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Form of type polymorphism
its own subtyping relation, which may well be trivial, should the language support no (or very little) conversion mechanisms. Due to the subtyping relation
Subtyping
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up subtype in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Subtype may refer to: Viral subtypes, such as Subtypes of HIV Subtyping, a form of type polymorphism
Subtype
Object-oriented programming principle
principle (LSP) is a particular definition of a subtyping relation, called strong behavioral subtyping, that was initially introduced by Barbara Liskov
Liskov_substitution_principle
In object-oriented programming, behavioral subtyping is the principle that subclasses should satisfy the expectations of clients accessing subclass objects
Behavioral_subtyping
Process of deriving classes from, and organizing them into, a hierarchy
with subtyping. In some languages, generally statically-typed class-based OO languages, like C++, C#, Java, and Scala, inheritance and subtyping agree
Inheritance (object-oriented programming)
Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)
Using one interface or symbol with regards to multiple different types
instead uses abstract symbols that can substitute for any type. Subtyping (also called subtype polymorphism or inclusion polymorphism): when a name denotes
Polymorphism (programming language theory)
Polymorphism_(programming_language_theory)
Variants of the human immunodeficiency virus
There are two main subtypes of HIV, known as HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). These subtypes have distinct genetic differences and are associated
Subtypes_of_HIV
Major class of type system in computer science
isomorphic to an existing type. In a similar fashion, nominal subtyping means that one type is a subtype of another if and only if it is explicitly declared to
Nominal_type_system
Class of type systems
type, which is invoked implicitly. Structural subtyping is arguably more flexible than nominative subtyping, as it permits the creation of ad hoc types
Structural_type_system
Programming language concept
"list of Cat" will be a subtype of "list of Animal", because the list type constructor is covariant. This means that the subtyping relation of the simple
Type_variance
Type of programming language
and behavior as an object. A language that also supports inheritance or subtyping is classified as object-oriented. Even though object-oriented programming
Object-based_language
Programming paradigm based on objects
are created. In fact, subtype polymorphism as enforced by the type checker in OOP languages cannot guarantee behavioral subtyping in most if not all contexts
Object-oriented_programming
Topics referred to by the same term
implementation Bounded quantification, restricts type parameters to a range of subtypes Subtyping, different classes related by some common superclass can be used in
Polymorphism
American computer scientist
principle, which applies these ideas to object-oriented programming, subtyping, and inheritance. Her work was recognized with the 2008 Turing Award,
Barbara_Liskov
Subtype of Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of influenza A virus (IAV). Some human-adapted strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and are one cause
Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1
Type system
the subtype hierarchy. However, because subtyping is transitive, that results in every type becoming related to every other type, and so subtyping would
Gradual_typing
Style of dynamic typing in object-oriented programming
to Elm". Retrieved 30 January 2017. "PEP 544 – Protocols: Structural subtyping (static duck typing)". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022.
Duck_typing
Subsumption relationship between abstractions
another class B (and so B is a superclass of A). In other words, type A is a subtype of type B when A's specification implies B's specification. That is, any
Is-a
Type system used in computer programming and mathematics
types of polymorphism, namely subtyping in connection with object-oriented programming and overloading. While subtyping is incompatible with HM, a variant
Hindley–Milner_type_system
Programming which all objects are created by classes
arises precisely because subclassing implies subtyping even in the instances where the principle of subtyping, known as the Liskov substitution principle
Class_(programming)
Applying polymorphic functions to arguments of different types
at compile time, it is not a substitute for late binding as found in subtyping polymorphism. The previous section notwithstanding, there are other ways
Ad_hoc_polymorphism
Hardware verification language
mechanisms in e. Subtyping is the prime example of what object-oriented languages without aspect-oriented features can not accomplish. Subtyping allows a verification
E_(verification_language)
Feature of some programming languages
as a term's declared or inferred type (or base type in a language with subtyping) is used to determine which of several possibilities will be used at a
Multiple_dispatch
Gland-forming cancer
resected lung cancer with emphasis on the relevance of the adenocarcinoma subtyping". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 81 (6): 1988–95. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.01
Acinar_adenocarcinoma
Curve that winds around a central point
a point, moving further away as it revolves around the point. It is a subtype of whorled patterns, a broad group that also includes concentric objects
Spiral
Outdated grouping of human beings
type" which he considered to be distinct from Caucasians, rather than a subtype of it as others had done. While Blumenbach had erroneously thought that
Caucasian_race
Female urogenital fissure
Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is a subtype of female urogenital fistula. Vesicovaginal fistula, or VVF, is an abnormal fistulous tract extending between
Vesicovaginal_fistula
Subtype of influenza A virus
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes the disease avian influenza (often referred to as "bird flu")
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1
Medical condition of the brain
of the disease. As PSP advances to a fully symptomatic stage, many PSP subtypes eventually exhibit the clinical characteristics of PSP-RS. PSP of all phenotypes
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Progressive_supranuclear_palsy
Model of the human psyche used as a personality typology
personality types is understood as having three "instinctual subtypes". These subtypes are believed to be formed according to which one of three instinctual
Enneagram_of_Personality
G protein-coupled receptor
three highly homologous subtypes, α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenergic. There is no α1C receptor. At one time, there was a subtype known as α1C, but it was
Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor
Epidemiology method
data privacy. Microbial subtyping or strain typing is the use of laboratory methods to assign microbial samples to subtypes, which are predefined classifications
Source_attribution
German submarine class of World War II
the Atlantic during World War II. The Type VII came in several subtypes: The first subtype VIIA had some shortcomings in handling, range and armament, and
Type_VII_submarine
Personality disorder
and consequences. Empirical evidence suggests several subtypes of NPD may exist (see the Subtypes section below), but in general, the disorder is known
Narcissistic personality disorder
Narcissistic_personality_disorder
Classical male singing voice
(B♭2 to C5) in operatic music – but the range can extend at either end. Subtypes of the tenor include the leggero tenor, lyric tenor, spinto tenor, dramatic
Tenor
Psychological disorder
substantiated evidence. The condition encompasses two primary clinical subtypes: obsessional jealousy and delusional jealousy, the latter also referred
Pathological_jealousy
Bleeding within the skull
subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural hemorrhage, and subdural hematoma. Each subtype has distinct causes, clinical features, and treatment approaches. Acute
Intracranial_hemorrhage
Country in South America
system, Chile within its borders hosts at least eighteen major climatic subtypes. There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February)
Chile
Autoimmune disease
studies and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid. There are several subtypes based on the areas of weakness, results of nerve conduction studies, and
Guillain–Barré_syndrome
Basis of generic programming
polymorphism, parameters can be constrained to be subtypes of a given type (see the articles Subtype polymorphism and Generic programming). Parametricity
Parametric_polymorphism
Climate classification
The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers but with varying winters. Every month a polar climate has an average temperature
Polar_climate
Chemical compound
glands. It can be used as a biomarker for guiding primary aldosteronism subtyping in adrenal vein sampling where blood samples are taken from both adrenal
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
Light rail car used in Germany
The Stadtbahnwagen Typ B (translation Type "B" Light Rail Vehicle, short form B-Wagen) is a light rail vehicle used by several Stadtbahn networks in the
Stadtbahnwagen_B
Topics referred to by the same term
animal, as experienced by the therian subculture, sometimes considered a subtype of otherkinity Theria, a subclass of mammals referred to as 'therians'
Therianthropy
Rare neurodegenerative disease
at a unique place at the intersection of these complex and overlapping subtypes, which presents a challenge to diagnosis, understanding, and prognosis
ALS
Species of prokaryote
not toxigenic. Strain subtyping involves comparing species of bacteria and categorizing them into subspecies. Strain subtyping also helps with identifying
Corynebacterium_diphtheriae
Species of virus
the disease spreads depends on the subtype of the VEE virus and the density of mosquito populations. Enzootic subtypes of VEE are diseases endemic to certain
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus
Extent to which a programming language discourages type errors
The precise requirement is more subtle than this — see, for example, subtyping and polymorphism for complications. Intuitively, type soundness is captured
Type_safety
Ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel
channel family with a dozen or more heterotetrametric subtypes and 19 distinct subunits. These subtypes have distinct brain regional and subcellular localization
GABAA_receptor
Proteins activated by the hormone estrogen
and five ERβ isoforms have been identified. The ERβ isoforms receptor subtypes can transactivate transcription only when a heterodimer with the functional
Estrogen_receptor
Species of virus
exists within viral subtypes which may lead to significant differences in behavior. Due to the high variability of the virus, subtyping is not sufficient
Influenza_A_virus
Chemical compound
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) selective for the α4β3δ subtype, which is not targeted by other GABAA receptor PAMs such as the benzodiazepines
DS-1_(drug)
Chemical compound
a drug which acts as a selective antagonist for the serotonin receptor subtype 5-HT1D, with around 60x selectivity over other related receptors. The 5-HT1D
BRL-15572
Cognitive decline
disorder, with varying degrees of severity (mild to major) and many forms or subtypes. The condition has a significant effect on the individual, their caregivers
Dementia
Mood disorder
ancient idea of melancholia still survives in the notion of a melancholic subtype. The new definitions of depression were widely accepted, albeit with some
Major_depressive_disorder
Disconnect of the target of sexual arousal from the self
Aegosexuality is a subtype of asexuality characterized by a lack of desire to have sex or form sexual relationships with others despite experiencing arousal
Aegosexuality
"Amulet" in Filipino
Agimat, also known as anting or folklorized as anting-anting, is a Filipino word for "amulet" or "charm". Anting-anting is also a Filipino system of magic
Agimat
Branch of type theory
{\displaystyle (\vdash _{\text{BCD}})} introduces the intersection type subtyping ( ≤ ) {\displaystyle (\leq )} partial order on types together with a corresponding
Intersection_type_discipline
Species of bacteria
much diversity, and only 50% produce the encoded cytotoxin. The four main subtypes of vacA are s1/m1, s1/m2, s2/m1, and s2/m2. s1/m1 and s1/m2 are known to
Helicobacter_pylori
Third planet from the Sun
continental and cold polar), which are further divided into more specific subtypes. The Köppen system rates regions based on observed temperature and precipitation
Earth
Virus subtype
Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of influenza A virus (IAV). Some human-adapted strains of A/H3N2 are endemic in humans and are one
Influenza A virus subtype H3N2
Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H3N2
American psychologist
personality disorder subtypes Schizotypal personality disorder subtypes Schizoid personality disorder subtypes Paranoid personality disorder subtypes Antisocial
Theodore_Millon
Spoken interjection in English
with four subtypes. The first is used to elicit confirmation (1a), which can be used in sentences like "So that's what he thinks, eh?" A subtype of this
Eh
Autoantibodies
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies (ATA) are autoantibodies directed against topoisomerase and found in several diseases, most importantly scleroderma. Diseases
Anti-topoisomerase_antibodies
Class of animals with milk-producing glands
complex carbohydrates such as cellulose. An herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as granivory (seed eating), folivory (leaf eating), frugivory (fruit
Mammal
Single-aisle airliner family
Airbus A320 family specifications Subtype A318 A319 A320 A321 Cockpit crew Two Exit limit EASA/FAA 136 160 180 188 (with Space Flex) 236 1-class max.
Airbus_A320_family
Historical autism classification
classification and diagnostic guidelines for psychiatric conditions. The DSM-5-TR subtypes autism into three levels based on support needs. Autism Level 1 has the
High-functioning_autism
Medical condition
Nodular sclerosis is a form of Hodgkin lymphoma that is the most common subtype of HL in developed countries. It affects females slightly more than males
Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular_sclerosing_Hodgkin_lymphoma
Class of diesel locomotives used in Australia
The T class are a class of diesel locomotives built by Clyde Engineering, Granville for the Victorian Railways between 1955 and 1968. In July 1954, the
Victorian_Railways_T_class
Chemical compound
drug which acts as a subtype-selective positive allosteric modulator at GABAA receptors, with selectivity for the α3 and α5 subtypes. It has been researched
NS-11394
Alternative lifestyle and subculture
The vampire lifestyle, also known as the vampire subculture or vampire community (sometimes spelled "vampyre"), is an alternative lifestyle and subculture
Vampire_lifestyle
Type of classical male singing voice
A bass is a type of classical male singing voice and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types. According to The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, a bass
Bass_(voice_type)
Chemical compound
many older GABAA agonists, saripidem is highly subtype selective and binds primarily to the ω1 subtype. Sanger DJ (March 1995). "Behavioural effects of
Saripidem
Degenerative neurological disorder
PrPSc (often termed prion “strains”) are thought to cause the distinct subtypes of prion disease, explaining variations in clinical features and progression
Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease
Subtype of white blood cell
immunity and homeostasis), of which natural killer cells are an important subtype (which functions in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity). They are
Lymphocyte
Identifier for file formats
subtype, which is further structured into a tree. A media type can optionally define a suffix and parameters: mime-type = type "/" [tree "."] subtype
Media_type
Neurodevelopmental disorder
are not considered to be a symptom of ADHD for that person. In DSM-5, subtypes were discarded and reclassified as presentations of the disorder that change
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the human gene encoding it. There is no longer a subtype α1C receptor. At one time, there was a subtype known as α1C, but it was found to be identical to
Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor
Inheritable and overridable function or method for which dynamic dispatch is facilitated
overloading Parametric polymorphism Generic function Generic programming Subtyping Virtual function Single and dynamic dispatch Double dispatch Multiple
Virtual_function
Common type of rain cloud
A nimbostratus cloud is a multilevel, amorphous, nearly uniform, and often dark-grey cloud that usually produces continuous rain, snow, or sleet, but no
Nimbostratus_cloud
Chemical compound
hypnotic. U-90042 is a GABAA agonist acting primarily at the α1, α3 and α6 subtypes, with a Ki of 7.8nM at α1, 9.5nM at α3 and 11.0nM at α6. It produces sedation
U-90042
Topics referred to by the same term
dysfunction, cognitive decline following surgery Pedophilia-themed OCD, a subtype of OCD This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title
POCD
Human protein for regulating body temperature
The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein
TRPV1
Medical condition
2023[update], subtypes of the condition are still being determined. A 2023 review article in the American Journal of Clinical Dermatology lists four subtypes: Conventional
Cholinergic_urticaria
Collapsed core of a massive star
A neutron star is the gravitationally collapsed core of a massive supergiant star. It results from the supernova explosion of a massive star—combined with
Neutron_star
Grouping by physical or social qualities
great races" according to Meyers Konversations-Lexikon of 1885–1890. The subtypes are: Mongoloid race, shown in yellow and orange tones Caucasoid race, in
Race_(human_categorization)
Death of a region of brain cells due to poor blood flow
Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. (January 1993). "Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical
Stroke
Typed lambda calculus
types). System F<:, pronounced "F-sub", is an extension of system F with subtyping. System F<: has been of central importance to programming language theory
System_F
Chemical compound
five muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes but has greater agonistic activity at the M1 and M4 subtypes. Xanomeline/trospium (Cobenfy), is a combination
Xanomeline
Benign lesion on the side of the tongue due to Epstein-Barr virus
definition of leukoplakia is used, hairy leukoplakia is sometimes considered a subtype of leukoplakia, or a distinct diagnosis. There are no symptoms associated
Hairy_leukoplakia
Cuisine in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico
in the Southwestern United States to the rest of the country. It is a subtype of Southwestern cuisine found in the American Southwest. Some ingredients
Tex-Mex
Computer science process
overloading Parametric polymorphism Generic function Generic programming Subtyping Virtual function Single and dynamic dispatch Double dispatch Multiple
Dynamic_dispatch
Guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes
Policy is a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a
Policy
conclusion means that their conclusion is wrong. Poisoning the well – a subtype of ad hominem presenting adverse information about a target person with
List_of_fallacies
Inability to sexually reproduce
physical factors. Clinical sterility is a subtype of natural sterility, and Hardship sterility is a subtype of Clinical sterility. Hybrid sterility can
Sterility_(physiology)
Arid climate subtype
classified as "hot arid subtype" (BWh), and a location with the appropriate temperature below the isotherm is classified as "cold arid subtype" (BWk). Most desert/arid
Desert_climate
Type of classical male vocal range
(G2 to G4) in operatic music, but the range can extend at either end. Subtypes of baritone include the baryton-Martin baritone (light baritone), lyric
Baritone
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
humans is encoded by the HTR1B gene. The 5-HT1B receptor is a 5-HT receptor subtype. 5-HT1B receptors are widely distributed throughout the central nervous
5-HT1B_receptor
Universal type in logic and computer science
usually have no universal supertype, or subtype polymorphism support. While Haskell purposefully lacks subtyping, it has several other forms of polymorphism
Any_type
Problem in object-oriented programming
Constructive Deconstruction of Subtyping by Alistair Cockburn on his own web-site. Technical/mathematical discussion of typing and subtyping, with applications to
Circle–ellipse_problem
SUBTYPING
SUBTYPING
SUBTYPING
SUBTYPING
Girl/Female
English Latin
The month April; symbolizes spring.
Boy/Male
Indian
Beautiful, Perfect, One of the ninety nine qualities of God
Boy/Male
Biblical
Well beloved, amiable.
Boy/Male
Muslim
The Biblical Jacob is the English language equivalent.
Male
Dutch
, of the resurrection.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Direct, Lead
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, French, German, Jamaican, Teutonic
Will; Desire and Hardy; Brave; Bold; Resolute; Bold will; Strong Desire; Strong Willed
Boy/Male
Sikh
Gurus place of rest
Girl/Female
British, English
Spear-bearer Maid
Biblical
who waits for the Lord
SUBTYPING
SUBTYPING
SUBTYPING
SUBTYPING
SUBTYPING