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Societal transition away from religion
types of secularization and most do not lead to atheism or irreligion, nor are they automatically antithetical to religion. Secularization has different
Secularization
Topics referred to by the same term
Secularization or secularisation may refer to: Secularization (church property), seizure of church property by a state Secularization of monastic estates
Secularization (disambiguation)
Secularization_(disambiguation)
State seizing of church property
Secularization is the confiscation of church property by a government, such as in the suppression of monasteries. The term is often used to specifically
Secularization (church property)
Secularization_(church_property)
Movement in the Philippines under Spanish colonial administration
petitioned for Charles III to put an end to secularization policy. The Spanish government revoked its secularization policy in 1826, despite the Holy See's
Secularization movement in the Philippines
Secularization_movement_in_the_Philippines
Confiscation of Church property in Switzerland
the secularization of society more broadly. A distinction is drawn between secularization of public law (by the territorial authority), secularization under
Secularization of Church property in Switzerland
Secularization_of_Church_property_in_Switzerland
Legislation concerning the separation of church and state
The Mexican Secularization Act of 1833, officially called the Decree for the Secularization of the Missions of California, was an act passed by the Congress
Mexican Secularization Act of 1833
Mexican_Secularization_Act_of_1833
State of being separate from religion
secularity or secularization, most do not lead to irreligiosity. Linguistically, a process by which anything becomes secular is named secularization, though
Secularity
Christian church based in Rome
rapid demographic growth in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, as well as secularization in parts of Europe and North America. Catholic doctrine is rooted in
Catholic_Church
Christmas ideological, political and religious disputes
Christmas is the Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ, which, in Western Christian churches, is held annually on 25 December. For centuries
Christmas_controversies
1803 resolution of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire
broad principles outlined in the Treaty of Lunéville of 1801. The law secularized nearly 70 ecclesiastical states and abolished 45 imperial cities to compensate
Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
Annual celebration held on 31 October
June 2014. Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children's
Halloween
Last governor of Alta California (1801–1894)
Provisional regulation for the secularization of the missions), which secularized ten missions and created plans to secularize the rest. It created a comisionado
Pío_Pico
U.S. state
system, which controlled much of the best land in Alta California, was secularized by 1834 and became the property of the Mexican government. The governor
California
Proliferation or growth of religion
religion after a period of secularization. The theory of desecularization is a reaction to the theory known as the secularization thesis, which posits a gradual
Desecularization
Country in Northern Europe
Puga-Gonzalez, Ivan (2 June 2021). "Belief in God, Confidence in the Church and Secularization in Scandinavia". Secularism and Nonreligion. 10 (1): 5. doi:10.5334/snr
Finland
Queen of France from 1774 to 1792
intellectuals in Naples, allowed Neapolitan bishops wide latitude to halt the secularization of the country, and offered succor to the overflowing number of émigrés
Marie_Antoinette
Act of removing a religious blessing
Deconsecration, also referred to as decommissioning or secularization (a term also used for the external confiscation of church property), is the removal
Deconsecration
contemporary sociologist to reject the secularization theory outright. Martin even proposed that the concept of secularization be eliminated from social scientific
Sociology_of_religion
Belgian sociologist (1933–2024)
levels. He calls them "macro-secularization," "meso-secularization," and "micro-secularization." "Macro-secularization" refers to the decreasing influence
Karel_Dobbelaere
Adherence to spirituality without religious adherence
popularity of the 'yoga' in the West is integrally linked to secularization. This secularization began in India in the 1930s, when yoga teachers began to
Secular_spirituality
American sociologist of religion (1934–2022)
the most vocal critics of theories of secularization. In 1999, he published an article entitled “Secularization, R.I.P.” that became both famous and controversial
Rodney_Stark
German philosopher (1897–1973)
philosopher best known for his critiques of historicism and his analysis of secularization in modern thought. A student of Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl
Karl_Löwith
Book by Peter L. Berger
marginalized by the increased influence of the trend of secularization. Berger identified secularization as happening not so much to social institutions, such
A Rumor of Angels: Modern Society and the Rediscovery of the Supernatural
A_Rumor_of_Angels:_Modern_Society_and_the_Rediscovery_of_the_Supernatural
Revolt of the Islamists against the secularization in Turkey
region of Turkey, on 23 December 1930. Islamists rebelled against the secularization of Turkey by Atatürk and beheaded Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay, a teacher who
Menemen_Incident
Absence, indifference to, rejection of or hostility towards religion
beliefs and their replacement with more scientific/naturalistic outlooks (secularization hypothesis). According to Ronald Inglehart, this trend seems likely
Irreligion
Sociologist and professor of sociology and secular studies (born 1969)
secularity and is the author of eight books, including Beyond Doubt: The Secularization of Society (2023) What It Means to Be Moral: Why Religion Is Not Necessary
Phil_Zuckerman
Apathy toward the existence or non-existence of God
sociologist Stuart Johnson in his study of indifference to religion amid secularization, published in 1972. Apatheism considers the question of the existence
Apatheism
Traditionalist branches of Judaism
and was much shaped by a conscious struggle against the pressures of secularization, acculturation and rival alternatives. The strictly observant Orthodox
Orthodox_Judaism
1960s period of socio-political change in Quebec, Canada
following the 1960 Quebec general election. This period was marked by the secularization of the government, the establishment of a state-administered welfare
Quiet_Revolution
Process of separation of knowledge from its divine source
In traditionalist philosophy, desacralization of knowledge or secularization of knowledge is the process of separation of knowledge from its perceived
Desacralization_of_knowledge
District in Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg im Breisgau
The village Günterstal is the southernmost district of Freiburg im Breisgau. It is located in the so-called Bohrer-Tal area (where the craft of "Deichel-Bohrer"
Günterstal
Roman Catholic church in Bulacan, Philippines
Saint Francis of Assisi Parish Church, commonly known as Meycauayan Church or locally as Simbahan sa Bayan, is a Roman Catholic church located in Meycauayan
Meycauayan_Church
American sociologist (1929–2017)
predicted the all-encompassing secularization of the world. He has admitted to his own miscalculations about secularization, concluding that the existence
Peter_L._Berger
Former Roman Catholic diocese in Konstanz, Germany
Freiburg im Breisgau, part of Further Austria. The Coalition Wars and the secularization of 1803 brought profound changes. The Prince-Bishopric of Constance
Diocese_of_Constance
Historical state (1525–1701)
Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control
Duchy_of_Prussia
Israeli activist
Narkis ran for The Israeli Democrats party, promising he will fight for "secularization". He won 15,345 votes and was placed 22nd on the Democrats list for
Naor_Narkis
18th-century Spanish mission in California
Fray Ibarra opposed the appointment of del Valle as mayordomo. After secularization, many of the former neophytes returned to their lands while others remained
Mission San Fernando Rey de España
Mission_San_Fernando_Rey_de_España
Historical period and socio-cultural norm or attitude
rise of capitalism, as well as shifts in attitudes associated with secularization, liberalization, modernization, and post-industrial life. By the late
Modernity
City in California, United States
largest of all the Californian missions, but following the Mexican secularization act of 1833 the mission and its community declined. Following the U
Oceanside,_California
City in California, United States
the headquarters of the Californian mission system, until the Mexican secularization act of 1833, when the area was divided into rancho grants. The settlement
Carmel-by-the-Sea,_California
City in California, United States
was secularized within a few years after 1833. Even before secularization, the Native American population had declined. Following secularization, mission
Santa_Cruz,_California
American politician (born 1943)
religious belief is being challenged by a cultural elite trying to create a secularized America, in which God is driven out of public life." The Catholic Church
Newt_Gingrich
Cultural monument in Nevşehir Province, Turkey
Bektash Veli. After his death, his mausoleum was built here. Before the secularization of Turkey in 1925, the complex was home to the pir evi ("pir's house")
Haji_Bektash_Veli_Complex
Secular meditation practice
Chan, and Tibetan Buddhist meditation techniques. Mindfulness is a secularized form of meditation, the product of a mutual syncretism between eastern
Mindfulness
Student service organization and historic building at Yale University
Dwight Hall at Yale, formally the Dwight Hall Center for Public Service and Social Justice, is a student-run nonprofit organization at Yale University
Dwight_Hall_at_Yale
Act intentionally causing one's own death
reason and nature to sanction suicide in certain circumstances. The secularization of society that began during the Enlightenment questioned traditional
Suicide
State were officially separated with the Constitution of 1918. However, secularization measures had already been implemented by the 1870s. Article 5 of the
Religion_in_Uruguay
German Catholic archbishop (1732–1812)
Salzburg from 1772 until 1803, when the prince-archbishopric was secularized. After secularization, Colloredo fled to Vienna and remained the non-resident archbishop
Hieronymus_von_Colloredo
Group of three Filipino martyred priests
the campaign against the Spanish friars. They fought on the issues of secularization in the Philippines that led to the conflict of religious and church
Gomburza
Form of Buddhism without supernatural content
socio-historical trends: the Renaissance, cultural shifts in the 1960s, global secularization, and Buddhist Modernism. Commentators trace the genesis of Secular Buddhism
Secular_Buddhism
Pakistan was founded on the concept of the two-nation theory, which was largely based on Muslim nationalism. The Zia-ul-Haq administration in the 1980s
Secularism_in_Pakistan
British sociologist and Anglican priest (1929–2019)
landmark text in the history of secularization studies. He has continued to contribute to the conversation about secularization and the resilience of religion
David_Martin_(sociologist)
rule and also the ongoing secularization. Over the last several decades, Protestant practice has been declining as secularization has increased. According
Protestantism_by_country
Country in Central Europe
during the Communist era and continues to lose in the modern, ongoing secularization. Protestantism never recovered after the Counter-Reformation was introduced
Czech_Republic
Church in Cologne, Germany
The Great Saint Martin Church (German: Groß Sankt Martin, mostly shortened to Groß St. Martin, pronounced [ˈɡʁoːs ˌzaŋkt ˈmaʁtiːn] or [- maʁˈtiːn] ; Kölsch:
Great St. Martin Church, Cologne
Great_St._Martin_Church,_Cologne
1890–1911 European style of art and architecture
original on 10 May 2004. Retrieved 12 January 2020. Mishofy, Alec (2019). Secularizing the Sacred. Brill. Richard (10 September 2018). "Les tombes du Père Lachaise
Art_Nouveau
The cultural suppression in Tibet refers to a range of policies and actions carried out by the People's Republic of China that critics and human rights
Cultural_repression_in_Tibet
19th-century Franciscan mission in California
passage of the Mexican secularization act of 1833. Governor Figueroa issued a regulation (Reglamento Provisional para la secularization de las Misiones) on
Mission_San_Francisco_Solano
Castle in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
castle served as a house for the administration of the city. In the Secularization of 1803 the Meersburg came under the control of the Grand Duchy of Baden
Meersburg_Castle
but three ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire are either secularized or annexed by other states (the exceptions are the Archbishopric of Regensburg
Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500–1899)
Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes_(1500–1899)
1802–14 territorial restructuring in Germany
February 1803 a radical extension of the secularization process – Article 35 – which authorized the secularization of all the non-immediate monasteries,
German_mediatisation
Religions that originated in East, South and Southeast Asia
The Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia and thus have dissimilarities with Western and African religions
Eastern_religions
Catholicism being its main denomination, along with high levels of secularization as of 2026[update]. Spain is a secular state and freedom of religion
Religion_in_Spain
2003 American film by Quentin Tarantino
wide screen — an ode to the time right before movies were radically secularized." She also recognized Tarantino's technical talent, but thought the film's
Kill_Bill:_Volume_1
German state from 1871 to 1918
Pomerania, Saxony, etc.). Confessional prejudices were common until secularization and internal migration broke down the old barriers. In the East, confession
German_Empire
Culture of Jews and Judaism
all aspects of Jewish life, and infused culture. Since the advent of secularization, wholly secular Jewish culture emerged likewise. There has not been
Jewish_culture
Subregion of Asia
(1997). The Furies of Indian Communalism: Religion, Modernity, and Secularization. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-016-0. Archived from the original on 29 July
Southeast_Asia
City in California, United States
also known as Mission Indians. This continued until the mission was secularized by the Mexican Government in 1833. A large majority of the Tamien died
San_Jose,_California
Paris-based international Jewish organization
religious leaders still questioned and lamented secularization. Similarly, the AIU attempted to secularize the Jewish legal systems in North Africa. Before
Alliance Israélite Universelle
Alliance_Israélite_Universelle
American historian of philosophy (born 1966)
continental philosophy during the interwar crisis, and most recently, secularization and social thought in the 20th century. Born in Seattle, Washington
Peter_Gordon_(historian)
State of the Holy Roman Empire (1102–1803)
The duchy was held by the archbishop-electors of Cologne until its secularization in 1803. The duchy roughly comprised the territory of the present-day
Duchy_of_Westphalia
The forested areas remained the property of the church until they were secularized after the French Revolution. After Napoleon, the border between France
Mundat_Forest
State order of Portugal established in 1175
Portuguese military orders. It was formerly established in 1175 and secularized in 1789. The Order was founded in 1172, and has its origins in the Order
Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
Military_Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword
Ethnoreligious group of the Levant
Agnosticism Atheism Secular humanism Secular religion Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Lists Deification Deities in monotheism
Druze
Abbey in Aurillac, France
the Hundred Years' War; with the modern era a slow and imperceptible secularization took place with the abandonment of the cloister and the communal dormitory
Aurillac_Abbey
18th to 19th-century Catholic religious outposts in California
of Alta California. The First Mexican Republic secularized the missions with the Mexican Secularization Act of 1833, which emancipated indigenous peoples
Spanish missions in California
Spanish_missions_in_California
City in California, United States
earthquake in 1812 caused the community to decline. Following the Mexican secularization act of 1833, the mission village officially became a town and was briefly
San Juan Capistrano, California
San_Juan_Capistrano,_California
Abrahamic new religious movement originating in 1930s Jamaica
Stephen A. (1998). "International Reggae, Democratic Socialism, and the Secularization of the Rastafarian Movement, 1972–1980". Popular Music and Society.
Rastafari
West Germanic language spoken by Ashkenazi Jews
the other.[page needed] General Soviet denationalization programs and secularization policies also led to a further lack of enrollment and funding; the last
Yiddish
1629 edict of Emperor Ferdinand II
That treaty's "Ecclesiastical Reservation" had prohibited further secularization of lands held by the Catholic church after 1555, disallowing any transfer
Edict_of_Restitution
City in California, United States
by Junípero Serra, giving the city its name. Following the Mexican secularization act of 1833, San Buenaventura was granted by Governor Pío Pico to Don
Ventura,_California
The law on the secularization of monastic estates in Romania was proposed in December 1863 by Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza and approved by the Parliament
Secularization of monastic estates in Romania
Secularization_of_monastic_estates_in_Romania
Roman Catholic church in Cavite, Philippines
The Diocesan Shrine and Parish of Our Lady of the Pillar, commonly known as Imus Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of Imus, in the province
Imus_Cathedral
Radical reforms that created the Turkish nation state
Reformers followed the European model (French model) of secularization. In the European model of secularizing; states typically involves granting individual religious
Atatürk's_reforms
Building in Santa Maria de Belém, Lisbon District, Portugal
of the Portuguese royal dynasty of Aviz in the 16th century but was secularized on 28 December 1833 by state decree and its ownership transferred to
Jerónimos_Monastery
The foundation of canon law is found in its earliest texts and their interpretation in the church fathers' writings. Christianity began as a Jewish sect
Role of Christianity in politics and law
Role_of_Christianity_in_politics_and_law
18th-century Spanish mission in California
steeple, added sometime after the mission's original construction and secularization, had been demolished following a fire, so Hitchcock added a bell tower
Mission_San_Juan_Bautista
Mexican governor of Alta California (?–1871)
and replaced Echeandía on January 14, 1833. Figueroa continued the secularization of missions and giving out of Mexican land grants. Echeandía as the
José_María_de_Echeandía
1839 Ottoman edict that ushered in the Tanzimât period
relationship was developed. This helped the state run more efficiently. Began secularization of the state through which a new legal system of the state emerged.
Edict_of_Gülhane
French constitutional principle of state secularism
end of the 19th century, the word laïcité has been synonymous with secularization—among countries where the Catholic Church had retained its influence—meaning
Secularism_in_France
Former province of New Spain and Mexico
(legislature) of New Spain issued a decree in 1813 for at least partial secularization that affected all missions in America and was to apply to all outposts
Alta_California
Theories about the persistence or resurgence of religion
"desecularization" cannot be taken as a serious "countertheory" to secularization as long as it does not respond to the original theoretical formulations
Postsecularism
Branch of Orthodox Judaism
societies, the rise of the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah), Jewish Reforms, secularization, and various additional processes which developed throughout the 19th
Haredi_Judaism
Extreme form of authoritarianism and a theoretical concept
Gnostic search for a civil theology", an epilogue of the process of secularization which began with the Reformation and led to a world deprived of any
Totalitarianism
Protestant denomination in the Netherlands
than one minister), meaning that 72% of congregations had a minister. Secularization, or the decline in religiosity, first became noticeable after 1960 in
Protestant Church in the Netherlands
Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands
Californio politician (1809–1882)
During this period Alvarado began drinking heavily. Alvarado supported secularization of the Spanish missions in California. He was appointed by José María
Juan_Bautista_Alvarado
Swiss German sociologist of religions
gesellschaftlichen Konkurrenz, NZZ (What is left of) secularization? Debate on Jörg Stolz’s article on Secularization theories in the 21st century: ideas, evidence
Jörg_Stolz
Official promotion of atheism by a government
world, the dynamics of secularization and religionization are even more complex. The largest-scale experiments in secularization — state atheisms — have
State_atheism
His abolition of the caliphate and many other reforms that secularized Turkey made Atatürk the target of Islamist conspiracy theories.
List_of_conspiracy_theories
Coexistence of multiple cultures
to the declining influence of organized religion and the advance of secularization. This pattern repeated itself elsewhere in Europe and North America
Multiculturalism
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