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Subsurface engineers (also known as "completion engineers") are a subset within Petroleum Engineering and typically work closely with Drilling engineers
Subsurface_engineer
operator Process engineer Production engineer Pumpman Reservoir engineer Roughneck Roustabout Seismic data analyst Subsurface engineer Surveying Tank truck
List of petroleum industry occupations
List_of_petroleum_industry_occupations
Finnish and American software engineer (born 1969)
Benedict Torvalds (born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish and American software engineer who is the creator and lead developer of the Linux kernel since 1991. He
Linus_Torvalds
Solid rock under loose surface material
rock to leave it susceptible to erosion. Bedrock may also experience subsurface weathering at its upper boundary, forming saprolite. Rock fragments can
Bedrock
Extracting crude oil and natural gas
mud, are within designed specifications. Completion engineers (also known as subsurface engineers) work to design and oversee the implementation of techniques
Petroleum_engineering
Industry concept of crude oil and natural gas reserves and resources
to the process of estimating the quantities of hydrocarbons present in subsurface accumulations and assessing the portion that can be economically recovered
Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
Oil_and_gas_reserves_and_resource_quantification
Scientific study of earth materials in engineering problems
rock, concrete or soil behavior. Geotechnical engineers investigate and determine the properties of subsurface conditions and materials. They also design
Geotechnical_engineering
Smallest Galilean moon of Jupiter
absorbing chemicals from the surface into the ocean below. Sea salt from a subsurface ocean may be coating some geological features on Europa, suggesting that
Europa_(moon)
Artificial wetland to treat wastewater, greywater or stormwater runoff
wetland. Subsurface wetlands provide greater pathogen removal than surface wetlands. There are two main types of constructed wetlands: subsurface flow and
Constructed_wetland
Civil engineering branch of the U.S. Army (1838-63)
improving rivers and harbors, even performing experiments for the location of subsurface water in the arid regions. In short, they functioned as a department of
United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers
United_States_Army_Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers
managing subsurface data has historically been widely unregulated. In response to this challenge, in 2003, The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Subsurface utility engineering
Subsurface_utility_engineering
Discipline applying geological science
that affect surface and subsurface environments. The engineering design input and other recommendations made by geological engineers on these projects will
Geological_engineering
Natural satellite orbiting Saturn
large south polar subsurface ocean of liquid water with a thickness of around 10 km (6 mi). The existence of Enceladus's subsurface ocean has since been
Enceladus
Underground construction that minimizes surface disruption
Trenchless technology is a type of subsurface construction work that requires few trenches or no continuous trenches. It is a rapidly growing sector of
Trenchless_technology
Group of technical disciplines
shape, weight, etc., and the subsurface/structure interactions likely to occur. Civil engineers, structural engineers, and architects, feasibly among
Geoprofessions
Largest moon of Saturn
surrounded by various layers of ice, including a crust of ice Ih and a subsurface layer of ammonia-rich liquid water. Much as with Venus before the Space
Titan_(moon)
Finite element framework software
interactions. These problems are common in various subsurface-engineered systems, such as engineered environmental remediation, enhanced geothermal systems
MOOSE_(software)
Largest moon of Jupiter
NASA's Galileo mission flew by Ganymede, and found indications of such a subsurface ocean. An analysis published in 2014, taking into account the realistic
Ganymede_(moon)
Class of ships of the Indian Navy
and are designed to undertake ASW duties in littoral zones — including subsurface surveillance, search-and-attack unit (SAU) missions and coordinated anti-submarine
Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft
Anti-Submarine_Warfare_Shallow_Water_Craft
Field within oil and gas extraction
completely change the mud to drill through a particular subsurface layer. As drilling proceeds, the mud engineer will get information from other service providers
Mud_engineer
Adding air to water
water, but these all fall into two broad areas – surface aeration and subsurface aeration. A variety of techniques and technologies are available for both
Water_aeration
NATO standard for military map marking symbols
hostile affiliation. In the other domains (air and space, sea surface and subsurface, etc.), the same color scheme is used. The full set of affiliations is:
NATO_Joint_Military_Symbology
American electrical engineer and academic
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2003.809118. Tsang, Leung (1976). Theoretical models for subsurface geophysical probing with electromagnetic waves (PhD thesis). hdl:1721
Leung_Tsang
EPA superfund site in Missouri, US
yards (18,000 m3) subsurface, while OU-2 covers 8,700 cubic yards (6,700 m3) on the surface and 109,000 cubic yards (83,000 m3) subsurface. The U.S. Environmental
West_Lake_Landfill
Generic name for a relatively persistent vibration of the ground
structures, such as bridges, buildings, and dams; seismic studies of subsurface structure at many scales, often using the methods of seismic interferometry;
Seismic_noise
Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth
areas, trench mine applications, and steep-dip seams.[citation needed] Subsurface mining involves digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to access buried
Mining
U.S. professional organization
Environmental Microbiology, Environmental Toxicology, Groundwater and the Subsurface Environment, Surface Water Resources, or Sustainability Science. To recognize
American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists
American_Academy_of_Environmental_Engineers_and_Scientists
Type of subsurface wastewater disposal facility
Septic drain fields, also called leach fields or leach drains, are subsurface wastewater disposal facilities used to remove contaminants and impurities
Septic_drain_field
Removal of water from an area of land
connected to underground pipes that carry the water away from the site. Subsurface drains, on the other hand, are designed to manage water that seeps into
Drainage
Branch of petroleum engineering
obtain a high economic recovery. The working tools of the reservoir engineer are subsurface geology, applied mathematics, and the basic laws of physics and
Reservoir_engineering
Technology used in oil and gas wells
cable to collect subsurface geophysical and petrochemical data. The subsurface information describes and allows for analysis of subsurface geology, reservoir
Wireline_(cabling)
Moon of Saturn
predicted if it were a solid body, which further supports the existence of a subsurface ocean in Mimas. The researchers estimated the ocean to be located 20 to
Mimas
production engineers design and select subsurface equipment to produce oil and gas well fluids. They often are degreed as petroleum engineers, although
Petroleum production engineering
Petroleum_production_engineering
American geologist
State Geologist of Texas.[1] He held the Edwin Allday Endowed Chair of Subsurface Geology in the Jackson School of Geosciences. Since 2024, he holds the
Scott_W._Tinker
Non-destructive method used to detect defects in ferrous materials
process where a magnetic field is used for detecting surface, and shallow subsurface, discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. Examples of ferromagnetic
Magnetic_particle_inspection
arresting systems. Advanced Technology Research Center (ATRC) - centered on subsurface blast mitigation, smart structures, and land-mine detection. Center for
Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)
Research_&_Development_Establishment_(Engineers)
Skyscraper in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
that the foundation and piling had to be uniquely designed to overcome subsurface issues such as soft bedrock and porous coral rock, which normally could
Jeddah_Tower
Planned Mars rover, part of ExoMars programme
atmosphere, analyse the radiation environment, study the distribution of any subsurface water at the landing site, and perform geophysical investigations of the
Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)
Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth
referred to as Advanced Geothermal Systems (AGS), are engineered geothermal systems containing subsurface working fluid that is heated in the hot rock reservoir
Geothermal_energy
Study of properties of soil earthworks
structures and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions; this type of investigation is called a site investigation
Geotechnical_investigation
Type of undergraduate qualification
related to exploration and production of hydrocarbons from the Earth's subsurface. Plastics Engineering — A vast field which includes plastic processing
Bachelor_of_Engineering
French geological survey
institution in Earth Science applications for the management of surface and subsurface resources and risks. It also deals with geological surveys of French territory
Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières
Bureau_de_Recherches_Géologiques_et_Minières
including hydrography; as well as airborne recon, infiltration via surface, subsurface and airborne operations, and conducting limited scale raids and ambushes
List of United States Marine Corps battalions
List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_battalions
American civil engineer
Civil Engineers in recognition of his "career achievements in the field of soil mechanics, subsurface and earthwork engineering, as well as subsurface and
Edward_Kavazanjian
Austrian geotechnical engineer known as the "father of soil mechanics"
October 1883 – 25 October 1963) was an Austrian mechanical engineer, geotechnical engineer, and geologist known as the "father of soil mechanics and geotechnical
Karl_von_Terzaghi
NASA space mission to Jupiter and Europa
assist from Earth in December 2026. Europa Clipper will investigate the subsurface ocean below Europa's ice crust, found by the Galileo spacecraft which
Europa_Clipper
American engineer (1925–2025)
models to analyze the data. Later in her career, when she focused on subsurface exploration techniques using very high frequency radio waves, she again
Irene_C._Peden
Second-largest moon of Jupiter
completely covered with impact craters. It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics or volcanism, and is thought to have
Callisto_(moon)
geological activity, measure the thickness of the moon's icy shell, search for subsurface lakes, and determine the depth and salinity of Europa's ocean. The spacecraft
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2024)
List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2024)
Method of extracting a natural resource
petroleum, for the injection of a fluid from surface to a subsurface reservoir or for subsurface formations evaluation or monitoring. Drilling for the exploration
Well_drilling
Civil engineering of roads, bridges, and tunnels
methods and materials to direct water away from the structure. Pavement subsurface drainage, and underdrains help provide extended life and excellent and
Highway_engineering
Impact-resistant high explosive
wastewater from munitions programs, including contamination of surface and subsurface waters which may be colored pink because of the presence of TNT. Such
TNT
Sub-surface drainage system
The later development of geotextiles greatly simplified this technique. Subsurface drainage systems have been used for centuries. They have many forms that
French_drain
Largest moon of Neptune
Triton is differentiated, with a crust of primarily ice atop a probable subsurface ocean of liquid water and a solid rocky-metallic core at its center. Although
Triton_(moon)
Innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter
additional heat through the friction of subsurface magma or water oceans. This ability to generate heat in a subsurface ocean increases the chance of life
Io_(moon)
construction, operation, maintenance, and logistic support of surface and subsurface ships and marine craft; naval and maritime auxiliaries; aviation and space
American Society of Naval Engineers
American_Society_of_Naval_Engineers
Largest natural satellite of Pluto
have had a subsurface ocean early in its history. The past resurfacing observed on Charon's surface indicated that Charon's ancient subsurface ocean may
Charon_(moon)
Land owned by the U.S. federal government
in the United States (this figure excluded United States Army Corps of Engineers land). DoD thus administers approximately 1% of federal land. DOD land
Federal_lands
2023 video game
board. Development on Barotrauma began in 2014, under the working title Subsurface. From 2015 to 2018, pre-alpha builds of Barotrauma were freely released
Barotrauma_(video_game)
Aspect of Azerbaijani industry
River to Russian markets, especially St. Petersburg. In 1837, the Russian engineer Nikolay Voskoboynikov (1801–1860) built an oil-distilling factory in Balaxani
Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan
Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan
the total estimated quantity (volume) of natural gas contained in a "subsurface" asset prior to extraction (production). Gas Initially In Place = Gross
Gas_initially_in_place
Narrow body of water
defined identifiable banks. A channel head forms as overland flow and/or subsurface flow accumulate to a point where shear stress can overcome erosion resistance
Channel_(geography)
Methods to prevent destructive asteroid hits
alternatives analyzed in this study. Other techniques involving the surface or subsurface use of nuclear explosives may be more efficient, but they run an increased
Asteroid_impact_avoidance
Moon of Saturn
ridge on the leading hemisphere is best explained if there was a global subsurface liquid ocean like that of Enceladus. The ridge Janiculum Dorsa has a height
Dione_(moon)
Mathematical analysis of stresses in solids
Neutron diffraction is a technique that can be used to determine the subsurface strain in a part. The photoelastic method relies on the fact that some
Stress–strain_analysis
Load-carrying bearing using rolling elements and rings
life model with surface and subsurface survival to hybrid bearing cases". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C. 233 (15): 5491–5498
Rolling-element_bearing
Ghost town in Oklahoma, United States
the center of the Tri-State Mining District. Decades of unrestricted subsurface excavation dangerously undermined most of Picher's town buildings and
Picher,_Oklahoma
Non-destructive inspection method
components magnetic-particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. LPI is used to detect casting, forging and welding
Dye_penetrant_inspection
Dam in McLean/Mercer counties, North Dakota
purposes, including irrigation development and royalty rights on all subsurface minerals within the reservoir area. About 1,700 residents were forcibly
Garrison_Dam
Surface used for takeoff or landing
order to meet required FAA, or other aviation authority friction levels. Subsurface underdrains help provide extended life and excellent and reliable pavement
Runway
Removal of water from solid material or soil
evaporation. On a construction site, this dewatering may be implemented before subsurface excavation for foundations, shoring, or cellar space to lower the water
Dewatering
Type of foundation
shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. There are many reasons that a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation
Piling
American military base in Greenland (1959–1967)
snow and ice temperatures, and ice-penetrating radar surveys of the subsurface debris and contaminant field. As explained by the United States Department
Camp_Century
British author
experimental work on the astrobiological implications of the Martian subsurface ionising radiation environment, was subsequently reprinted under the title
Lewis_Dartnell
Defunct gold mine in Lead, South Dakota, USA, used for neutrino experiments
2014, followed by EGS Collab in 2016 and by the Center for Understanding Subsurface Signals and Permeability (CUSSP) in 2023. The gold at Homestake is almost
Homestake_Mine_(South_Dakota)
U.S. state
United States Bureau of Land Management manages 290 million surface and subsurface acres as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national
Alaska
Coastal city in southern Croatia
October 2017. Yin-Poole, Wesley (22 May 2018). "Mike Bithell follows up Subsurface Circular with Quarantine Circular". Eurogamer. Archived from the original
Dubrovnik
3D graphics software
depth of field, transparent background, photon mapping caustics and subsurface scattering. The Raster renderer provides a few options for shading methods
Art_of_Illusion
1987 tube station fire in London, England
Underground. As well as the mainline railway stations above ground and subsurface platforms for the Metropolitan, Circle and Hammersmith & City lines, there
King's_Cross_fire
NASA Mars rover deployed in 2021
of biotic origin or not. RIMFAX revealed findings "consistent with a subsurface dominated by solid rock and mafic material" and that "the crater floor
Perseverance_(rover)
Chemical element with atomic number 6 (C)
uncertainty, due mostly to a huge uncertainty in the amount of terrestrial deep subsurface bacteria. Hydrocarbons (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas) contain
Carbon
would have prevented sunlight from reaching subsurface layers of the ocean, causing reduction of subsurface net primary productivity. Huang & Shen (2026)
2026_in_paleontology
Island in the Indian Ocean
each lens is influenced by variations in the type and porosity of the subsurface deposits, which on Diego Garcia are minor. At depth, the lens is globular;
Diego_Garcia
Matter with biological processes
that may host microbial life include the subsurface of Mars, the upper atmosphere of Venus, and subsurface oceans on some of the moons of the giant planets
Life
Dam in Aswan, Egypt
number of subsurface drainage projects executed in the last decades to control the water table and soil salinity. Drainage through subsurface drains and
Aswan_High_Dam
coupled hydrological and mechanical processes, physics and properties of subsurface multiphase flow and transport, and their applications in reservoir engineering
Hui-Hai_Liu
1998 film by John Lasseter
create effects like swirling dust and snow. The animators also employed subsurface scattering—developed by Pixar co-founder Edwin Catmull during his graduate
A_Bug's_Life
NASA spacecraft active since 2005
scientific instruments, including three cameras, two spectrometers and a subsurface radar. As of July 29, 2023[update], the MRO has returned over 450 terabits
Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter
Fourth-largest moon of Uranus
suggesting that the moon's subsurface ocean was still active in the recent past. The study concluded that Ariel's subsurface ocean might have been as deep
Ariel_(moon)
Study of earthquake-resistant structures
such structures more resistant to earthquakes. An earthquake (or seismic) engineer aims to construct structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking
Earthquake_engineering
Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them
of structural components for construction or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such
Surveying
Archaeological site in Israel
as aids in the digging of tunnels and channels to control the flow of subsurface water, and especially at the Gihon Spring. Many different opinions have
Warren's_Shaft
Subsurface pool of hydrocarbons
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs
Petroleum_reservoir
NASA rover exploring Mars since 2012
local hydrological cycle, destructive potential of UV radiation, and subsurface habitability based on ground-atmosphere interaction. The rover has four
Curiosity_(rover)
Measures to combat enemy aerial forces
the effectiveness of hostile air action". It encompasses surface-based, subsurface (submarine-launched), and air-based weapon systems, in addition to associated
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Downward vertical movement of the Earth's surface
fluid lava from beneath a solidified crust of rock; mining; pumping of subsurface fluids, such as groundwater or petroleum; or warping of the Earth's crust
Subsidence
15th-century Inca citadel in Peru
Nicola; Romano, Gerardo; Sieczkowska, Dominika (2023). "Non invasive subsurface imaging to investigate the site evolution of Machu Picchu". Scientific
Machu_Picchu
National park in the western United States
(February 16, 2016). "Genomic inference of the metabolism of cosmopolitan subsurface Archaea, Hadesarchaea". Nature Microbiology. 1 (3): 16002. Bibcode:2016NatMb
Yellowstone_National_Park
American construction-equipment manufacturer
Retrieved March 20, 2013. Acquisition Positions Caterpillar to Deliver Subsurface Imaging and Mapping Services Archived July 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Caterpillar_Inc.
2010 environmental disaster
the surface oil appeared to have dissipated, while an unknown amount of subsurface oil remained. Estimates of the residual ranged from a 2010 NOAA report
Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill
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