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American political scientist and historian (born 1932)
Robert Owen Paxton (born June 15, 1932) is an American political scientist and historian specializing in Vichy France, fascism, and Europe during the World
Robert_Paxton
American football player (born 1989)
Robert James Gronkowski (born May 14, 1989) is an American former professional football tight end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for
Rob_Gronkowski
American industrial entrepreneur (1911–1977)
Robert Paxton McCulloch (May 11, 1911 – February 25, 1977) was an American entrepreneur from Missouri, best known for McCulloch chainsaws and purchasing
Robert_P._McCulloch
English bowls player (born 1978)
Robert Paxton (born 11 June 1978) is an English international outdoor and indoor bowls player. He reached a career high ranking of world number 25 in
Robert_Paxton_(bowls)
American politician and lawyer (born 1962)
Warren Kenneth Paxton Jr. (born December 23, 1962) is an American politician and lawyer who has served as the attorney general of Texas since 2015. A member
Ken_Paxton
American supercharger manufacturer
their frequent use in performance-modified Ford Mustangs. Inventor Robert Paxton McCulloch began producing superchargers to his design in 1937 for the
Paxton_Automotive
World Indoor Bowls Championship
YouTube and Facebook channels. Having been runner-up in 2025, England's Robert Paxton went one better and won the open singles title, defeating Paul Foster
2026 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2026_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
American actor (1955–2017)
William Paxton (May 17, 1955 – February 25, 2017) was an American actor, filmmaker and musician. A versatile character actor known for his distinctive
Bill_Paxton
Far-right authoritarian political ideology
left-wing, liberal, or republican persuasion. For instance, according to Robert Paxton, "Marianne, symbol of the French Republic, was often portrayed in the
Fascism
American actress (born 1988)
Sara Paxton (born April 25, 1988) is an American actress and singer. She began acting at an early age, appearing in minor roles in both films and television
Sara_Paxton
International lawn bowl competition
Henselite. Retrieved 25 January 2025. "World Indoor Bowls: Nick Brett beats Robert Paxton for first title". BBC Sport. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2025
World Indoor Bowls Championships
World_Indoor_Bowls_Championships
Collaborationist regime in France (1940–1944)
Jews Archived 24 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Michael Robert Marrus, Robert O. Paxton (1995). Stanford University Press. pp. 367–368. ISBN 0-8047-2499-7
Vichy_France
Theories about the phenomenon of fascism
movement must meet to be considered fascist. Other scholars, such as Robert Paxton, have denied that fascism is an ideology at all, characterizing it instead
Definitions_of_fascism
American politician (born 1963)
Angela Suzanne Paxton (née Allen; born February 14, 1963) is an American politician from the state of Texas. A member of the Republican Party, she has
Angela_Paxton
World Indoor Bowls Championship
the open singles title for the first time, defeating 2020 champion Robert Paxton in the final. He became the first player to win the open singles, open
2025 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2025_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
Recurring figure skating competition
competitors 2007 Nottingham 2008 Sheffield 2009 Nottingham Erica Risseeuw Robert Paxton No other competitors 2010 Sheffield 2011 Sally Riding Jakub Safranek
British Figure Skating Championships
British_Figure_Skating_Championships
American subsidiary manufacturer of chainsaws
tools. The company was founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1943 by Robert Paxton McCulloch as a manufacturer of small two-stroke gasoline engines and
McCulloch_Motors_Corporation
Organizations that function like the government
The "parallel state" is a term coined by American historian Robert Paxton to describe a collection of organizations or institutions that are state-like
Parallel_state
Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968
Gerard Gallagher, Juan José Linz, António Costa Pinto, Roger Griffin, Robert Paxton and Howard J. Wiarda, prefer to consider the Portuguese Estado Novo
António_de_Oliveira_Salazar
Name list
Paxton is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include: Bill Paxton (1955–2017), American actor Brady Paxton (1947–2024), American
Paxton_(name)
English lawn bowler (born 1974)
Brett became the World Singles Champion for the first time beating Robert Paxton in a competitive final. Brett followed up his 2016 success by winning
Nick_Brett
Independent city in Virginia, United States
Alabama Robert Paxton, political scientist and historian. William N. Pendleton, Confederate general, longtime chief artilleryman for Robert E. Lee John
Lexington,_Virginia
Hitler against the Weimar government in 1923. Anatomy of Fascism author Robert Paxton, a political scientist and historian specializing in the study of fascism
Donald_Trump_and_fascism
Bowls event
– 13 April 2018 Competitors 24 from 24 nations Medalists Aaron Wilson Australia Ryan Bester Canada Robert Paxton England ← 2014 2022 →
Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles
Lawn_bowls_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_singles
Squash championship held in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk
final. Robert Paxton & Simon Skelton won their first Pairs title, stopping Alex Marshall & Paul Foster from winning a fourth title. Robert Paxton & Marion
2015 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2015_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
Former ruling party of Portugal (1932–1974)
authoritarian and not fascist.[citation needed] In his The Anatomy of Fascism, Robert Paxton express the same view, writing that Salazar's regime was "not only nonfascist
National_Union_(Portugal)
Shame, guilt and denial of actions by Vichy France
Robert Paxton donne une accablante leçon d'histoire[permanent dead link] (Robert Paxton gives a damning lesson of history) (in French) and Robert Paxton:
Vichy_syndrome
9–25 Bowls 2026 World Indoor Bowls Championship International Open: Robert Paxton Women: Katherine Rednall 9–5 February Cricket 2026 Women's Premier League
2026_in_sports
Ideological program of Vichy France
hated modernization, and supported the Church." The political scientist Robert Paxton wrote that genuinely fascist elements had only minor roles in the range
Révolution_nationale
Scottish lawn and indoor bowler (born 2003)
Championship mixed pairs title. In the first round the pair defeated Robert Paxton and Lucy Smith in straight sets before winning their semi-final match
Beth_Riva
2014 essay by Éric Zemmour
power instead. Zemmour specifically attacked the work of historian Robert Paxton, whose scholarship, he claims, instilled a sense of collective guilt
The_French_Suicide
Scottish lawn bowler (born 1996)
2025 World Indoor Bowls Championship, defeating Jason Greenslade and Robert Paxton in the final and then the following day he claimed the mixed pairs title
Jason_Banks_(bowls)
World Indoor Bowls Championship
Goodwin 8 4 5 Robert Paxton 11 9 4 Anderson 9 8 Philip Last 2 7 5 Paxton 10 8 2 12 Darren Burnett 3 13 0 Weir 3 11 0 Darren Weir 10 8 2 5 Paxton 5 1 13 Jamie
2024 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2024_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
German military police
Feldjägerkorps Geheime Feldpolizei Wehrmachtstreifendienst Marrus, Michael Robert; Paxton, Robert O. (1981). Vichy France and the Jews. Palo Alto, California: Stanford
Feldgendarmerie
Hostility towards French people
November 1997, Robert Paxton donne une accablante leçon d'histoire (Robert Paxton gives a damning lesson of history) (in French) and [1]Robert Paxton: History
Anti-French_sentiment
2024 American horror film
Screenplay. In Boulder, Colorado, two LDS Church missionaries—eager Sister Paxton, age 19 and self-assured Sister Barnes, age 20—arrive at the home of Mr
Heretic_(film)
2008 book by Jonah Goldberg
January 2010, the History News Network published essays by David Neiwert, Robert Paxton, Roger Griffin, Matthew Feldman, Chip Berlet and Michael Ledeen criticizing
Liberal_Fascism
English international bowls player (born 1991)
December 2016 he was part of the triples team with Andy Knapper and Robert Paxton who won the gold medal at the 2016 World Outdoor Bowls Championship
Jamie_Walker_(bowls)
2017 book by Mark Bray
different countries. Bray uses the definition of fascism provided by Robert Paxton. He defines antifa as "illiberal politics of social revolutionism applied
Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook
Antifa:_The_Anti-Fascist_Handbook
French admiral and political figure (1881–1942)
and when the opportunity came, did so promptly. American historian Robert Paxton on the contrary considers that a thesis "based on too many post-war
François_Darlan
English lawn bowler (born 1983)
Singles Championship, defeating Robert Paxton in a hard fought final. Dawes had been the player of the tournament and Paxton did well to take the final to
Mark_Dawes
Dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990
to make them conform to the model of palingenetic ultranationalism. Robert Paxton meanwhile compared Pinochet's regime to that of Mobutu Sese Seko in
Augusto_Pinochet
succeeded Robert Paxton who served as Assistant Secretary of the United States Senate from 2023 to 2025 in the 118th United States Congress. Robert Paxton succeeded
Assistant Secretary of the United States Senate
Assistant_Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate
Criticism of the fascist political ideology
during the apogee of fascist ideologies in Europe and beyond. Historian Robert Paxton wrote that fascism redrew the frontiers between private and public,
Criticism_of_fascism
to represent the state of Texas. Republican state attorney general Ken Paxton and Democratic state representative James Talarico are the nominees for
2026 United States Senate election in Texas
2026_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas
2018 American film
documentary: Interviews Dinesh D'Souza, conservative political commentator Robert Paxton, political scientist Allen C. Guelzo, Civil War historian Edwin Black
Death_of_a_Nation_(2018_film)
2024 United States Supreme Court case
Moody v. NetChoice, LLC and NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton, 603 U.S. 707 (2024), were United States Supreme Court cases related to protected speech under the
Moody_v._NetChoice,_LLC
Squash championship held in Hopton-on-Sea, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk
Pairs final Stewart Anderson and Julie Forrest defeated Robert Paxton and Carla Banks. + Paxton conceded "'Just' 2021 World Indoor Championships". World
2021 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2021_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
German-occupied France from 1940 to 1944
Stanley Hoffmann in 1974, and after him, other historians such as Robert Paxton and Jean-Pierre Azéma have used the term collaborationnistes to refer
German military administration in occupied France during World War II
German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II
Scottish lawn and indoor bowler (born 1999)
World Indoor Bowls Championship and reached the mixed pairs final with Robert Paxton before losing out to Stewart Anderson and Julie Forrest in the final
Carla_Banks
le bilan de la déportation des Juifs de France ? Marrus, Michael Robert; Paxton, Robert O. (1995) [1st pub. Basic Books (1981)]. Vichy France and the Jews
The_Holocaust_in_France
2025 United States Supreme Court case
Free Speech Coalition, Inc. v. Paxton, 606 U.S. 461 (2025), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case allowing states to require Internet pornography
Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
Free_Speech_Coalition_v._Paxton
2006 film by Elizabeth Allen
same name by Alice Hoffman. It stars Emma Roberts, Joanna "JoJo" Levesque in her film debut, and Sara Paxton as the eponymous character. The film was released
Aquamarine_(film)
French army officer and graphologist, key figure in the Dreyfus affair (1853–1916)
1898". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2016-09-24. Marrus, Michael Robert; Paxton, Robert O. (1995). Vichy France and the Jews. Stanford University Press
Armand_du_Paty_de_Clam
French politician (1883–1945)
amount of pertinent material.[discuss] Numerous scholars, including Robert Paxton and Geoffrey Warner, believe that Laval's trial demonstrated the inadequacies
Pierre_Laval
Canadian actor and producer (born 1988)
(2009) and Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster (2010), The Hunters as Paxton Flynn (2013), The DUFF as Wesley Rush (2015), The Babysitter as Max (2017)
Robbie_Amell
WW II French resistance group
Roberts, University of Toronto, p. 347-354 Jacques Cantier, L’Algérie sous le régime de Vichy, Odile Jacob, 2002 Michaël Marrus and Robert Paxton, Vichy
Géo_Gras_Group
Australia 2018 details Aaron Wilson Australia Ryan Bester Canada Robert Paxton England 2022 details Aaron Wilson Australia Gary Kelly Northern Ireland
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in lawn bowls
List_of_Commonwealth_Games_medallists_in_lawn_bowls
Singles details Australia Aaron Wilson Canada Ryan Bester England Robert Paxton Pairs details Wales Daniel Salmon Marc Wyatt Scotland Paul Foster
Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Lawn_bowls_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games
Yugoslav and Serbian politician (1941–2006)
scholars drawing parallels between the Milošević regime and fascism. Robert Paxton called the regime a "a functional equivalent" of fascism, "a de facto
Slobodan_Milošević
American developer of amusement parks (1920–1992)
McCulloch Motors Corporation, which had been a sponsor at Freedomland. Robert Paxton McCulloch had purchased Lake Havasu and other property in Arizona. McCulloch
C._V._Wood
2000 film by Martin Campbell
thriller film directed by Martin Campbell, written by Robert King, and starring Chris O'Donnell, Bill Paxton, Robin Tunney, and Scott Glenn. The film was released
Vertical_Limit
American domestic terrorist (1968–2001)
p. 370. ISBN 0393325563. Smith, Brent L., Damhousse, Kelly R. and Roberts, Paxton, Pre-Incident Indicators of Terrorist Incidents: The Identification
Timothy_McVeigh
American actress, singer and producer (born 1991)
as one of the lead actors. Also in 2006, Roberts returned to the big screen, starring alongside Sara Paxton and singer JoJo in Aquamarine. She won a 2007
Emma_Roberts
SS and Police leader in occupied France
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965174-0. Marrus, Michael Robert; Paxton, Robert O. (1995). Vichy France and the Jews. Stanford University Press
Carl_Oberg
British bowls player (born 1979)
her previous two victories. In 2019 she won the mixed pairs gold with Robert Paxton at the 2019 World Indoor Bowls Championship. At the 2021 World Indoor
Ellen_Falkner
American experimental dancer and choreographer (1939–2024)
Steven Douglas Paxton (January 21, 1939 – February 20, 2024) was an American experimental dancer and choreographer. His early background was in gymnastics
Steve_Paxton
American lawyer
Elisha Franklin Paxton (March 4, 1828 – May 3, 1863) was an American lawyer and soldier who served as a Confederate brigadier general during the American
Elisha_F._Paxton
Private community in Adair County, Oklahoma, US
2012. Retrieved May 9, 2023. Smith, Brent L.; Damphousse, Kelly R.; Roberts, Paxton (March 2006). "Pre-Incident Indicators of Terrorist Incidents: The
Elohim_City,_Oklahoma
The Paxton Phoenix was a rear-engine coupé prototype developed in 1953 by Robert P. McCulloch's Paxton Automotive of Los Angeles, California, a division
Paxton_Phoenix
French industrialist (1877–1944)
cooperating with the occupiers was to see the Germans take over his company". Robert Paxton suggested in his 1972 book, Vichy France: old guard and new order: 1940–1944
Louis_Renault_(industrialist)
French historian and political scientist
many debates aroused by his book, especially with American historian Robert Paxton, Sémelin wrote an abridged and revised version, published in 2018 and
Jacques_Sémelin
Squash championship held in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk
blue riband event (the Men's Singles) for the first time after beating Robert Paxton in a competitive final. In the Open Pairs Stewart Anderson and Darren
2016 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2016_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
Indoor Bowls Championship
Chestney 6 5 10 Robert Paxton 9 8 0 Jon Wilson 9 7 Jon Wilson 2 5 10 Robert Paxton 13 9 10 Robert Paxton 11 6 Noam Yehudai 5 5 10 Robert Paxton 7 10 15 Darren
2023 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2023_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
democracy. Historian Robert Paxton observes that one of the main problems in defining fascism is that it was widely mimicked. Paxton says: "In fascism's
History_of_fascism
Historic house in Scotland
Paxton House is a historic house at Paxton, Berwickshire, in the Scottish Borders, a few miles south-west of Berwick-upon-Tweed, overlooking the River
Paxton_House,_Berwickshire
2004 book by Robert O. Paxton
The Anatomy of Fascism is a 2004 book by Robert O. Paxton, published by Alfred A. Knopf. Paxton sought to establish a more concise definition of fascism
The_Anatomy_of_Fascism
Michael Lewis Sir Callum McCarthy HM Emperor Naruhito of Japan Martin Ney Robert Paxton Timothy Phillips Martha Piper Dame Jessica Rawson Sir Martin Read Lyndal
List of honorary fellows of Merton College, Oxford
List_of_honorary_fellows_of_Merton_College,_Oxford
Indoor Bowls Championship
Foster 8 9 Carla Banks Les Gillett 4 4 Merrien Foster 9 6 2 Rednall Paxton 6 7 0 Sophie Tolchard Nick Brett 2 1 Katherine Rednall Robert Paxton 12 9
2022 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2022_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
Squash championship held in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk
9 12 4 Paxton 6 2 4 Robert Paxton 8 12 Matt Whyers 6 2 4 Paxton 8 7 13 Greenslade 6 7 13 Jason Greenslade 2 10 2 Billy Jackson 8 5 1 4 Paxton 10 8 5 Thomson
2014 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2014_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
land surveys they were based on to reduce the taxes. The historian Robert Paxton said there were three elements to the rise of militant right wing Peasant
Comités_de_défense_paysanne
World War II battle
University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4253-1. Marrus, Michael Robert; Paxton, Robert O. (1981). Vichy France and the Jews. Palo Alto, California: Stanford
Battle_of_Saint-Malo
Squash championship held in Hopton-on-Sea, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk
the fourth time as a pair and the sixth and fifth time respectively. Robert Paxton and Ellen Falkner won the mixed pairs event. "World Indoor Bowls Schedule
2019 World Indoor Bowls Championship
2019_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship
Industry Association v. Paxton or simply CCIA v. Paxton and Students Engaged in Advancing Texas v. Paxton or simply SEAT v. Paxton are federal lawsuits challenging
Computer & Communications Industry Association v. Paxton
Computer_&_Communications_Industry_Association_v._Paxton
1994 film
biographical Western film written and directed by Robert Boris and starring Rob Lowe as Jesse James and Bill Paxton as Frank James. Based on the story of Jesse
Frank_and_Jesse
awards". BBC. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2015. "Bowls: Rob Paxton pockets award double in Norfolk". Western Morning News. 12 January 2011
World_Bowls_Tour_Awards
1996 American film
Second Chance Directed by Lyman Dayton Written by Lyman Dayton. Robert Paxton. Starring Richard Hatch Cylk Cozart George LePorte Nicholas Walker Arte
Second_Chance_(1996_film)
English gardener, architect and Member of Parliament
Sir Joseph Paxton (3 August 1803 – 8 June 1865) was an English gardener, architect, engineer and Liberal Member of Parliament. He is best known for designing
Joseph_Paxton
2008 film by Craig Mazin
directed by Craig Mazin, produced by Mazin, Robert K. Weiss and David Zucker, and starring Drake Bell, Sara Paxton, Christopher McDonald and Leslie Nielsen
Superhero_Movie
Form of government
among conservatives. Historian of the 20th-century fascist movement, Robert Paxton, observes that the provisions of the welfare state were enacted in the
Welfare_state
American actor (born 1968)
(1983) Tracey Walter (1984) Roddy McDowall (1985) Bill Paxton (1986) Richard Dawson (1987) Robert Loggia (1988) Thomas F. Wilson (1989/90) William Sadler
Josh_Brolin
General in French Army (1880–1941)
Generalfeldmarschall Walther von Brauchitsch, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Rudolf Hess. Robert Paxton refers to generals Gaston Billotte and Henri Giraud. Darlan famously
Charles_Huntziger
Japanese historiographical perspective
also denies the establishment of fascism in Japan. American historian Robert Paxton argues that with the absence of a mass revolutionary party and a rupture
Emperor-system_fascism
Organization created by the Vichy regime
Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02386-5. OCLC 1303386577. Marrus, Michael Robert; Paxton, Robert O. (1995). Vichy France and the Jews. Stanford, California: Stanford
Union générale des israélites de France
Union_générale_des_israélites_de_France
French publisher (1892–1950)
la "Pléiade", Paris: Seuil, 2021, ISBN 978-202-144950-1. Preface by Robert Paxton. "Quand Jacques Schiffrin prend sa revanche sur Gallimard, 71 ans après
Jacques_Schiffrin
Vigilante group in colonial Pennsylvania
The Paxton Boys, also known as the Paxtang Boys or the Paxton Rangers, were a mob of settlers that murdered 20 unarmed Conestoga in Lancaster County,
Paxton_Boys
Study of how historians portray Vichy France
then at least in thought. The major work of the American historian Robert Paxton (Columbia University, New York) (Vichy France, USA, 1972 and France
Historiography of Vichy France
Historiography_of_Vichy_France
American actor and filmmaker (born 1972)
and later cited Roger Michell as someone he learned from as a director. Robert Koehler of Variety described it as one of his "most thoroughly wrought"
Ben_Affleck
Bowls event
The men's triples gold medal went to Andrew Knapper, Jamie Walker and Robert Paxton of England. "2016 World Bowls Championship". Burnside Bowling Club.
2016 World Outdoor Bowls Championship – Men's triples
2016_World_Outdoor_Bowls_Championship_–_Men's_triples
French policeman, politician, and Axis collaborator (1910–2007)
René Rémond, Henri Amouroux and American historian Robert Paxton. The defence tried to exclude Paxton's testimony by claiming the international and national
Maurice_Papon
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