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Search references for SUBGRADE. Phrases containing SUBGRADE
See searches and references containing SUBGRADE!SUBGRADE
Material underneath a road or track
In transport engineering, subgrade is the term used in the US for the native material underneath a constructed road, pavement or railway track (US: railroad
Subgrade
Rail infrastructure
in American English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable, low-friction surface
Railway_track
Surface used for takeoff or landing
borings are taken to determine the subgrade condition, and based on the relative bearing capacity of the subgrade, the specifications are established
Runway
Measure of the strength of a road subgrade
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a measure of the strength of the subgrade of a road or other paved area, and of the materials used in its construction
California_bearing_ratio
Fine grained natural soil
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Clay
Layer of a paved road
highway engineering, subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there
Subbase_(pavement)
Airport pavement rating system
the ACR-PCR method is based on layered elastic analysis, uses standard subgrade categories for both flexible and rigid pavement, and eliminates the use
ACR-PCR_method
Classification of soils for road-construction purposes
30. Hogentogler, C.A.; Terzaghi, K. (May 1929). "Interrelationship of load, road and subgrade". Public Roads: 37–64. Unified Soil Classification System
AASHTO Soil Classification System
AASHTO_Soil_Classification_System
Support for the rails in railroad tracks
perpendicular to the rails, ties transfer loads to the track ballast and subgrade, hold the rails upright and keep them spaced to the correct gauge. Railroad
Railroad_tie
pavers. The first layer in the construction of such a surface is called the subgrade—this is the layer of native material underneath the intended surface. It
Paver_base
Composite material used for paving
factors include heat and cold, the presence of water in the subbase or subgrade soil underlying the pavement, and frost heaves. High temperatures soften
Asphalt_concrete
Sudden movement of the Earth's crust
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Earthquake
Road covered with durable surface material
the native subgrade. In areas with very soft or expansive subgrades such as clay or peat, thick gravel bases or stabilization of the subgrade with Portland
Road_surface
Granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Sand
Type of road
native material of the land surface (known as subgrade material), or it could be a gravel road, where the subgrade material has been covered by gravel but not
Unpaved_road
Unpaved road made from the land's native material
the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as subgrade material.[citation needed] Terms similar to dirt road are dry-weather road
Dirt_road
Airport pavement rating system
airplane of a given weight on a pavement structure for a specified standard subgrade strength; The PCN, a number (and series of letters) representing the pavement
ACN-PCN_method
Base portion of a railway-supporting structure
sub-ballast above a prepared subgrade/formation (see diagram). It is designed primarily to reduce the stress on the subgrade. Other definitions include
Track_bed
Civil engineering of roads, bridges, and tunnels
subgrade. When building a three layer flexible pavement, the subbase layer is not used and the base course is placed directly on the natural subgrade
Highway_engineering
Excavation or structure to provide access to groundwater
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Well
Type of unpaved road surfaced with gravel
surface layer will follow the crown established by the subgrade layer. Scarification of the subgrade layer prior to application of the surface gravel layer
Gravel_road
Layer of material in asphalt roadways
directly above this layer. Otherwise, it is built directly on top of the subgrade. Typical base course thickness ranges from 100 to 150 millimetres (4 to
Base_course
Land route
lane in each direction and no interchanges. In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road. Road construction
Road
Road surface of macadam, tar and sand
England, patented "lava stone." This method involved spreading tar on the subgrade, placing a typical macadam layer, and finally sealing the macadam with
Tarmacadam
Road building method by John Loudon McAdam
recommended a roadway consisting of three layers of stones laid on a crowned subgrade with side ditches for drainage. The first two layers consisted of angular
Macadam
Classification of soil or sediment
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Silt
loading data have been developed to predict permanent strain behaviour in subgrade soils and unbound layers. These approaches contribute to improved mechanistic–empirical
Pavement_engineering
Change in viscosity of a gel or fluid caused by stress
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Thixotropy
Mix of crumbled stones
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Gravel
Layer of soil under the topsoil on the surface of the ground
organisms compared to humus-rich topsoil. Ecology portal Soil Soil horizon Subgrade Parent rock Håkansson, Inge; Reeder, Randall C. (March 1994). "Subsoil
Subsoil
Works that re-shape the earth's surface
engineering, creating a profile Spoil tip – Pile built of accumulated spoil Subgrade – Material underneath a road or track Terrace (earthworks) – Terrain formed
Earthworks_(engineering)
Road testing device
multi-layer system (e.g. asphalt concrete on top of a base course on top of the subgrade) based on surface deflections is known as "backcalculation", as there is
Falling_weight_deflectometer
Accumulation of partially decayed vegetation
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Peat
International airport in Tonga
Runway 11/29 (elev 91 ft/28m): PCN 45 FBXT (flexible pavement, medium subgrade strength, medium tyre pressure (1,500 kPa (220 psi)), technical evaluation
Fuaʻamotu International Airport
Fuaʻamotu_International_Airport
Upper layer in roadway, airfield, and dockyard construction
base course, which is normally placed on the subbase, which rests on the subgrade. There are various different types of flexible pavement wearing course
Wearing_course
Soil material that is ordinarily a solid behaving like a thick liquid
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Soil_liquefaction
Construction material with soil and portland cement
and road construction as a subbase layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low
Soil_cement
Confinement system used in construction and geotechnical engineering
(NAP) geocells reduced the vertical stresses at the interface between subgrade and base course, reduced permanent and creep deformations, increased elastic
Cellular_confinement
Ability of water to flow through a porous material
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Hydraulic_conductivity
Natural hazard involving ground movement
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Landslide
Lowest and supporting layer of a structure
depths. Understanding the interaction between the pavement structure and subgrade soil is therefore essential for ensuring long-term performance and stability
Foundation_(engineering)
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Porosity
Movement of rock or soil down slopes
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Mass_wasting
Re-use of rubble from demolished concrete structures
lime, or fly ash into marginal quality subgrade material used to enhance the load bearing capacity of that subgrade. Pipe bedding: serving as a stable bed
Concrete_recycling
Excavated channel in ground
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Trench
Taxonomic rank
Acanthocephala Phylum Aschelminthes Phylum Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Grade Coelomata Subgrade Schizocoela Phylum Bryozoa or Ectoprocta Phylum Brachiopoda Phylum Phoronida
Kingdom_(taxonomy)
Measure of the ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Permeability_(porous_media)
In civil engineering, creating a profile
engineering and geographical term) Land development Slope (mathematical term) Subgrade Trench "Grade.1.". def. 2. Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith
Grading_(earthworks)
Study of properties of soil earthworks
test to determine the aptitude of a soil or aggregate sample as a road subgrade. A plunger is pushed into a compacted sample, and its resistance is measured
Geotechnical_investigation
Process in construction of removing at least part of the surface of a paved area
II with the addition of cross slope Class IV – milling to the base or subgrade (full depth) Class V – milling to different depths at different locations
Pavement_milling
Narrow shaft bored in the ground
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Borehole
Spacing of the rails on a railway track
fasteners, sleepers/ties and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade) when construction nears completion. In many cases, narrow-gauge track
Track_gauge
Type of furnace
ISSN 0892-6875. Yildirim, Irem & Prezzi, Monica. (2009). Use of Steel Slag in Subgrade Applications. p.40 10.5703/1288284314275. Svirchuk, Y. S. (2006). "Plasma
Electric_arc_furnace
Damp proofing material in sheet form
conditions, the less venting is required. In areas below foundation level (subgrade areas), particularly those formed in concrete, vapor retarder placement
Vapor_barrier
City in Pennsylvania, US
18. Ulicine, Chris (March 1, 2022). "Route 981 dip caused by "unstable" subgrade, may be from past mining". The Latrobe Bulletin. Archived from the original
Latrobe,_Pennsylvania
Cellular confinement system
granular material. The 3D confinement system is used to stabilize soft subgrade soil and reinforce the subbase and base layers in flexible pavements. Cellular
Neoloy_Geocell
Device used to measure density of liquids
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Hydrometer
Scientific study of earth materials in engineering problems
A.M. and Palsule P.S. (2020), Performance of Geosynthetics Reinforced Subgrade Subjected to Repeated Vehicle Loads: Experimental and Numerical Studies
Geotechnical_engineering
American bomber prototype
engines Final Report: Investigation of Concrete Pavements on Different Subgrades (Report). Ohio River Division Laboratories. January 1946. p. 7. Retrieved
Douglas_XB-19
Measure of compacted soils or aggregrate
the California pavement design method, and specify R-Value testing for subgrade soils and road aggregates. The test method states: The R-value of a material
R-value_(soils)
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Pore_structure
Distress in asphalt pavement
in the road bed is a frequent cause of this degradation of the base or subgrade. A heavy spring thaw, similarly to poor drainage, can weaken the base course
Crocodile_cracking
Branch of soil physics and applied mechanics that describes the behavior of soils
and failure characteristics of the soil/subgrade and modulus of subgrade reaction (ks). The Modulus of subgrade reaction (ks) is used in foundation design
Soil_mechanics
Railway line in China
year, which it reached after ten years, but continuous upgrades (wider subgrade, 75 kg/m rails, wagons with higher capacity and top speed, longer trains
Datong–Qinhuangdao_railway
Construction material
aggregate concrete is also used in the fields of pavement backfill, antifreeze subgrade, thermal insulation roof, floor sound insulation and marine floating structure
Expanded_polystyrene_concrete
Baidu Library. 2021-12-25. Northeast News Network (2005-06-27). "Railway subgrade collapse, passenger train in flood". Sina Corporation. Retrieved 2022-10-21
List of rail accidents in China
List_of_rail_accidents_in_China
Quantity of water contained in a material
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Water_content
Open-pit mine for the extraction of gravel
Prolovic, Verka (2012). "Waste glass as additive to clayey material in subgrade and embankment of road pavement". Facta Universitatis - Series: Architecture
Gravel_pit
Roads built with water-pervious materials
stored in the open graded or crushed drain rock base, and remains until the subgrade can absorb the water. For clay-based soils, or other low to 'non'-draining
Permeable_paving
Airport in Mogao, Dunhuang
aircraft were directed from rooftops or communication vans. Due to poor subgrade conditions, the runway quickly suffered from salt swelling and cracking
Dunhuang Mogao International Airport
Dunhuang_Mogao_International_Airport
and environmental conditions such as temperature variations and uneven subgrade settlement. Advanced design methods, such as the limit state method, are
High-speed_rail_in_China
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Rotary-pressure_sounding
Civil engineering technique
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Slurry_wall
Term in some countries for a paved road
country roads in that, in addition to the pavement, the embankment and subgrade, or road bed, were also artificially constructed. Adelung explained the
Chaussee
AASHO experiment for studying highway pavements deterioration
studies were planned in other parts of the country so that climate and subgrade effects could be investigated, but were never carried out. The results
AASHO_Road_Test
Railway tunnel in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Already finished subgrade of the approach line in the Durmersheim area in September 2009
Rastatt_Tunnel
Menstrual hygiene device, an elastomeric cup worn inside the vagina to catch menses
medical-grade silicone. In most regulation systems, there are multiple subgrades of medical-grade silicones. For instance, in the US, class V and class
Menstrual_cup
Airport in Mustique, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
(grey andesite) in the middle high ground and quarry; and (c) additional subgrade preparation and engineered fill placement in the east section near the
Mustique_Airport
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Seismoelectrical_method
Type of geomembrane
roads in World War II. By controlling the moisture content to maintain subgrade strength, this early geomembrane was credited by General William Slim to
Bituminous_geomembrane
Procedure to assess particle size distribution
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Sieve_analysis
Manner in which fluids behave when flowing through a porous medium
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Fluid flow through porous media
Fluid_flow_through_porous_media
Earthquake probability in a specific area and time
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Seismic_hazard
to poor riding surface which was mainly caused by inaccuracies in the subgrade. A machine was developed that could economically implement an Automated
CMI_Roadbuilding
Airport in near Twentynine Palms, California
Technology, School of Civil Engineering (June 1983). "Chemical Stabilization of Subgrade Soil for the Strategic Expeditionary Landing Field". Defense Technical
Twentynine Palms Strategic Expeditionary Landing Field
Twentynine_Palms_Strategic_Expeditionary_Landing_Field
Response of a structure to oscillation
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Response_spectrum
Road in Russia
were carried out work on the construction of artificial structures and subgrade over 120 kilometers between the backbone and the river Chulman, and in
A360_Lena_Highway
Building method
small-to-medium-sized institutional structures in the developing world. Subgrade structures including underground and bermed dwellings (such as Earthships)
Earthbag_construction
Methods for changing soil for engineering purposes
structural performance of gravel roads constructed on weak waterlogged subgrades. Full-scale field investigations on forest roads in Sweden have shown
Soil_stabilization
Process in geotechnical engineering to increase soil density
environmental exposure in the design and construction of road embankments and subgrades. Proper compaction control and material selection are essential to ensure
Soil_compaction
Dimensionless quantity related to porosity
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
Void_ratio
1988 American film
unauthorized romantic and sexual activity is illegal for lower-class "subgrade" citizens like themselves. Bone's friend Creon becomes jealous of their
Crime_Zone
WWII battle in the Pacific Theater
83 m) of material, mostly kunai humus, from two-thirds of the area. The subgrade was then stabilized with red volcanic ash that had to be hauled from the
Battle_of_Cape_Gloucester
Topics referred to by the same term
Permanent way is the tracks, ballast, subgrade and lineside structure of a railway, see: Railway track, description of contemporary permanent way structures
Permanent way (disambiguation)
Permanent_way_(disambiguation)
Natural features Topography Vegetation Terrain Topsoil Water table Bedrock Subgrade Subsoil Earthworks Shoring structures Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing
List_of_landslides
Collective term for all forms of transport which takes place on roads
Millwall, patented "Pitch Macadam". This method involved spreading tar on the subgrade, placing a typical macadam layer, and finally sealing the macadam with
Road_transport
State highway in Kansas, U.S.
approved a bid of $42,460 (equivalent to $361,457 in 2024 dollars) for subgrade modification and an asphalt surface on K-98 from Fowler west to K-23. The
K-98_(Kansas_highway)
System to prevent the build-up of snow and ice
systems may be installed in or beneath the base surface material (sand). The subgrade should be well compacted with an appropriate road base material that meets
Snowmelt_system
Cable-stayed bridge, China
Nantong-Shanghai Railway was commenced in March 2014. Following the completion of subgrade, bridges, mainline track-laying, and "communication, signal, power and
Sutong_Yangtze_River_Bridge
Railway line in Shanxi, China
Railway, then under construction. However, only about 2.2 kilometres of the subgrade and culvert construction at Shuozhou East railway station was completed
Hanjialing–Yuanping_railway
SUBGRADE
SUBGRADE
SUBGRADE
SUBGRADE
Boy/Male
Australian, British, Celtic, Christian, English, French, Irish
Raven; Greece; Broom Covered Hill
Girl/Female
Indian
Peace
Girl/Female
Arabic
Woman
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for someone who constructed or repaired roofs, from an agent derivative of Middle English roof (Old English hrÅf). In the Middle Ages roofs might be thatched with reeds or straw, or covered with tiles, slates, or wooden shingles.German and English : nickname for an unscrupulous individual, from Middle Low German rÅver ‘pirate’, ‘robber’, Middle English rover. The English verb rove ‘to wander’ is probably a back-formation from this, and is not attested before the 16th century, so it is unlikely to lie behind any examples of the surname.German : variant of Röver (see Roever).
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Feeling
Girl/Female
Indian
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
She was the daughter of Munziq at-Tamimah (A.N)
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a tall thin man, from Middle English, Old French cane ‘cane’, ‘reed’ (Latin canna). It may also be a topographic name for someone who lived in a damp area overgrown with reeds, or a metonymic occupational name for someone who gathered reeds, which were widely used in the Middle Ages as a floor covering, as roofing material, and for weaving small baskets.Southern Italian : either a habitational name from a place named Canè, in Bescia and Belluna, or more likely an occupational name for a basket maker or the like, from Greek kanna ‘reed’ + the occupational suffix -(e)as.French : Norman and Picard variant of chane a term denoting a particular type of elongated pitcher (ultimately from Latin canna ‘reed’), hence possibly a metonymic occupational name for a potter who specialized in making such jugs, or a nickname for someone who resembled one.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Köhn (see Kuehn).
Girl/Female
Tamil
Tarkeshwari | தாரகேஷà¯à®µà®°à¯€
Goddess Parvati
Boy/Male
Tamil
Thaniska | தாநீஸகா
Goddess of gold and Angel
SUBGRADE
SUBGRADE
SUBGRADE
SUBGRADE
SUBGRADE