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The pupil function or aperture function describes how a light wave is affected upon transmission through an optical imaging system such as a camera, microscope
Pupil_function
Part of an eye
the size of the pupil. This is the pupillary light reflex, which is an important test of brainstem function. Furthermore, the pupil will dilate if a
Pupil
Characteristic of an optical system
the ideal, diffraction-limited, imaging system with a circular pupil. Its transfer function decreases approximately gradually with spatial frequency until
Optical_transfer_function
Autocorrelation functions realized in optics
complex. The optical transfer function T(w) of an optical system is given by the autocorrelation of its pupil function f(x,y): T ( w ) = ∫ w / 2 1 ∫ 0
Optical_autocorrelation
Series of tests assessing vision and pertaining to the eyes
fundoscopic examination through a dilated pupil. A minimal eye examination consists of tests for visual acuity, pupil function, and extraocular muscle motility
Eye_examination
up of the sclera, the iris, and the pupil, a black hole located at the center of the eye with the main function of allowing light to pass to the retina
Tadpole_pupil
Computational imaging technique in microscopy
Variants of these algorithms allow for simultaneous reconstruction of the pupil function of an optical system, allowing for the correction of the aberrations
Fourier_ptychography
Physiological response that varies the size of the pupil
of the pupil between 1.5 mm and 8 mm, via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve. A constriction response (miosis), is the narrowing of the pupil, which
Pupillary_response
Virtual aperture in an optical system
In optics, the exit pupil of an optical system is the image of the system's aperture stop created by the optics that follow it in the system. Only rays
Exit_pupil
Pupillary response
which are nowadays called nystagmus. It is particularly noticeable when pupil function is tested with a light, but is independent of eye movements or changes
Hippus
Excessive constriction of the pupil
constriction of the pupil. The opposite condition, mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. Anisocoria is the condition of one pupil being more dilated
Miosis
Proportion of observed intensity to ideal intensity, in astronomical imaging
computes the wave amplitude using the Fourier transform of the aberrated pupil function evaluated at 0,0 (center of the image plane) where the phase factors
Strehl_ratio
Pathological condition of the eye
in decreased function of the iris and pupil, affecting the physical eye and visualization. In the early history of China, double pupils were seen as a
Polycoria
Field of depth extension
This modulation corresponds to a change in complex argument of the pupil function of such an imaging device, and it can be engineered with different goals
Wavefront_coding
the lens, the MTF is the autocorrelation of the pupil function, so it accounts for the finite pupil extent and the lens aberrations. The sensor MTF is
Image_formation
Muscle in the eye which constricts the pupil
eye called the iris. It encircles the pupil of the iris, appropriate to its function as a constrictor of the pupil. The ciliary muscle, pupillary sphincter
Iris_sphincter_muscle
Colored part of an eye
controlling the diameter and size of the pupil, and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. In optical terms, the pupil is the eye's aperture, while the
Iris_(anatomy)
Unequal size of the eyes' pupils
lesions of the oculomotor nerve, pupillary function is usually spared, whereas in compressive lesions, the pupil is involved. Pharmacological agents with
Anisocoria
Sensory organ of vision
Fabrice; Ho, Arthur (2010). "The entrance pupil of the human eye: a three-dimensional model as a function of viewing angle". Optics Express. 18 (21):
Human_eye
pupillary function. These include the pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex. Although the pupillary response, in which the pupil dilates or
Pupillary_reflex
State of unconsciousness
patients in a coma, hospitals first test all comatose patients by observing pupil size and eye movement, through the vestibular–ocular reflex. (See Diagnosis
Coma
Inability to focus the eye due to ciliary muscle paralysis
cycloplegic drugs are used as a mydriatic to dilate the pupil, the pupil in the normal eye regains its function when the drugs are metabolized or carried away
Cycloplegia
Eye reflex which alters the pupil's size in response to light intensity
or photopupillary reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the retinal
Pupillary_light_reflex
The Stiles–Crawford Effect is quantified as a function of distance (d) away from the center of the pupil using the following equation: η ( d ) = amount
Stiles–Crawford_effect
Division of the nervous system supplying internal organs, smooth muscle and glands
a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, its force of contraction, digestion, respiratory
Autonomic_nervous_system
School where some or all people live on campus
and now extend across many countries. Their functioning, codes of conduct, and ethos vary greatly. Pupils in boarding schools study and live during the
Boarding_school
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
Depth-of-Focus vs. Pupil Fill. "Stochastic Pupil Fill in EUV Lithography". www.linkedin.com. Chen, Frederick (December 21, 2024). "Stochastic Pupil Fill in EUV
Extreme ultraviolet lithography
Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography
Drooping of the upper eyelid over the eye
ophthalmologist will check the patient's pupil for abnormalities. The doctor will also check muscle function. The ophthalmologist may also measure the
Ptosis_(eyelid)
the Consummation of the Papal Dominion 1822 Alfred (XXX) 1821 "Behold a pupil of the monkish gown," Ecclesiastical Sonnets. In Series Part I.--From the
List of poems by William Wordsworth
List_of_poems_by_William_Wordsworth
Transparent front layer of the eye
cornea is the transparent front part of the eye which covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Along with the anterior chamber and lens, the cornea
Cornea
Smooth muscle of the eye
The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially
Iris_dilator_muscle
Negative emotional state
outside world. Pupil size may be an indicator of sadness. A sad facial expression with small pupils is judged to be more intensely sad as the pupil size decreases
Sadness
Physiological and psychological changes in preparation for sexual intercourse
lubrication. In both sexes, pupil dilation is an involuntary physiological response to sexual arousal. However, the degree of pupil dilation varies with individuals
Sexual_arousal
Reflex action of the human eye
comprising coordinated changes in vergence, lens shape (accommodation) and pupil size. It is dependent on cranial nerve II (afferent limb of reflex), superior
Accommodation_reflex
Israeli physicist
Shechtman & W. E. Moerner (2017). "Measurement-based estimation of global pupil functions in 3D localization microscopy". Optics Express. 25 (7): 7945. arXiv:1705
Yoav_Shechtman
Pediatric ICU, now the Weill Cornell Medical Center; on day two, the eye pupils began to dilate, which can indicate brain swelling, and the intracranial
List_of_Equinox_episodes
Supranational political and economic union
symbol of European student life. There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and training, and for
European_Union
Group of eye diseases related to poor retinal and nerve perfusion
with corneal edema, engorged conjunctival vessels, and a fixed and dilated pupil on examination. Opaque specks may occur in the lens in glaucoma, known as
Glaucoma
Portable electroretinography device
developed by LKC Technologies for assessing retinal function. It enables ERG testing without pharmacologic pupil dilation and without corneal contact electrodes
RETeval
Inability to focus on distant objects
larger pupils than far-sighted (hypermetropic) and emmetropic individuals, likely due to requiring less accommodation (which results in pupil constriction)
Myopia
Measurement of pupil size and reactivity
Pupillometry, the measurement of pupil size and reactivity, is a key part of the clinical neurological exam for patients with a wide variety of neurological
Pupillometry
Black-box optimization algorithm
cost function and attempts to find an optimum of the underlying function. The DONE algorithm is suitable for optimizing costly and noisy functions and
DONE
Roman name of today's city of Mainz, Germany
Beginning with a Crescentius in the 1st century, who was regarded as a pupil of Paul of Tarsus, a varying number of bishops are named up to Sidonius [de]
Mogontiacum
Assessing Pupils' Progress (APP) has been developed for use in schools in England and Wales to enable them to apply Assessment for Learning (AfL) consistently
Assessing_Pupils'_Progress
Organic mental disorder caused by late-stage syphilis
psychoses and dementias by a characteristic abnormality in eye pupil reflexes (Argyll Robertson pupil), and, eventually, the development of muscular reflex abnormalities
General_paresis_of_the_insane
Brain and spinal cord
involved in such autonomic control of the body. Such functions may engage the heart, blood vessels, and pupils, among others. The brainstem also holds the reticular
Central_nervous_system
Twilight's friends with the fillies. Chrysalis decides to make Twilight her pupil instead of absorbing her magic, threatening to kill her friends if she does
List of My Little Pony comics issued by IDW Publishing
List_of_My_Little_Pony_comics_issued_by_IDW_Publishing
Multi-role prism sights created and manufactured by Raytheon ELCAN Optical Technologies
Field of view = 26 degrees at 1×, 6.5 degrees at 4× Entrance pupil diameter = 32 mm Exit pupil diameter = 8 mm Eye relief = 70 mm Specter DR 1.5–6× Length
ELCAN_Specter
Failure of the brain to process input from one eye
leading to the blurring of vision in the good eye. It also dilates the pupil. This helps to prevent the bullying and teasing associated with wearing
Amblyopia
Anglican church in Shropshire, England
academy in the manor house and it was recorded that he "preached to his pupils and some few neighbours but never was a publick minister." He was assisted
St Mary's Church, Sheriffhales
St_Mary's_Church,_Sheriffhales
Thermometer containing several glass vessels of varying density
Accademia del Cimento of Florence, who included Galileo's pupil, Torricelli and Torricelli's pupil Viviani. Details of the thermometer were published in the
Galileo_thermometer
Region of Italy
representatives include Duccio, whose work shows Byzantine influence; his pupil Simone Martini; Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti; Domenico and Taddeo di Bartolo;
Tuscany
2026 armed conflict in West Asia
America's Airpower Strategy". defencesecurityasia.com. 14 May 2026. "Five pupils reported killed in Iran, man injured in Israel as war starts". Premium Times
2026_Iran_war
Businessman and public official (born 1971)
fight over rations. In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow pupil, Musk was thrown down concrete steps and beaten severely, leading to him
Elon_Musk
Portrayal of sexual subject matter
McGivern, Mark; Cosic, Milica (1 December 2022). "Teacher quits after pupils find OnlyFans page she made to pay for sick son's care". Mirror.co.uk. Archived
Pornography
Condition in which a patient is aware but completely paralysed
vary their salivary pH with mental food imagery such as lemons or milk. Pupil dilation of a patient at bedside has also been used to signal responses
Locked-in_syndrome
Greek islands located in the Aegean Sea
rocks like Anafi or Donoussa, which numbers (2001) 120 inhabitants and six pupils in its primary school but 120 rooms for rent, two travel agencies and a
History_of_the_Cyclades
Drug used in narrow angle glaucoma
cholinergic drug that functions as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. It is used in ophthalmology as a miotic agent to constrict the pupil. Historically
Aceclidine
Secondary school in Ennis, Ireland
completed. The school had rapidly expanded since 1962, when there were some 370 pupils, 140 of whom were day boys, and only 37 teachers. By 2004, enrollment had
St_Flannan's_College
Class of mollusks
of image acuity on accommodation. The unusual off-axis slit and annular pupil shapes in cephalopods enhance this ability by acting as prisms which are
Cephalopod
2026 shooting by a US immigration agent
wounds: two in the chest, one in the forearm, and one in the head. Her pupils were dilated and blood was pouring from her ear. By 09:45:30 a.m., Good
Killing_of_Renée_Good
Country in North America
include Santiago Rebull [es], Félix Parra, Eugenio Landesio, and his noted pupil, the landscape artist José María Velasco. In the 20th century artists such
Mexico
Country in Central Europe
Poland. From 2024, Poland also provides mandatory firearms training for pupils in primary and secondary schools. Law enforcement in Poland is performed
Poland
1999 mass shooting in Colorado, U.S.
the fan cultures surrounding Harris and Klebold found that "Columbiners" function similar to other fandoms, engaging in fan art, fan fiction, and cosplay
Columbine High School massacre
Columbine_High_School_massacre
Chemical compound found in some species of mushrooms
positive impact on their sense of well-being. Common responses include pupil dilation (93%); changes in heart rate (100%), including increases (56%)
Psilocybin
Genus of Late Cretaceous theropod
5 cm (1.4 in). Based on eye proportions in living reptiles, this implies a pupil diameter of about 2.5 cm (0.98 in), an iris diameter about that of the scleral
Tyrannosaurus
Hormone and medication
increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on the SA node, pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha
Adrenaline
Pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye
the iris's control over the pupil. Many of these functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. The pupil provides a visible example
Uvea
Government system where political power lies with the people
scores is very weak (.07). A similarly weak relationship exists between per-pupil expenditures and math competency (.26). Additionally, historical evidence
Democracy
English musician (1943–2001)
as executive producer for 23 films with HandMade, including A Private Function (1984), Mona Lisa (1986), Shanghai Surprise (1986), Withnail and I (1987)
George_Harrison
Scientific field of study
correct approximately 2000 years after it was proposed by Leucippus and his pupil Democritus. During the classical period in Greece (6th, 5th and 4th centuries
Physics
German composer and pianist (1833–1897)
While in Düsseldorf, Brahms participated with Schumann and Schumann's pupil Albert Dietrich in writing a movement each of a violin sonata for Joachim
Johannes_Brahms
Capital of England and the United Kingdom
black or mixed-black descent. As of 2021, the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds, with only 23.9% White British. A
London
Science regarding functions in organisms or living systems
(phúsis) 'nature, origin' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a subdiscipline of biology, physiology
Physiology
Implanted lens in the eye allowing reasonable focus for a range of distances
simultaneously. The function of multifocal IOL depends on the pupil size for refractive types. The concept is based on the principle that the pupil tends to constrict
Multifocal_intraocular_lens
Real function with finite total variation
Vol'pert 1985) he, jointly with his pupil Sergei Ivanovich Hudjaev, explored extensively the properties of BV functions and their application. His chain
Bounded_variation
Brazilian land force from 1889 to 1930
capabilities both for war and for participation in society. The army's function was twofold: external defense and maintenance of internal order. These
Brazilian Army in the First Republic
Brazilian_Army_in_the_First_Republic
Literary genre Of German, Swiss or Austrian origin
to enjoy immense publishing success: Hans Dominik (1872-1945). A former pupil of Kurd Laßwitz, Hans Dominik pursued a career as an electrical engineer
German_science_fiction
German state from 1933 to 1945
drive cars, go to the cinema, visit the library, or own weapons, and Jewish pupils were removed from schools. The Jewish community was fined one billion marks
Nazi_Germany
Post independence mobilisation of Dalits in Bihar
another gang emerged from the Mahavir's house, and to save themselves, the "pupils of Singhwa" rushed towards Rohan Mahto's house and locked themselves in
Dalits_in_Bihar
Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye
or missing areas of vision.[citation needed] Slow recovery of visual function after exposure to bright light (photostress test)[citation needed] Visual
Macular_degeneration
Central nervous system stimulant
decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD, and improves function in several parts of the brain, such as the right
Amphetamine
Religion of the Jewish people
revealed to Moses at Sinai in oral form and handed down from teacher to pupil (the oral revelation is, in effect, coextensive with the Talmud itself)
Judaism
Country in West Asia
largest school group and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils. Most Arabs send their children to Arabic-language schools. Education is
Israel
Area of one's field of vision outside of the point of fixation
Fabrice; Ho, Arthur (2010). "The entrance pupil of the human eye: a three-dimensional model as a function of viewing angle". Optics Express. 18 (21):
Peripheral_vision
U.S. state
student enrollment figures. In 2016, California's K–12 public school per-pupil spending was ranked 22nd in the nation ($11,500 per student vs. $11,800
California
can be caused by the Sigma Fudō's actions, Wataru recognizes him as his pupil. Wanting to return Kouga's favor of rescuing him earlier, he joins the final
List_of_Garo_characters
director. 6 "A Teacher and a Pupil" Transliteration: "Aru Kyōshi to Seito" (Japanese: ある教師と生徒) 034. "Teacher and Pupil" (ある教師と生徒) 15 November 2004 (2004-11-15)
List_of_Black_Jack_episodes
Signal-processing operation
"removing the foot") is the modification of the shape of a mathematical function. The function may represent an electrical signal, an optical transmission, or
Apodization
tank as backrest; it upsets Day's stern teacher, who has just taught his pupils that "there's only one acceptable way to sit on the toilet" (sitting upright
List of Saturday Night Live commercial parodies
List_of_Saturday_Night_Live_commercial_parodies
unfulfilled commitment to expand free school meals to all primary school pupils. 5 September – The UK government sets out its plan to abolish hereditary
2024 in United Kingdom politics and government
2024_in_United_Kingdom_politics_and_government
1887 Albania: The first Albanian language elementary school open to female pupils. Costa Rica: Legal majority for married women. Costa Rica: Married women
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting) in the 19th century
Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)_in_the_19th_century
Psychophysiological response to rewarding auditory or visual stimuli
chills), sometimes along with piloerection (goose bumps) and mydriasis (pupil dilation). The sensation can occur as a mildly to moderately pleasurable
Frisson
Historical aspects of Heidelberg
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.[citation needed] Hermann Maas, a pupil and student in Heidelberg, among other places, and pastor at the Heiliggeistkirche
History_of_Heidelberg
generation of artists showed their works; François Gérard; Anne-Louis Girodet, a pupil of David, famous for his romantic paintings, particularly a 1797 painting
Paris_in_the_18th_century
Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates fight-or-flight responses
at least some regulation of functions as diverse as pupil diameter, gut motility, and urinary system output and function. It is perhaps best known for
Sympathetic_nervous_system
Esoteric beliefs in the Eastern world
lineages of direct transmission and initiation, involving a master and a pupil, going back at least to 1500-1000 B.C.. Elizabeth De Michelis considers
Eastern_esotericism
Tang (650–83). Later, the Manichaean bishop Mihr-Ohrmazd, who was Mōzak's pupil, also came to China, where he was granted an audience by empress Wu Zetian
Religion_in_China
Disputed Russian republic in eastern Ukraine
because schools in rebel-controlled areas teach only in Russian and forbid pupils to speak Ukrainian. In its May 2014 constitution, the DPR regime declared
Donetsk_People's_Republic
Queen of the United Kingdom since 2022
London home. Her classmates at Queen's Gate knew her as "Milla"; her fellow pupils included the singer Twinkle (Lynn Ripley), who described her as a girl of
Queen_Camilla
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
Boy/Male
Indian
Star, Pupil of eye, Protector
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Pupil of the Eye
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Fond Pupil
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Telugu
Durga; Pupil if the Eye
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
One Liked by Pupil
Boy/Male
Hindu
Star, Pupil of eye, Protector
Boy/Male
Muslim
Star, Pupil of eye, Protector
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
Durga; Pupil of the Eye
Boy/Male
Tamil
Star, Pupil of eye, Protector
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Telugu
Moon
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Garland
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Beautiful
Girl/Female
Tamil
Blue, Durga, Pupil if the eye
Girl/Female
Tamil
Blue, Durga, Pupil if the eye
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pupil of the eye
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu
Name of a Devoted Pupil
Boy/Male
Tamil
Upamanyu | உபமநà¯à®¯à¯
Name of a devoted pupil
Upamanyu | உபமநà¯à®¯à¯
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pupil of the eye
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
A Secret
Girl/Female
Hindu
Pupil of the eye
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
Girl/Female
Indian
Clever, Intelligent
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Mathali's Son
Female
Japanese
(霞) Japanese name KASUMI means "mist."
Boy/Male
Hindu
An ancient name
Boy/Male
Tamil
Stong
Girl/Female
Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Who Lives in One's Heart; The Second Note in Hindustani Classical Music; A Musical Sur
Boy/Male
Tamil
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Power
Boy/Male
Arabic
God's Help
Boy/Male
Muslim
One who prostrates to the merciful (Allah)
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
n.
A pupil who attends the same school as another.
n.
An instrument for measuring the size of the pupil of the pupil of the eye.
n.
A pupil; a student.
n.
The state of being a pupil.
n.
Pupil of the eye.
n.
A youth or scholar of either sex under the care of an instructor or tutor.
n.
As much as is taken up between the thumb and two first fingers.
a.
Causing dilatation of the pupil.
n.
A composition or essay required of a pupil.
n. fem.
A female pupil; especially, a graduate of a school or college.
a.
Very small; little; petty.
a.
Of or pertaining to the pupil of the eye.
n.
Long-continued contraction of the pupil of the eye.
n.
An obliteration of the pupil of the eye.
n.
A person under a guardian; a ward.
n.
A boy or a girl under the age of puberty, that is, under fourteen if a male, and under twelve if a female.
n.
One who crams; esp., one who prepares a pupil hastily for an examination, or a pupil who is thus prepared.
a.
Of or pertaining to a pupa, or the condition of a pupa.
n.
The aperture in the iris; the sight, apple, or black of the eye. See the Note under Eye, and Iris.
a.
Of or pertaining to a pupil or ward.