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Realist school of philosophy
Scottish common sense realism, also known as the Scottish school of common sense, is a realist school of philosophy that originated in the ideas of Scottish
Scottish_common_sense_realism
Topics referred to by the same term
people Common sense may also refer to: Scottish common sense realism, a school of philosophy Sensus communis, a historical understanding of sense perceptions
Common_sense_(disambiguation)
Philosophical concept
the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Scotland and America. The roots of Scottish Common Sense Realism can be found in responses to such philosophers
Philosophical_realism
American Founding Father and minister (1723–1794)
the United States. Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism, and while president of the College of New Jersey (1768–1794; now
John_Witherspoon
Scottish philosopher (1710–1796)
philosophy of mind. He was the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense and played an integral role in the Scottish Enlightenment. In 1783 he was a joint
Thomas_Reid
Sextii – Science, philosophy of – Scientism – Scotism – Scottish common sense realism – Scottish philosophy – Secular humanism – Secularism – Self, philosophy
List_of_philosophies
Intellectual movement in 18th–19th century Scotland
Scottish Enlightenment (Scots: Scots Enlichtenment, Scottish Gaelic: Soillseachadh na h-Alba) was the period in 18th- and early-19th-century Scotland
Scottish_Enlightenment
Debate in the philosophy of mind
taste. Thomas Reid, a notable member of the Scottish common sense realism was a proponent of direct realism. Direct realist views have been attributed
Direct_and_indirect_realism
instigating the First Bishops' War. Thomas Reid, the founder of the Scottish common sense realism, Thomas Blackwell, John Gregory, James Beattie, James Macpherson
List of University of Aberdeen people
List_of_University_of_Aberdeen_people
Idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are
to speech perception. Common sense realism Critical perceptual realism Disjunctivism Empirical realism Naïve physics New realism Qualia Phenomenology (psychology)
Naïve_realism
Basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people
Common sense (from Latin sensus communis) is "knowledge, judgement, and taste which is more or less universal and which is held more or less without reflection
Common_sense
English-born philosopher and author (1737–1809)
impacted American political thought. He used two ideas from Scottish Common Sense Realism: that ordinary people can indeed make sound judgments on major
Thomas_Paine
Artistic, literary and intellectual movement
giving Scotland a prominence in these areas that continued into the late nineteenth century. Scottish philosophy was dominated by Scottish Common Sense Realism
Romanticism_in_Scotland
philosophical thought, be it Thomism, Objective Idealism, or Scottish Common Sense Realism. Since the mid-twentieth century the depth and scope of philosophical
Philosophy_in_Canada
Corpus of philosophers of the United States
Hutcheson-influenced form of Scottish moral philosophy. The Scottish-American James Wilson was influenced by Thomas Reid's common sense realism and preferred Reid's
American_philosophy
Scottish philosopher and mathematician (1753–1828)
Stewart upheld Reid's psychological method and expounded the Scottish Common Sense Realism, which was attacked by James Mill and John Stuart Mill. Part
Dugald_Stewart
17th/18th-century English priest and scholar
Wollaston's ideas could be argued to have anticipated both Scottish Common Sense Realism and Utilitarianism proponents of later schools of philosophy
William_Wollaston
French philosopher (1792–1867)
French philosophy that combined elements of German idealism and Scottish Common Sense Realism. As the administrator of public instruction for over a decade
Victor_Cousin
1788 work by Thomas Reid published in 1788
education Reid's work played a major role in the development of Scottish Common Sense Realism, a philosophical movement that emerged as a response to the
Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind
Essays_on_the_Active_Powers_of_the_Human_Mind
Philosophical concept
contrasts with Lewis' modal realism, according to which each object only inhabits one possible world. Common arguments for modal realism refer to their theoretical
Modal_realism
skeptical position, influenced by the philosophical school of Scottish Common Sense Realism, attempting to explain the Mesmeric phenomena on the basis of
History_of_hypnosis
Literary genre and movement
Literary realism is a movement and genre of literature that attempts to represent mundane and ordinary subject-matter in a faithful and straightforward
Literary_realism
Scottish poet, moralist and philosopher (1735–1803)
Walker List of abolitionist forerunners Selections from the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense, ed. by G. A. Johnston (1915), essays by Thomas Reid, Adam
James_Beattie_(poet)
Philosophy in the French language
Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830). He brought the influence of Scottish common sense realism to France, shown in his pupil Victor Cousin (1792–1867). Cousin
French_philosophy
Version of modal realism
a contradiction. Extended modal realism understands modality as a dimension similar to space and time. In this sense, a regular object, like a tree or
Extended_modal_realism
American philosopher, psychologist, poet, and religious writer (1799–1872)
emerged as a separate experimental discipline. His work combined Scottish common sense realism, moral philosophy, and religious anthropology. Todd L. Adams
Thomas_Cogswell_Upham
Historical Presbyterian organization
This approach to biblical interpretation was accompanied by Scottish common sense realism, which dominated Princeton, Harvard, and other American colleges
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America
Scottish missionary and translator (1815–1897)
a more appropriate term. He also drew from his education in Scottish common sense realism various hermeneutical principles in translation. Ultimately
James_Legge
Scottish philosopher and historian (1723–1816)
Ferguson (Scottish Gaelic: Adhamh MacFhearghais), also known as Ferguson of Raith (1 July N.S. / 20 June O.S. 1723 – 22 February 1816), was a Scottish philosopher
Adam_Ferguson
Scottish metaphysician (1788–1856)
Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet (8 March 1788 – 6 May 1856) was a Scottish philosopher. He is often referred to as William Stirling-Hamilton (of Preston)
Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet
Sir_William_Hamilton,_9th_Baronet
American educator and pastor (1803–1857)
the interpretation of the Bible based upon the principles of Scottish common sense realism. He also tutored students at the College of New Jersey (now
John_C._Young_(pastor)
of Scottish moral philosophy. Thomas Reid (1710–1796) was a student of Turnbull and a critic of Hume. Reid advocated common sense and direct realism. This
Scottish_philosophy
link between the ideas of Shaftesbury and the later school of Scottish Common Sense Realism. Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746) was chair of mathematics by the
Scotland in the early modern period
Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period
American philosopher
17, 1960) was an American philosopher, known for his advocacy of common-sense realism and his notion of what he called the "categorial" primacy of certain
Everett_Hall
School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
philosophy curriculum at Harvard during this time was dominated by Scottish common sense realism and the empiricism of John Locke. At the same time, the college
Department of Philosophy (Harvard University)
Department_of_Philosophy_(Harvard_University)
7th President of Princeton (1751–1819)
and Arminianism. Smith was the first systematic expositor of Scottish Common Sense Realism in America. An empiricist in his anthropology and a Lamarckian
Samuel_Stanhope_Smith
Scottish minister and philosopher (1830–1897)
Calderwood FRSE LLD (10 May 1830, Peebles – 19 November 1897, Edinburgh) was a Scottish minister and philosopher. He was born in Peebles on 10 May 1830, the son
Henry_Calderwood
Branch of philosophy
defended. Thomas Reid, the eighteenth-century founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense, formulated the idea that sensation was composed of a set of
Philosophy_of_perception
Scottish philosopher (1718–1800)
composition, both in prose and verse" (15). As an adherer to Scottish common sense realism, Blair's theories are founded in the belief that the principles
Hugh_Blair
link between the ideas of Shaftesbury and the later school of Scottish Common Sense Realism, developing Utilitarianism and Consequentialist thinking. Colin
Education in early modern Scotland
Education_in_early_modern_Scotland
British philosopher and Catholic priest (1906–1964)
described Hawkins' The Criticism of Experience as a restatement of the Scottish common sense school. Causality and Implication (1937) Approach to Philosophy
D._J._B._Hawkins
Totality of existing entities
new Big Bang. Realism and anti-realism are families of views concerning the mind-independence of reality. In the broadest sense, realism is the view that
Reality
View on the purpose of philosophy
philosophical realism and anti-realism. Specifically, quietists deny that there is any substantial debate between the positions of realism and non-realism. There
Quietism_(philosophy)
has neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene with his book The Number Sense. Aristotelian realism holds that mathematics studies properties such as symmetry, continuity
Philosophy_of_mathematics
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
statements about what is. It was first articulated by the 18th-century Scottish philosopher David Hume, who saw a significant difference between descriptive
Is–ought_problem
Irish philosopher (1694–1746)
proposed early versions of common-sense realism and contributed to the development of the Scottish school of common sense. Hutcheson also developed an
Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)
Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)
English cultural theorist (1968–2017)
is all there is, and that anything else violates common sense itself. According to capitalist realism, capitalists maintain their power not only through
Mark_Fisher
Philosophy emphasizing names and labels
presents itself as a middle way between nominalism and realism, asserting that there is something in common among like individuals, but that it is a concept
Nominalism
Basic distinction in philosophy
relativism German idealism Intersubjectivity Journalistic objectivity Naïve realism Objectivity (science) Objectivism Omniscience Phenomenology (philosophy)
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
Philosophical study of being
there is no objectively right or wrong framework. In a more narrow sense, realism refers to the existence of certain types of entities. Realists about
Ontology
Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
field. In this sense, experience refers not to a conscious process but to the result of this process. The word "experience" shares a common Latin root with
Experience
Study of fundamental reality
of Idealism, § 6. Common Sense and Certainty Broadbent 2016, p. 145 Hylton 2007, p. 348 Oddie 2006, p. 170 Parent, § 2. Lewis' Realism Ahmed 2010, p. 3
Metaphysics
Philosophical idea that only one's own mind is certain to exist
solipsism, such as Caspar Hare's egocentric presentism (or perspectival realism), in which other people are conscious, but their experiences are simply
Solipsism
Object or event that exists independently of the senses
noumena) is knowledge posited as an object that exists independently of human sense. The term noumenon is generally used in contrast with, or in relation to
Noumenon
1995 single by Pulp
2019. The Story of... Common People – Pulp. BBC Three, broadcast 14 February 2006. McCombe, J. (2014). “Common People”: Realism, class difference, and
Common_People
Law created by judicial precedent
"Philosophy of law - Realism, Jurisprudence, Legal Theory", Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved 27 June 2026 Black's Law Dictionary – Common law (10th ed.).
Common_law
Systematic study of values
according to the other. Value realism contrasts with anti-realism, which comes in various forms. In its strongest version, anti-realism rejects the existence
Value_theory
despite its common characterization as "spooky action at a distance". Rather, it means that certain experiments cannot be explained by local realism. The slipperiness
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Philosophical theory attributed to Plato
Forms or Theory of Ideas, also known as Platonic idealism or Platonic realism, is a philosophical theory credited to the Classical Greek philosopher
Theory_of_forms
Philosophical study of beauty and art
philosophy that studies beauty, taste, and related phenomena. In a broad sense, it includes the philosophy of art, which examines the nature of art, artistic
Aesthetics
Approach to understanding the relationship between text and meaning
oppositions, because it is assumed they are structurally necessary to produce sense: the oppositions simply cannot be suspended once and for all, as the hierarchy
Deconstruction
Philosophical study of knowledge
experience. According to indirect realism, the connection is indirect, involving mental entities, like ideas or sense data, that mediate between the perceiver
Epistemology
determinist. Thomas Reid (1710–1796). Member of Scottish Enlightenment, founder of Scottish Common Sense philosophy. David Hume (1711–1776). Empiricist
Timeline of Western philosophers
Timeline_of_Western_philosophers
Idea that knowledge comes only/mainly from sensory experience
Form of empiricism in philosophy of science Empirical idealism Empirical realism Empirical relationship – Relationship inferred from observation Empirical
Empiricism
Empiricist philosophical theory
anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism
Positivism
Study of general and fundamental questions
philosophical knowledge. They include conceptual analysis, reliance on common sense and intuitions, use of thought experiments, analysis of ordinary language
Philosophy
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
called a performative turn. In Sense and Sensibilia (1962), Austin criticized sense-data theories. Samuel Alexander's realism influenced Australian philosophy
Analytic_philosophy
Philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge or certainty
it even rejects very plausible knowledge claims that belong to basic common sense. Philosophical skeptics are often classified into two general categories:
Philosophical_skepticism
Knowledge derived from familiarity
erroneous inferences for epistemic agent (as is very common in everyday life) then it doesn't make sense to think of acquaintance as a necessity for knowledge
Knowledge_by_acquaintance
Since the introduction of Scottish devolution in 1999, modern Scottish culture is somewhat associated with the re–convened Scottish Parliament which has full
Culture_of_Scotland
Positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good
foolhardiness and confidence between self-deprecation and conceit. In Aristotle's sense, a virtue is an excellence at being human. Aristotle also identifies the
Virtue
Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
system, while others identify more limited determinate systems. Another common debate topic is whether determinism and free will can coexist; compatibilism
Determinism
Philosophical terms
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 48: 492–510 Brink, David (1989) "Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics", New York: Cambridge University Press, Ch
Internalism_and_externalism
How one process influences another
an asymmetric relation between them. That is to say, it would make good sense grammatically to say either "A is the cause and B the effect" or "B is the
Causality
Philosophical principle
Columbia University Press. p. 19. Levi, Isaac (1984). Messianic vs Myopic Realism. The University of Chicago Press. Vol. 2. pp. 617–636. Aikin, Scott F.
Fallibilism
Philosophical tradition of the British people
author "The native characteristics of British philosophy are these: common sense, dislike of complication, a strong preference for the concrete over the
British_philosophy
Polish philosopher and mathematician (1884–1944)
of painting. The four types of realities were: popular reality (common-sense realism); physical reality (constructed by physics); phenomenal reality (sensory
Leon_Chwistek
Assumption that natural laws are constant through time and space
Ager has noted that "geologists do not deny uniformitarianism in its true sense, that is to say, of interpreting the past by means of the processes that
Uniformitarianism
Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
Hume's Scottish contemporary, Thomas Reid (1710–1796), challenged Hume's strict empiricism and argued that it is rational to accept "common-sense" beliefs
Skepticism
State of being real
and One Nights. According to anti-realism, fictional entities do not form part of reality in any substantive sense. Possibilists, by contrast, see fictional
Existence
Epistemological theory
substance." Tom Rockmore, On Foundationalism: A Strategy for Metaphysical Realism, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, p. 65. Frederick C. Beiser, German Idealism:
Foundationalism
School of thought of philosophy of law and jurisprudence
the view that positivism and realism are incompatible positions is probably largely due to Hart's critique of legal realism, but American legal realists
Legal_positivism
Conjectures explaining humor
must have a sense of humor and a sense of seriousness to distinguish what is supposed to be taken literally or not. An even more keen sense is needed when
Theories_of_humor
similarities to be constituted by a real commonality of form, he is more often considered a proponent of moderate realism. The Stoics made important contributions
Philosophy_of_language
Sufficient evidence/argument for truth
so, would one have certain knowledge, in Hume's sense, that the roommate did it. In a more strict sense of sure knowledge, one may be unable to prove anything
Proof_(truth)
American philosophy professor
Duncan Pritchard is a Scottish philosopher. He is the chancellor's professor of philosophy and the director of graduate studies at the University of California
Duncan_Pritchard
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
that it would not happen very soon was largely justified. David Hume, a Scottish thinker of the Enlightenment era, is the philosopher most often associated
Problem_of_induction
Epistemological view centered on reason
Philosophical realism Platonic realism Positivism Psychological nativism Rational choice theory Rational expectations Rational mysticism Rational realism Rationality
Rationalism
Cogito ergo sum Cognitive bias Cognitive closure Commensurability Common good Common sense Composition of causes Compossibility Conatus Concept Condition
List of philosophical concepts
List_of_philosophical_concepts
Overview of and topical guide to epistemology
concerned with knowledge. The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864). Epistemology asks questions
Outline_of_epistemology
Ancient Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence
psychological and educational contexts. Casuistry – Reasoning by extrapolation Common sense – Basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people
Phronesis
Literature of the Romantic Period
was preceded by the Restoration and the Enlightenment and succeeded by Realism. Some authors cite 16th-century poet Isabella di Morra as an early precursor
Romantic_literature
20th-century literary form and movement
the 1920s. The influence of his experiments with metafiction and magic realism was not fully realized in the Anglo-American world until the postmodern
Postmodern_literature
Current period in the history of Western philosophy
its idealism and purported obscurity, for example Moore's A Defence of Common Sense and Russell's critique of the Doctrine of internal relations, and began
Contemporary_philosophy
The study of the methodological principles of interpretation
approach is too relativist and that their own interpretations are based on common-sense evaluation. There are several traditions of architectural scholarship
Hermeneutics
Standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims
Naïve Realism is an insufficient criterion of truth. A host of natural phenomena are demonstrably true, but not observable by the unaided sense. For example
Criteria_of_truth
Philosophical view
posteriori knowledge Analysis Analytic–synthetic distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic
Infallibilism
Branch of philosophy relating to spatiality and temporality
arguments with the theories of egocentric presentism and perspectival realism, of which several other philosophers have written reviews. The positions
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
English author and Christian apologist (1874–1936)
Philosophy of Saint Thomas. Chesterton has been called "The Apostle of Common Sense". He was critical of the thinkers and popular philosophers of the day
G._K._Chesterton
Branch of philosophy
reasoning, knowledge, truth, morality and creativity are rapidly becoming common concerns and foci of investigation in computer science, e.g., in areas such
Philosophy_of_information
SCOTTISH COMMON-SENSE-REALISM
SCOTTISH COMMON-SENSE-REALISM
SCOTTISH COMMON-SENSE-REALISM
SCOTTISH COMMON-SENSE-REALISM
SCOTTISH COMMON-SENSE-REALISM
SCOTTISH COMMON-SENSE-REALISM
SCOTTISH COMMON-SENSE-REALISM
SCOTTISH COMMON-SENSE-REALISM
SCOTTISH COMMON-SENSE-REALISM