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Strategic dialogue between Australia, India, Japan, and the United States
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, sometimes referred to as the Quad is a grouping of Australia, India, Japan, and the United States that is maintained
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue
Academic journal
Security Dialogue is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes scholarly articles which combine contemporary theoretical analysis with challenges
Security_Dialogue
Informal grouping of the U.S., China, and India
Shinzo Abe proposed the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, under which India would join a formal multilateral dialogue with Japan, the United States and Australia
Group_of_Three
Inter-governmental security conference
Shangri-La Dialogue The IISS Asia Security Summit: The Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD) is a "Track One" inter-governmental security conference held annually
Shangri-La_Dialogue
Strategic-level security dialogue between the two countries last occurred in 2018. On 9 June 2020, prior to the start of the dialogue, a rocket attack
Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2020–2021)
Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2020–2021)
Border conflict between China and India
military logistics sharing pacts with all partners of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). In June, media reports started emerging of India losing the
2020–2021 China–India skirmishes
2020–2021_China–India_skirmishes
United States federal executive department
and Palmer, N.A. 2009. The Emerging Politics of DHS Fusion Centers. Security Dialogue 40 (6): 617–636. Rittgers, David (February 2, 2011) We're All Terrorists
United States Department of Homeland Security
United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security
Group of states aligned with the United States during the Cold War
and Taiwan also aligned with the Western Bloc, supported by bilateral security agreements and substantial U.S. military presence. After the end of World
Western_Bloc
Organization similar to, but not part of, a military
violence: towards a theory of 'state-parallel' paramilitaries" (PDF). Security Dialogue. 47 (6): 498–516. doi:10.1177/0967010616669900. Look up paramilitary
Paramilitary
Pan-Asian organization
cooperation, climate change, regional security, biodiversity, counter-terror strategies, and intercultural dialogue. The council has its headquarters in
Asia_Council
Biogeographic marine region of Earth
concept, the Indo-Pacific has a "symbiotic link" with the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, or "Quad", an informal grouping between Australia, Japan, India,
Indo-Pacific
Australian politician (born 1978)
Affairs until the full ministry was sworn in after the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue. In October 2022, Chalmers handed down his first budget. In May 2023
Jim_Chalmers
Intergovernmental organization
minister Yevgeny Primakov in 1998, and can be traced to informal forums and dialogue groups such as RIC (Russia, India, and China) and IBSA (India, Brazil,
BRICS
Prime Minister of Japan (2006–2007; 2012–2020)
Article 9 of the Constitution. In 2007, he initiated the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the US, Australia, and India, aimed at resisting China's rise
Shinzo_Abe
Integration of South America. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue also known as QUAD is a strategic security dialogue between Australia, India, Japan, and the
List_of_country_groupings
Diplomatic summit
previous year. The ministers and secretaries welcomed the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue that was held between India, the United States, Australia, and Japan
2+2_Ministerial_Dialogue
Sixth-generation strike fighter program
RADM Downey, James; RADM Loiselle, Andrew (14 July 2022). "Maritime Security Dialogue: Naval Aviation Update" (Interview). Interviewed by Carroll, Ward
F/A-XX_program
Government security agency in India
(2003). "India's National Security Council: Stuck in the Cradle?". Security Dialogue. 34 (2): 215–230. Retrieved 4 March 2026. "Strategic Policy Group
National Security Council (India)
National_Security_Council_(India)
Taiwanese think tank
Taiwan-US-Japan Trilateral Security Dialogue". Office of the President. 2017-12-13. Duncan DeAeh (2017-12-14). "Trilateral Dialogue on security in East Asia hosted
Prospect_Foundation
Prime Minister of Japan from 2021 to 2024
scandal. On foreign policy, Kishida continued strengthening the Quad Security Dialogue and close cooperation with NATO in pursuit of the Free and Open Indo-Pacific
Fumio_Kishida
Bilateral relations
inaugurated Wardrop strategic dialogue, a format of annual meetings to promote their biletial co-operation in security, defense policy, economy and trade
Georgia–United Kingdom relations
Georgia–United_Kingdom_relations
Country in East Asia
Japan is also a member of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ("the Quad"), a multilateral security dialogue reformed in 2017 aiming to limit Chinese influence
Japan
NATO forum with Mediterranean countries
security and stability and explaining NATO's policies and goals." The Dialogue reflects NATO's view that security in Europe is tied to the security and
Mediterranean_Dialogue
Bilateral diplomatic meeting on US-Chinese disputes held between March 18 and 19, 2021
the EU and Canada, and met with the other members of Quadrilateral Security Dialogue. Barry Pavel of the Atlantic Council mentioned that this sequence
United States–China talks in Alaska
United_States–China_talks_in_Alaska
Alliance Packet Clearing House (PCH) Digital 9 (D9) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) Non-Aligned Movement Group of 4 (G4) Group of Seven (G7) Group
List of intergovernmental organizations
List_of_intergovernmental_organizations
Dislike of the American government or people in Germany
and the war on Iraq: Anti-Americanism, pacifism or emancipation?." Security Dialogue 36.2 (2005): 213-231. Hooper, John (6 August 2002). "German leader
Anti-American sentiment in Germany
Anti-American_sentiment_in_Germany
Topics referred to by the same term
prefix usually means 4. It may refer to: Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, a strategic security dialogue between Australia, India, Japan, and the United States
Quad
Multilateral cooperation group
in Africa agricultural sector trade industry and investment peace and security promotion of good governance and civil society information and communication
India–Africa_Forum_Summit
Commonly known as IBSA, a three-country alignment
The IBSA Dialogue Forum (India, Brazil, South Africa) is an international tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these countries
IBSA_Dialogue_Forum
Eurasian multilateral security organisation
2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016. "Egypt applies to become dialogue partner of Shanghai security bloc – Kremlin aide". TASS. 6 July 2015. Archived from the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation
member of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue. The Philippines and the United States are treaty allies and their security alliance has deepened in light
United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China
United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People's_Republic_of_China
Federal subjects of Russia
Federal Districts as the New Level of State–Territorial Composition". Security Dialogue. 33 (1). SAGE Publishing: 73–91. doi:10.1177/0967010602033001006.
Federal_districts_of_Russia
Chinese naval strategy hypothesised by the U.S. in 2004
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (consisting of Australia, India, Japan, and the United States) is a direct result of China's assertive foreign and security policy
String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)
Mexican lawyer and politician
in all of its dimensions. Additionally, he resumed the High-Level Security Dialogue (HLSD) and led the Mexican delegation that negotiated the Bicentennial
Roberto_Velasco_Álvarez
Government ministry of India
operations carried out by the Ministry of External Affairs (India). Raisina Dialogue Minister of External Affairs (India) Indian Council of World Affairs Chanakyapuri
Ministry of External Affairs (India)
Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)
Danish international relations scholar
the editorial board for European Journal of International Affairs, Security Dialogue, International Studies Perspectives and the Cambridge Review of International
Ole_Wæver
President of the DRC from 1997 to 2001
Boya, Odette M. "Contentious Politics and Social Change in Congo." Security Dialogue 32.1 (2001): 71–85. Fredriksen, John C. ed. Biographical Dictionary
Laurent-Désiré_Kabila
1950 treaty between Nepal and India
Nepal and Indian state of Bihar formed a group Nepal India Open Border Dialogue Group. Initially the group formed to understand the issue related to flooding
Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
Indo-Nepal_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship
International cooperation organisation
further enhance their cooperation in the field of security. BIMSTEC Games ASEAN Asia Cooperation Dialogue Asian Clearing Union Asian Development Bank Bangladesh
BIMSTEC
American think tank
dynamics of such a conflict. It also recommended the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue to collaborate more on joint exercises, interoperability, intelligence
Center for a New American Security
Center_for_a_New_American_Security
1951 collective security treaty between Australia, New Zealand, and the US
UK New Zealand Defence Force Pine Gap Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) – Strategic dialogue among Australia, India, Japan and US Southeast Asia
ANZUS
2005 UN global political commitment
and norm contestation: China’s stance on Darfur in the UN security council." Security Dialogue 41, 3 (2010): 323–344. Dallaire, Romeo (2005). "The Responsibility
Responsibility_to_protect
Bilateral relations
urged Rajiv Gandhi to help the Soviet Union set up an Asian collective security system. Gorbachev's advocacy of this proposal, which had also been made
India–Soviet_Union_relations
United States–China security cooperation refers to various projects, combined operations, communications, official dialogues, joint exchanges, and joint
United States–China security cooperation
United_States–China_security_cooperation
Bilateral relations
counterterrorism techniques. High-level dialogues, such as the Homeland Security Dialogue and the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, have further institutionalized cooperation
India–United_States_relations
Bilateral relations
posing a challenge to India's security. China repeatedly stated that India's withdrawal was a prerequisite for meaningful dialogue. On 21 July 2017, the Minister
China–India_relations
Japan–South Korea–US security partnership
countries and emphasized the need for regional economic security enhancement. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue AUKUS United States foreign policy toward the People's
American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact
American–Japanese–Korean_trilateral_pact
Australian businessman (born 1960)
Foundation. Pratt is patron of the Trilateral Track II Food and Water Security Dialogue which he launched with former Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres
Anthony_Pratt
Transformation of a subject into a matter of state security
politics". Security Dialogue. 43 (3): 249–266. doi:10.1177/0967010612443723. ISSN 0967-0106. S2CID 144942498. Thomas Faist. 2005. "The Migration-Security Nexus:
Securitization (international relations)
Securitization_(international_relations)
Country in Oceania
and New Zealand; the AUKUS security treaty with the United States and United Kingdom; the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the United States, India
Australia
First Chinese nuclear test, 1964
ROBERT S. (1996-03-01). "French and Chinese Nuclear Weapon Testing". Security Dialogue. 27 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1177/0967010696027001006. ISSN 0967-0106. "China's
Project_596
Bilateral relations
Strategic Dialogue on Foreign and Security Policy alongside their annual Security and Defense Consultations, while continuing sectoral dialogues on maritime
India–European Union relations
India–European_Union_relations
Topics referred to by the same term
Treasury Solicitor's Department, U.K. Trilateral Security Dialogue, part of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Technical Support Division ad hoc Indian Army
TSD
Anglosphere intelligence alliance
Five Nations Passport Group Migration 5 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) — Strategic dialogue among Australia, India, Japan and US The Technical Cooperation
Five_Eyes
France's largest nuclear test
Norris, Robert S. (1996). "French and Chinese Nuclear Weapon Testing". Security Dialogue. 27 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1177/0967010696027001006. ISSN 0967-0106. JSTOR 44471493
Canopus_(nuclear_test)
Bilateral relations
which had also embarked on a program of modernization to bolster its security. While India repeatedly reiterated its military support to Bhutan, the
Bhutan–India_relations
Measures taken to ensure mutual safety
(2004). "Still and Inscrutable Concept", Security Dialogue 35: 370–372. Baldwin, D. (1997). "The Concept of Security." Review of International studies 23:
International_security
Discipline of international relations
Studies Naval War College Review Parameters Perspectives on Terrorism Security Dialogue Small Wars & Insurgencies Strategic Studies Quarterly (renamed "Æther:
Security_studies
Retrieved 1 June 2024. Stewart-Ingersoll, Robert (2012). Regional Powers and Security Orders. Routledge. p. 240. Al Labita (22 April 2010). "Philippine reds
List_of_wars_involving_India
Diplomatic summit between India and the United States
The Strategic and Commercial Dialogue was a diplomatic summit that had been held from 2010 to 2016 between India and the United States to discuss and work
Strategic and Commercial Dialogue
Strategic_and_Commercial_Dialogue
India's foreign policy dealing with South-East Asian nations
became a sectoral dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992, in 1995 was given an advisory status, a member of the Council for Security Cooperation in the
Act_East_policy
Unarmed civilian mission of the European Union in Armenia
Armenia-EU Political and Security Dialogue launched today demonstrates our mutual interest in enhancing cooperation on foreign and security policy issues, and
European Union Mission in Armenia
European_Union_Mission_in_Armenia
Intergovernmental organization of Southeast Asian countries
sharing information and cooperation in Pandemic management, concord food security in tandem with strong underpinning of historical cultural ties among the
Mekong–Ganga_Cooperation
Former general and 10th Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)
"Bajwa Doctrine 2.0" was outlined in March 2021 during the Islamabad Security Dialogue. This centred on four themes: an enduring peace internal and external
Qamar_Javed_Bajwa
2023 international leader meeting in Japan
Australia Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister The host of 2023 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President 2023 Chairperson
49th_G7_summit
Multilateral conference in New Delhi, India
seen as an Indian attempt to rival the Munich Security Conference and Singapore's Shangri-La Dialogue. It has since emerged as India's flagship conference
Raisina_Dialogue
of International Studies Review of World Economics SAIS Review Security Dialogue Security Studies Survival Terrorism and Political Violence West European
List of international relations journals
List_of_international_relations_journals
Middle power countries with great influence
participation in various multilateral forums such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue and BRICS. Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, plays
Global_swing_state
Bilateral relations
Armenia–EU Political and Security Dialogue launched today demonstrates our mutual interest in enhancing cooperation on foreign and security policy issues, and
Armenia–European Union relations
Armenia–European_Union_relations
People-centric approach to national security
than Others: Troubling the 'human' in human security from a critical feminist perspective". Security Dialogue. 44 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1177/0967010612470293
Human_security
Military unit
developing shared maritime domain awareness. During the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) leaders' summit in Tokyo on 24 May 2022, the Indo-Pacific Partnership
Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean region
Information_Fusion_Centre_–_Indian_Ocean_region
School of academic thought
Kyrgyzstan: Is Securitization Theory Useable (sic) Outside Europe?". Security Dialogue. 38 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1177/0967010607075964. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050279
Copenhagen School (international relations)
Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)
South African gangs
(February 2010). "The Security and Development Nexus in Cape Town: War on Gangs, Counterinsurgency and Citizenship". Security Dialogue. 41 (1): 77–97. doi:10
Gangs_in_South_Africa
Indo-Pacific strategies of countries with similar interests in the region
Indo-Pacific Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) Shinzo Abe India-Japan relations India–United States relations
Free_and_Open_Indo-Pacific
73rd ministry of the Government of Australia
Minister until the final results were known. As the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue was due to be held on 24 May 2022, Albanese advised Hurley that he
First_Albanese_ministry
Academic discipline
Approaches to Security in Europe. A Networked Manifesto". Security Dialogue. 37 (4): 448. Peoples, Vaughan-Williams (2021). Critical security studies: An
Critical_security_studies
the Tokyo Imperial Palace. In 2007, he initiated the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the US, Australia, and India, aimed at resisting China's rise
First premiership of Shinzo Abe
First_premiership_of_Shinzo_Abe
Canadian academic
Canada. He is currently the editor-in-chief of Security Dialogue, an academic journal in the field of security studies. Salter received a PhD in political
Mark_B._Salter
Topics referred to by the same term
spread differential, a concept in finance Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, a strategic dialogue Quick Step–Davitamon, UCI cycling team (2003–04) Syrian
QSD
Bilateral relations
India's Position that such conflicts should be resolved bilaterally through dialogue and not be internationalized." The two countries celebrated their 55 years
India–Peru_relations
Bilateral relations
first RP–India Security Dialogue was held in Manila on 12 March 2004. The Philippines and India agreed to establish a security dialogue that would serve
India–Philippines_relations
Australian public servant and diplomat
trip to Papua New Guinea and was appointed co-chair of the Bilateral Security Dialogue with that country. Adamson stated in a June 2018 interview that she
Frances_Adamson
Special designation of the United States
Maritime Security Construct List of military alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) NATO open door policy Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Partnership
Major_non-NATO_ally
Russian Ground Forces formation
Holopatiuk, Leonid (2020-07-01). Security Dialogue on the Vienna Document 2011 (PDF). 950th Meeting of the OSCE Forum for Security Co-operation. "Muzhenko: There
8th Guards Combined Arms Army (Russia)
8th_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army_(Russia)
2002 phrase from Donald Rumsfeld
on Terror': Uncertainty and the Political Construction of Danger". Security Dialogue. 38 (4): 411–434. doi:10.1177/0967010607084994. ISSN 0967-0106. S2CID 145253344
There_are_unknown_unknowns
International relations
nations have been a prominent topic in discussions of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue that India is a part of. Pacific island nations regularly advocates
India–Pacific Islands relations
India–Pacific_Islands_relations
Bilateral relations
established a foundation for maritime security cooperation between the two nations. The Annual Defense Dialogue has played a crucial role in fostering
India–United Arab Emirates relations
India–United_Arab_Emirates_relations
Scandinavian researcher
of territories", and the geopolitical scholar Rudolf Kjellén for Security Dialogue, Review of International Studies, Cooperation and Conflict, and Geopolitics
Ola_Tunander
British political scientist
Global Dialogue, Global Society, International Peacekeeping, the International Journal of Human Rights, International Studies Perspectives, Security Dialogue
Edward Newman (political scientist)
Edward_Newman_(political_scientist)
Sociologist and political scientist
currently associate editor of Security Dialogue and Contexto Internacional and co-editor of the Routledge Series in Private Security Studies. Leander has served
Anna_Leander
Process of expanding the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Bangladesh was admitted to the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), ASEAN’s security dialogue platform, as its 26th participating country. The following year, Bangladesh
Enlargement_of_ASEAN
Public Security issues. The CEPS works to bring together policy makers, operational law enforcement officers and independent experts, for dialogues towards
Centre of Excellence on Public Security
Centre_of_Excellence_on_Public_Security
British political scientist, scholar
2001 Eschle has been published in journals such as: Westview press, Security Dialogues International Studies Quarterly, and the European Journal of Politics
Catherine_Eschle
Bilateral relations
political dialogue, economic investment (including semiconductors, renewable energy, and critical raw materials), defense and maritime security, water management
India–Netherlands_relations
Process whereby social partners negotiate to influence economic policies
Social dialogue aims to advance opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equality, security and human
Social_dialogue
Bilateral relations
was signed in January 2012 and an annual Defence Dialogue has been established. However, closer security cooperation may be limited by Thailand's political
India–Thailand_relations
Bilateral relations
in India Japanese curry Manga outside Japan § India Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) Asia-Africa Growth Corridor Video games in
India–Japan_relations
Government of Australia since 2022
almost immediately after being sworn in to attend a Quadrilateral Security Dialogue meeting with fellow world leaders United States President Joe Biden
Albanese_government
Bilateral defense and security pact involving Japan
official grouping with Japan and Australia known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, or simply "The Quad". This group was initially formed in 2004 after
Reciprocal_access_agreement
Intergovernmental organization
working on three priority areas: regional identity; regional safety and security; regional sustainability and prosperity. These three priority areas aim
Council of the Baltic Sea States
Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States
SECURITY DIALOGUE
SECURITY DIALOGUE
Boy/Male
Tamil
Treasure, Security, Deposit
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Security Guard
Boy/Male
Hindu
Treasure, Security, Deposit
Boy/Male
Greek
Security.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Security of Allah
Boy/Male
Tamil
Treasure, Security, Deposit
Boy/Male
Muslim
In protection, Security
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Greek, Latin
Security; Pledge
Boy/Male
Indian
The granter of security
Boy/Male
Indian
In protection, Security
Boy/Male
Arabic
Security; Safety
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Safety; Security; Peace
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Safety Security
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Oriya, Punjabi, Sikh
Treasure; Security; Deposit
Boy/Male
Hindu
Treasure, Security, Deposit
Boy/Male
Arabic
Security
Boy/Male
Greek
Security.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Security. Deposit.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Security of Allah
Boy/Male
Muslim
Security. Deposit.
SECURITY DIALOGUE
SECURITY DIALOGUE
Boy/Male
Arabic, Modern
Road; The Way
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bink; this is much the commoner form of the surname in the British Isles.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : habitational name from a place in Norfolk, so named from Old English sūð ‘south’ + geat ‘gate’; the village was situated near the southern entrance to a large enclosed medieval forest. The place of this name formerly in Middlesex, now part of Greater London, may also have constributed to the surname.English (East Anglia) : topographic name for someone who lived near the south gate of a medieval walled city or other enclosed place.
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Kashmiri, Muslim
Servant of the Most Compassionate
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Blessings; Loans
Boy/Male
Tamil
Flowering
Female
Basque
, white.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
One who Holds Snake
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vasumitha | வாஸà¯à®®à¯€à®¤à®¾
Brightest friend
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Good Earth
SECURITY DIALOGUE
SECURITY DIALOGUE
SECURITY DIALOGUE
SECURITY DIALOGUE
SECURITY DIALOGUE
n.
Peace; security; agreement.
pl.
of Security
v. t.
Pledge; security.
n.
The quality or power of distressing or paining; extreme degree; extremity; intensity; inclemency; as, the severity of pain or anguish; the severity of cold or heat; the severity of the winter.
n.
Harshness; cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment; as, severity practiced on prisoners of war.
n.
Exactness; rigorousness; strictness; as, the severity of a test.
n.
Security; guaranty; bail.
n.
The condition or quality of being insecure; want of safety; danger; hazard; as, the insecurity of a building liable to fire; insecurity of a debt.
n.
Hence, carelessness; negligence; heedlessness.
n.
Freedom from risk; safety.
n.
Something given, deposited, or pledged, to make certain the fulfillment of an obligation, the performance of a contract, the payment of a debt, or the like; surety; pledge.
n.
Collateral security; that which is pledged or deposited as collateral security.
n.
Authority; security; warranty.
n.
Freedom; security; immunity.
n.
Safety; security.
n.
One who becomes surety for another, or engages himself for the performance of another's obligation.
n.
Security; warrant; guaranty.
n.
An evidence of debt or of property, as a bond, a certificate of stock, etc.; as, government securities.
n.
Gravity or austerity; extreme strictness; rigor; harshness; as, the severity of a reprimand or a reproof; severity of discipline or government; severity of penalties.
n.
That which secures or makes safe; protection; guard; defense.