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Medieval method of selecting a pope
Papal appointment was a medieval method of selecting the Pope. Popes have always been selected by a council of Church fathers; however, Papal selection
Papal_appointment
Topics referred to by the same term
Warrant of appointment, an official document presented by the president of Ireland to persons upon appointment to certain offices Papal appointment, the oldest
Appointment
Type of decree by the Catholic pope
A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by the pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the leaden seal (bulla)
Papal_bull
Process appointing bishops in the Catholic Church
make the appointment. If he agrees, the papal act is communicated to the nuncio for him to obtain the consent of the individual to his appointment and to
Appointment of Catholic bishops
Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops
15th-century archbishop of Trier (1404–1479)
appointed John to fill the vacant Archbishopric at Trier, however, the appointment was disputed. John fathered numerous illegitimate children; it is written
John of Burgundy (bishop of Cambrai)
John_of_Burgundy_(bishop_of_Cambrai)
Selection of popes before 1059
popes' claims to temporal power solidified into the Papal States. The practice of papal appointment during this period would later result in the putative
Papal_selection_before_1059
Gathering convened to appoint the pope
Elective monarchy Index of Vatican City–related articles List of papal conclaves Papal appointment Politics of Vatican City Religious democracy Each of these
Conclave
Term in Catholic Canon law
notaries) in the papal court formed a regency council to govern during sede vacante periods. It was the obligation of the Camerarius (papal chamberlain),
Sede_vacante
Catholic appointments from 1198 to 1216
Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216) created 41 cardinals in ten consistories that he conducted throughout his pontificate. This included - in his first allocation
Cardinals created by Innocent III
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_III
Veto by monarchs in papal elections
cardinals nevertheless thought it outrageous. Investiture Controversy Papal appointment Papal deposing power Cardinal Odeschalchi was elected pope in 1676, taking
Jus_exclusivae
Catholic appointments from 1689 to 1690
Pope Alexander VIII (r. 1689–1691) created 14 cardinals in three consistories. Pietro Ottoboni Bandino Panciatici Giacomo Cantelmo Ferdinando d'Adda Toussaint
Cardinals created by Alexander VIII
Cardinals_created_by_Alexander_VIII
Catholic appointments from 1730 to 1739
Pope Clement XII (r. 1730–1740) created 35 cardinals in 15 consistories. Neri Maria Corsini Alessandro Aldobrandini Girolamo Grimaldi Bartolomeo Massei
Cardinals created by Clement XII
Cardinals_created_by_Clement_XII
Grand Inquisitor of Spain (1420–1498)
Suarez de Fuentelsaz (Bishop of Mondonedo). While officially, this papal appointment of assistants appeared to be due to Torquemada's "failing health"
Tomás_de_Torquemada
Catholic appointments from 1244 to 1251
Pope Innocent IV (r. 1243–1254) created fifteen cardinals in two consistories he held during his pontificate; this included his future successors Nicholas
Cardinals created by Innocent IV
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_IV
Catholic legislation
solemn form of legislation issued by the Pope. It is one of several types of papal bull that can be issued from the Vatican. This high-level document normally
Apostolic_constitution
Catholic appointments from 1922 to 1937
of Toledo, received his red hat from the King of Spain, and Locatelli, Papal Nuncio to Portugal, from the President of the Portuguese Republic. In the
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_XI
Catholic appointments from 1695 to 1700
Pope Innocent XII (r. 1691–1700) created 30 cardinals in four consistories. Innocent named twelve cardinals at his first consistory and reserved the names
Cardinals created by Innocent XII
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_XII
Catholic appointments in 1591
Pope Innocent IX (r. 1591) created two cardinals in one consistory on 18 December 1591: 1. Filippo Sega, bishop of Piacenza – cardinal-priest of S. Onofrio
Cardinals created by Innocent IX
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_IX
Latin phrase used by the Catholic Church
is meant to be kept secret. It is most often used when there is a papal appointment to the College of Cardinals without a public announcement; the pope
In_pectore
Catholic appointments from 1566 to 1570
Pope Pius V (r. 1566–1572) created 21 cardinals in three consistories. Michele Bonelli Diego de Espinosa Jérôme Souchier Gianpaolo Della Chiesa Antonio
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_V
Catholic appointments from 1605 to 1621
Pope Paul V (r. 1605–1621) created 60 cardinals in ten consistories. Scipione Borghese Ludovico de Torres Orazio Spinola Maffeo Barberini Giovanni Garzia
Cardinals_created_by_Paul_V
Catholic appointments from 1119 to 1123
Pope Callixtus II (r. 1119–24) created 35 cardinals in eight consistories held throughout his pontificate. This included one future successor (Lucius II)
Cardinals created by Callixtus II
Cardinals_created_by_Callixtus_II
Catholic appointments from 1467 to 1468
Pope Paul II (r. 1464–1471) created ten cardinals in two consistories. Thomas Bourchier, archbishop of Canterbury — cardinal-priest of S. Ciriaco (received
Cardinals_created_by_Paul_II
Declaration that a deceased person is an officially recognized saint
authorized list of that communion's recognized saints. Canonization is a papal declaration that the Catholic faithful may venerate a particular deceased
Canonization
Catholic appointments in 1118
Pope Gelasius II created only one cardinal in one consistory: Pietro Ruffino [fr], nephew of Paschal II – cardinal-deacon of San Adriano, then cardinal-priest
Cardinals created by Gelasius II
Cardinals_created_by_Gelasius_II
Catholic appointments from 1389 to 1402
Pope Boniface IX (r. 1389–1404) created 8 cardinals in two consistories held during his pontificate including his future successor Pope Innocent VII and
Cardinals created by Boniface IX
Cardinals_created_by_Boniface_IX
Catholic appointments from 1130 to 1142
Pope Innocent II (r. 1130–1143) created 76 cardinals in twelve consistories held throughout his pontificate. The pope created as cardinals his future successor
Cardinals created by Innocent II
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_II
Catholic appointments in 1405
cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria (1410), † 30 October 1417 Jean Gilles, papal legate in the ecclesiastical provinces of Cologne, Reims and Trier − cardinal-deacon
Cardinals created by Innocent VII
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_VII
Catholic appointments from 1188 to 1190
Pope Clement III (r. 1187–91) created 30 cardinals in three consistories held during his pontificate; this included the elevation of his future successor
Cardinals created by Clement III
Cardinals_created_by_Clement_III
Catholic appointments from 1775 to 1795
Pope Pius VI (r. 1775–1799) created 73 cardinals in 23 consistories. Leonardo Antonelli Bernardino de' Vecchi Giovanni Carlo Bandi Francesco Maria Banditi
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_VI
Catholic appointments from 1191 to 1195
Pope Celestine III (r. 1191–98) created eleven cardinals in six consistories. The exact dates for some of these consistories are not known. Niccolò Bobone
Cardinals created by Celestine III
Cardinals_created_by_Celestine_III
Catholic appointments from 1227 to 1239
Pope Gregory IX (r. 1227–1241) created sixteen cardinals in five consistories that he held throughout his pontificate. This included three future successors
Cardinals created by Gregory IX
Cardinals_created_by_Gregory_IX
Catholic appointments from 1555 to 1557
Pope Paul IV (r. 1555–1559) created 19 cardinals in four consistories. Carlo Carafa Juan Martínez Silíceo Gianbernardino Scotti Diomede Carafa Scipione
Cardinals_created_by_Paul_IV
Catholic appointments from 1758 to 1766
Pope Clement XIII (r. 1758–1769) created 52 cardinals in seven consistories. Carlo Rezzonico Antonio Marino Priuli François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis
Cardinals created by Clement XIII
Cardinals_created_by_Clement_XIII
Resignation of the pope of the Catholic Church
A papal renunciation (Latin: renuntiatio), also called a papal abdication, occurs when the current pope of the Catholic Church voluntarily resigns his
Papal_renunciation
Property of being from the same kinship as another person
the need for dispensations. In fourteenth century England, for example, papal dispensations for annulments due to consanguinity (and affinity) were relatively
Consanguinity
Catholic appointments from 1124 to 1129
Pope Honorius II (r. 1124–1130) created 27 cardinals in six consistories held throughout his pontificate. This included his successors Anastasius IV and
Cardinals created by Honorius II
Cardinals_created_by_Honorius_II
Catholic appointments from 1965 to 1977
them their titular assignments and deaconries on 29 June. The other three, papal nuncios to Italy (Grano), Portugal (Fürstenberg), and Spain (Riberi), followed
Cardinals_created_by_Paul_VI
Doctrinal document in Christian churches
first encyclical. For the modern Catholic Church, a papal encyclical is a specific category of papal document, a kind of pastoral letter concerning Catholic
Encyclical
Catholic appointments in 1255
Pope Alexander IV (r. 1254–61) created two cardinals in two consistories during his pontificate. There are sources that pinpoint this allocation as having
Cardinals created by Alexander IV
Cardinals_created_by_Alexander_IV
Catholic appointments from 1743 to 1756
Pope Benedict XIV (r. 1740–58) created 64 cardinals in seven consistories. John Theodore of Bavaria ((created in pectore, published on January 17, 1746)
Cardinals created by Benedict XIV
Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XIV
Catholic appointments in 1721
Pope Innocent XIII (r. 1721–1724) created three cardinals in two consistories: Bernardo Maria Conti, O.S.B.Cas., brother of the Pope – cardinal-priest
Cardinals created by Innocent XIII
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_XIII
Catholic appointments from 1829 to 1830
Maria in Trastevere, † 4 February 1832 Domenico de Simone, prefect of the Papal Household – cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria, † 9 November 1837
Cardinals created by Pius VIII
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_VIII
Catholic appointments in 1288
Pope Nicholas IV (r. 1288–1292) created six Cardinals in one consistory celebrated on May 16, 1288: Bernardo de Berardi (Berardus Calliensis), bishop of
Cardinals created by Nicholas IV
Cardinals_created_by_Nicholas_IV
Catholic appointments from 1366 to 1370
Pope Urban V (r. 1362–1370) created thirteen new cardinals in four consistories. Angelic de Grimoard, C.R.S.A., brother of the Pope, bishop of Avignon –
Cardinals_created_by_Urban_V
Catholic appointments from 1915 to 1921
also said he was appointing two more in pectore. All ten, joined by the papal diplomat Andreas Frühwirth, a native of Austria who was made a cardinal
Cardinals created by Benedict XV
Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XV
Catholic appointments from 1903 to 1914
Santos. He then created one cardinal in a secret consistory and named a papal legate to inform him and deliver his cardinal's insignia. On 26 April 1914
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_X
Catholic appointments from 1593 to 1604
Pope Clement VIII (r. 1592–1605) created 53 cardinals in six consistories. Lucio Sassi - Cardinal Priest Francisco de Toledo Herrera, S.J. - Cardinal Priest
Cardinals created by Clement VIII
Cardinals_created_by_Clement_VIII
Catholic appointments in 1273
Teobaldo de Ceccano, O.Cist., abbot of Fossanova Cardinal-priest 1275–1279, papal legate on several occasions There is no documentary proof of his promotion
Cardinals created by Gregory X
Cardinals_created_by_Gregory_X
Catholic appointments in 1153
Pope Anastasius IV (r. 1153–54) created three cardinals in one consistory held during his pontificate. Gregorio della Suburra Alberto Jacopo Salvador Miranda
Cardinals created by Anastasius IV
Cardinals_created_by_Anastasius_IV
Catholic appointments from 1419 to 1430
Pope Martin V (r. 1417–1431) created seventeen cardinals in four consistories held throughout his pontificate. He remade Baldassare Cossa - the reconciled
Cardinals_created_by_Martin_V
Catholic appointments from 1503 to 1511
Pope Julius II (r. 1503–1513) created 27 cardinals in 6 consistories. Clemente Grosso della Rovere Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere François Guillaume
Cardinals created by Julius II
Cardinals_created_by_Julius_II
Catholic appointments in 1408
Pope Gregory XII (r. 1406–1415) created 14 cardinals in 2 consistories he held during his pontificate; this included his future successor Pope Eugene IV
Cardinals created by Gregory XII
Cardinals_created_by_Gregory_XII
Catholic cardinals likely to become pope
of papal elections Papal appointment Papal primacy Papal conclave 2025 papal conclave 2013 papal conclave 2005 papal conclave Papal coronation Papal historian
Papabile
Catholic appointments in 1456
Pope Callixtus III (r. 1455–1458) created nine cardinals in two consistories. All nominations were made in pectore and published on 17 September 1456;
Cardinals created by Callixtus III
Cardinals_created_by_Callixtus_III
Catholic appointments from 1145 to 1152
cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome 1792), who did not subscribe any papal bulls, should be eliminated from the catalogs of cardinals, unless other
Cardinals created by Eugene III
Cardinals_created_by_Eugene_III
Catholic appointments from 1644 to 1654
Giorgio in Velabro (6 March 1656), † 23 January 1663 Domenico Cecchini, papal Datary (created in pectore, published on 6 March 1645) – cardinal-priest
Cardinals created by Innocent X
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_X
Catholic appointments from 1460 to 1462
Pope Pius II (r. 1458–1464) created thirteen new cardinals in three consistories: Angelo Capranica, bishop of Rieti – cardinal priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_II
Catholic appointments from 1342 to 1350
Pope Clement VI (r. 1342–1352) created 25 new cardinals in four consistories: Élie de Nabinal, O.F.M., patriarch of Jerusalem – cardinal-priest of S. Vitale
Cardinals created by Clement VI
Cardinals_created_by_Clement_VI
Catholic appointments in 1144
Lorenzo in Damaso, but no such cardinal appears among signatories of the papal bulls. Cardella mentions also cardinal-deacon Guy of S. Maria in Portico
Cardinals created by Lucius II
Cardinals_created_by_Lucius_II
Latin America. After accepting his election, he took the name Leo XIV. The papal election process proper began sixteen days after the 21 April 2025 death
2025_conclave
Catholic appointments from 1670 to 1675
Pope Clement X (r. 1670–1676) created 20 cardinals in six consistories. Federico Borromeo, iuniore Camillo Massimo Gasparo Carpegna Bernhard Gustave von
Cardinals created by Clement X
Cardinals_created_by_Clement_X
Catholic appointments from 1585 to 1589
Pope Sixtus V (r. 1585–1590) created 33 new cardinals in eight consistories: Alessandro Peretti di Montalto, grand-nephew of the Pope – cardinal-deacon
Cardinals_created_by_Sixtus_V
Catholic appointments from 1216 to 1225
Pope Honorius III (r. 1216–1227) created nine cardinals in six consistories held throughout his pontificate. Gil Torres Bertrando Savelli Niccolò Konrad
Cardinals created by Honorius III
Cardinals_created_by_Honorius_III
Catholic appointments from 1448 to 1449
Pope Nicholas V (r. 1447–1455) created eight new cardinals in three consistories, including the former Antipope Felix V (r. 1439–1449). He also confirmed
Cardinals created by Nicholas V
Cardinals_created_by_Nicholas_V
Catholic appointments from 1160 to 1180
Pope Alexander III (r. 1159–81) created 68 cardinals in fifteen consistories he held throughout his pontificate. This included the elevation of his two
Cardinals created by Alexander III
Cardinals_created_by_Alexander_III
Catholic appointments from 1681 to 1686
Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689) created forty three new cardinals in two consistories: Giambattista Spinola (seniore), governor of Rome – cardinal-priest
Cardinals created by Innocent XI
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_XI
Catholic appointments in 1281
Pope Martin IV (1281–1285) created seven new Cardinals in one consistory on 12 April 1281: Bernard de Languissel, archbishop of Arles – cardinal-bishop
Cardinals created by Martin IV
Cardinals_created_by_Martin_IV
Catholic appointments from 1846 to 1877
Pope Pius IX (1792-1878), surrounded by clerical members of the Papal Court.
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_IX
Administrative institutions of the Holy See
of Papal Liturgical Celebrations is also responsible for the Papal Sacristy and the Chapels of the Apostolic Palace. The current Master of Papal Liturgical
Roman_Curia
Catholic appointments in 1285
Pope Honorius IV (1285–1287) only created one new cardinal during his papacy. This was accomplished on 22 December 1285: Giovanni Boccamazza, archbishop
Cardinals created by Honorius IV
Cardinals_created_by_Honorius_IV
Catholic appointments from 1371 to 1375
Pope Gregory XI (r. 1370–1378) created 21 cardinals in two consistories held during his pontificate. Two of the cardinals that he named became antipopes
Cardinals created by Gregory XI
Cardinals_created_by_Gregory_XI
Catholic appointments from 1155 to 1159
when relations between the Papacy and the Empire were extremely tense. The Papal Consistory (consistorium, or assembly place) was a public court at which
Cardinals created by Adrian IV
Cardinals_created_by_Adrian_IV
Catholic appointments from 1378 to 1384
Pope Urban VI (r. 1378–1389) created 42 cardinals in four consistories held throughout his pontificate. In 1381 he named his future successor Pope Boniface
Cardinals_created_by_Urban_VI
Catholic appointments from 1958 to 1962
Portuguese president Américo Tomás. Elected as Pope Paul VI (1963–1978) Marella, papal nuncio to France, received his biretta in Paris from President Charles de
Cardinals created by John XXIII
Cardinals_created_by_John_XXIII
Catholic appointments from 1186 to 1187
Pope Urban III (r. 1185–1187) created five cardinals in two consistories held during his pontificate. Roberto Henry de Sully O.Cist. Ugo Geremei Gandolfo
Cardinals created by Urban III
Cardinals_created_by_Urban_III
Catholic appointments from 1303 to 1304
Pope Benedict XI (r. 1303–1304) created 2 cardinals in 2 consistories held during his pontificate. Both cardinals he appointed were Dominicans like the
Cardinals created by Benedict XI
Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XI
Catholic appointments from 1572 to 1584
Pope Gregory XIII (r. 1572–1585) created 34 cardinals in eight consistories. Filippo Boncompagni Filippo Guastavillani Andrew of Austria Albert of Austria
Cardinals created by Gregory XIII
Cardinals_created_by_Gregory_XIII
Catholic appointments in 1294
Pope Celestine V (r. 1294) created thirteen new cardinals in two consistories: Simon de Beaulieu, archbishop of Bourges – Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina
Cardinals created by Celestine V
Cardinals_created_by_Celestine_V
Ecclesiastical institutions created or approved by the Holy See
Pope Innocent III decreed that no regular orders could be founded without papal approval. The bishops, however, retained the right to form communities whose
Pontifical_right
Catholic appointments from 2006 to 2012
Twelve of the fifteen were under 80 years old and eligible to vote in a papal conclave. With these new cardinals, Benedict limited the number of cardinal
Cardinals created by Benedict XVI
Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XVI
Catholic appointments from 1305 to 1312
Pope Clement V (r. 1305–1314) created 24 cardinals in three consistories held during his pontificate. He also named his future successor Pope John XXII
Cardinals created by Clement V
Cardinals_created_by_Clement_V
Catholic appointments from 1621 to 1622
Pope Gregory XV (r. 1621–1623) created eleven cardinals in four consistories: Ludovico Ludovisi, nephew of the Pope – cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Traspontina
Cardinals created by Gregory XV
Cardinals_created_by_Gregory_XV
Catholic appointments from 1353 to 1361
1352–1362) created fifteen cardinals in three consistories. Andouin Aubert, papal nephew, bishop of Maguelonne — cardinal-priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo,
Cardinals created by Innocent VI
Cardinals_created_by_Innocent_VI
Catholic appointments from 1088 to 1099
Pope Urban II (r. 1088–1099) created 71 cardinals in ten consistories that he held throughout his pontificate. He elevated his two successors Gelasius
Cardinals_created_by_Urban_II
Catholic appointments from 1295 to 1302
Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303) created 15 new cardinals in five consistories: Benedetto Caetani, nephew of the Pope – cardinal-deacon of SS. Cosma e
Cardinals created by Boniface VIII
Cardinals_created_by_Boniface_VIII
Act of selling church offices and roles
selling of ministries. Anti-simony provisions in Church Council canons (and papal bulls) became common: the First Council of Nicaea (325), the Synod of Antioch
Simony
A person who holds an office
enlisted on behalf of the faithful execution of their official duties their appointment and job placement are dependent upon their technical qualifications their
Official
Catholic appointments from 1800 to 1823
Pope Pius VII (r. 1800–1823) created 99 cardinals in 19 consistories. 2 of them were future Popes something that was rare until Paul VI which created 3
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_VII
Catholic appointments from 1560 to 1565
a cardinal as part of campaign to present himself as the in pectore appointment. Federico Gonzaga, brother of the Duke of Mantua – cardinal-deacon of
Cardinals_created_by_Pius_IV
Catholic appointments from 1590 to 1591
Pope Gregory XIV (r. 1590–1591) created five new cardinals in two consistories: Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, nephew of the Pope – cardinal-priest of S. Cecilia
Cardinals created by Gregory XIV
Cardinals_created_by_Gregory_XIV
Catholic appointments from 1878 to 1903
announced Hassoun's name in the consistory. Burkle-Young, Francis A. (2000). Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878–1922. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72
Cardinals_created_by_Leo_XIII
Catholic appointments in 1278
Pope Nicholas III (r. 1277–1280) created nine cardinals in one consistory celebrated on 12 March 1278: Ordonho Alvares, Archbishop of Braga – named Cardinal-Bishop
Cardinals created by Nicholas III
Cardinals_created_by_Nicholas_III
Catholic doctoral-level terminal degree
Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI Historical Cum proxime Jus exclusivae Papal appointment Aeterni Patris Filius Romano
Doctor_of_Canon_Law
Catholic appointments from 1492 to 1503
cardinals in 9 consistories: Juan de Borja-Llanzol (Llançol) de Romani, papal nephew, archbishop of Monreale – cardinal-priest of S. Susanna, † 1 August
Cardinals created by Alexander VI
Cardinals_created_by_Alexander_VI
Catholic appointments from 1769 to 1773
Pope Clement XIV (r. 1769–1774) created 16 cardinals in twelve consistories. Paulo de Carvalho de Mendoça Mario Marefoschi João Cosme da Cunha Scipione
Cardinals created by Clement XIV
Cardinals_created_by_Clement_XIV
Catholic appointments from 1099 to 1117
Klewitz, p. 128 no. 31; Brixius, p. 36 no. 26. His first subscription of the papal bulls took place on 25 February 1114 (Jaffé, p. 478) Miranda, Salvador.
Cardinals created by Paschal II
Cardinals_created_by_Paschal_II
Catholic appointments in 1338
Pope Benedict XII (r. 1334–1342) created six new cardinals in one consistory celebrated on 18 December 1338: Gozzio Battaglia, patriarch of Constantinople
Cardinals created by Benedict XII
Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XII
Catholic appointments from 1316 to 1334
Pope John XXII (r. 1316–1334) created 28 new cardinals in six consistories: Bernard de Castanet, bishop of Le Puy – cardinal-bishop of Porto e S. Rufina
Cardinals created by John XXII
Cardinals_created_by_John_XXII
Dogma that the Pope has supreme power over the whole Church
Papal supremacy is the dogma of the Catholic Church that the pope has full, supreme, immediate and universal power and authority over the whole church
Papal_supremacy
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