presentation, and research
"The Pasts and Futures of Digital History," University of Virginia (1999). Ayers, Edward L. "History in Hypertext," University of Virginia (1999). Battershill
Digital_history
American-Canadian speculative fiction novelist (born 1948)
Google and Wikipedia and collated the results, essentially creating hypertext versions of the books. Critic John Sutherland characterized this phenomenon
William_Gibson
1999 Microsoft operating system version
"More Windows 2000 UI Goodies: Extending Explorer Views by Customizing Hypertext Template Files". MSDN Magazine. Archived from the original on August 24
Windows_2000
English philosopher
hyperstition, a portmanteau of superstition and hyper, to describe something "equipoised between fiction and technology". According to Land, hyperstitions
Nick_Land
HTTP-based adaptive bitrate streaming technique
different ways such as SegmentList, SegmentTemplate, SegmentBase and SegmentTimeline, depending on the use case. Segments can contain any media data, however
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP
Forms of communication via digital mediums
Democracy, Technology, and the Arts. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-46885-3.[page needed] Landow, George P. (June 1989). "Hypertext in literary
Digital_rhetoric
Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1960–1969)
conferencing, teleconferencing, email, and hypertext. 1969 – ARPANET, the research-oriented prototype of the Internet, was introduced. 1969 – CCD invented
1960s
Person responsible for maintaining one or many websites
Professional web designers Website governance Chief Web Officer Chief technology officer System administrator Content management system Search engine optimization
Webmaster
is available in a variety of forms, using a variety of technologies, at a wide range of speeds and costs. In 2013, 68% of Czechs were connected to the
Internet in the Czech Republic
Internet_in_the_Czech_Republic
Data protection and control
information. The concept of information privacy has evolved in parallel to the evolution of the field of Information Technology (IT). The rise of networking and
Digital_privacy
Software or hardware-based network security system
protocols such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Domain Name System (DNS), or Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This allows it to identify unwanted applications
Firewall_(computing)
2002 nuclear disarmament treaty between the U.S. and Russia
Control and Non-Proliferation. Retrieved 21 June 2025. START1 treaty hypertext US State Dept. Article II Heller, Anne (8 July 2008). "Monitoring a Nuclear
Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty
History of the Internet History of email History of hypertext History of the World Wide Web List of Internet entrepreneurs Protocol Wars Internet Hall of Fame
List_of_Internet_pioneers
Method of organizing groups of related concepts
Morse K, Hicks P, Handler EG, Rogers H, Jennett P (2001). Use of telehealth technology to extend child protection team services. Pediatrics, 108(3), 584–590
Group_concept_mapping
all of the people, processes, procedures, tools, facilities, and technology which support the creation, use, transport, storage, and destruction of information
Information_infrastructure
Theory of text organization
new directions in discourse and dialogue. Text, speech, and language technology. Vol. 22. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 85–112. doi:10
Rhetorical_structure_theory
2006 book by Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu
the context of government protections and law enforcement. The authors conclude, based on the case of eBay and other cases where technology companies have
Who_Controls_the_Internet?
Organized collection of data in computing
simulation output. In a hypertext or hypermedia database, any word or a piece of text representing an object, e.g., another piece of text, an article, a picture
Database
Problem-solving method
(2006). "Calibrating Patent Lifetimes" (PDF). Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal. 22: 269–314. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-05
Heuristic
Techniques used to model a situation to be changed
necessarily dependent on electronic information technology, but PSMs do rely on some kind of shared display of the models that participants are developing
Problem_structuring_methods
Visual representation of the structure of an argument
Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham. OCLC 890146780. Conklin, E. Jeffrey; Begeman, Michael L. (October 1988). "gIBIS: a hypertext tool for exploratory
Argument_map
Principle that Internet service providers should treat all data equally
mobile devices, video game consoles, etc.), using hundreds of different transfer technologies. The data includes email messages; HTML, JSON, and all related
Net_neutrality
Early web browser (1993–1997)
realization of Mosaic, based on the work of Berners-Lee and the hypertext theorists before him, is generally recognized as the beginning of the web as
NCSA_Mosaic
Publication of Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think" proposing a proto-hypertext collective memory machine which he calls 'memex'. November – Assembly of the
1945_in_science
National measurement institution of the UK
e-mail and hypertext, anticipating many elements of the World Wide Web. The project was managed by David Yates who said of it "We had a community of bright
National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)
Decision support tool
Decision-Making Using Machine Learning: Findings from the 2019 Kincade Fire". Fire Technology. 59 (2): 793–825. doi:10.1007/s10694-023-01363-1. ISSN 1572-8099. Díaz-Ramírez
Decision_tree
2024). "X account that posted child sexual abuse restored by Elon Musk". Hypertext. Archived from the original on November 29, 2025. Retrieved October 3
Twitter_under_Elon_Musk
TIMELINE OF-HYPERTEXT-TECHNOLOGY
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TIMELINE OF-HYPERTEXT-TECHNOLOGY
TIMELINE OF-HYPERTEXT-TECHNOLOGY
TIMELINE OF-HYPERTEXT-TECHNOLOGY
TIMELINE OF-HYPERTEXT-TECHNOLOGY
TIMELINE OF-HYPERTEXT-TECHNOLOGY
TIMELINE OF-HYPERTEXT-TECHNOLOGY