Search references for MOLALA LANGUAGE. Phrases containing MOLALA LANGUAGE
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Extinct language of US Pacific Northwest
Molala is an extinct language once spoken by the Molala people of Oregon. Currently it is included among the Plateau Penutian language family, with Klamath
Molala_language
Native American tribe in present-day Oregon, US
The Molala are a Native American people of Oregon that originally resided in the Western Cascades. There are few recorded sources about the Molala, the
Molala
Extinct Native American language formerly spoken in Oregon
his Waiilatpuan language family, Hale put Cayuse and the Molala language as the sole members. In 1910 or 1911, Stephens Savage, a Molala speaker, had told
Cayuse_language
Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people
[dʒalaˈɡî ɡawónihisˈdî]), is an endangered-to-moribund Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people. Ethnologue states that there were 1
Cherokee_language
Sign language predominantly in the US
American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone
American_Sign_Language
commonly used language in the United States is English (specifically American English), which is the national language and de facto official language. While
Languages of the United States
Languages_of_the_United_States
Southern Athabaskan language
[nɑ̀ːpèːhópìz̥ɑ̀ːt]) is a Southern Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, through which it is related to languages spoken across the western areas of North
Navajo_language
The indigenous languages of the Americas are the languages that were used by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, before the arrival of Europeans.
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas
Proposed language family
Wesley Powell in 1894) which would consist of Klamath–Modoc, Molala, and the Sahaptian languages (Nez Percé and Sahaptin). The name Penutian is based on the
Penutian_languages
Subgroup within the hypothetical Penutian language family
hypothesized to consist of four languages: Plateau Penutian Klamath † (a.k.a. Klamath-Modoc, Lutuami, Lutuamian) Molala † Sahaptian Nez Percé Sahaptin
Plateau_Penutian_languages
Austronesian language of Guam and the Mariana Islands
Chamorro is an Austronesian language spoken by about 58,000 people, numbering about 25,800 on Guam and about 32,200 in the Northern Mariana Islands and
Chamorro_language
Algonquian language
The Massachusett language is an Algonquian language of the Algic language family that was formerly spoken by several peoples of eastern coastal and southeastern
Massachusett_language
extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
Endangered language of the Plains peoples
Sign Language (PISL), also known as Hand Talk, Plains Sign Talk, Plains Sign Language, or First Nation Sign Language, is an endangered sign language common
Plains_Indian_Sign_Language
Regional culture in North America
closely related to the Molala language. Even before relocation onto reservations, many Cayuse had adopted the Nez Perce language. Traditional Plateau cuisine
Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau
Molala Kate Chantal (pronounced mow·laa·luh; c. 1844 – September 17, 1938) was one of the last speakers of the Molala language, and was known for her ability
Molala_Kate_Chantal
Creole language of southern US
called Gullah-English, Sea Island Creole English, and Geechee) is a creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called "Geechees" within the community)
Gullah_language
Algonquian language spoken in North America
Siksiká (/ˈsɪksəkə/ SIK-sə-kə; Blackfoot: [sɪksiká], ᓱᖽᐧᖿ), is an Algonquian language spoken by the Blackfoot or Niitsitapi people, who currently live in the
Blackfoot_language
Geographic areas of indigenous languages
and Molala) quinary-decimal numerical system (Haruo Aoki 1975) The Northern California linguistic area consists of many Hokan languages. Languages include
Linguistic areas of the Americas
Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas
Data set published by the United States Census Bureau on languages in the United States
Language Spoken at Home is a data set published by the United States Census Bureau on languages in the United States. It is based on a three-part language
Language_Spoken_at_Home
Endangered Uto-Aztecan language of California
Ivilyuat (Ɂívil̃uɂat or Ivil̃uɂat [ʔivɪʎʊʔat]), is an endangered Uto-Aztecan language, spoken by the various tribes of the Cahuilla Nation, living in the Coachella
Cahuilla_language
Inuit varieties spoken in Alaska and the Northwest Territories
ih-NOO-pee-at), Iñupiatun or Alaskan Inuit, is an Inuit language, or perhaps group of languages, spoken by the Iñupiat people in northern and northwestern
Iñupiaq_language
Nearly extinct Algonquian language
Western Abenaki is a nearly extinct Algonquian language spoken by the Abenaki people in New Hampshire, Vermont, north-western Massachusetts, and southern
Western_Abenaki_language
Extinct Algonquian language
Eastern Abenaki is an extinct Algonquian language formerly spoken by the Abenaki people. They were spoken by several peoples, including the Penobscot of
Eastern_Abenaki_language
Branch of the Eskaleut language family
The Inuit languages are a closely related group of indigenous North American languages traditionally spoken across the North American Arctic and the adjacent
Inuit_languages
German language at home. It is the second most spoken language in North Dakota (1.39% of its population) and is the third most spoken language in 16 other
German language in the United States
German_language_in_the_United_States
Ethnic group
Bands, speaking 10 distinct languages: Alsea/Yaquina, chinuk wawa (also known as Chinook Jargon), Coos, Kalapuya, Molala, Shasta, Siuslaw/Lower Umpqua
Siletz
Polynesian language
Sāmoa or Gagana Sāmoa, pronounced [ŋaˈŋana ˈfaʔa ˈsaːmʊa]) is a Polynesian language spoken by Samoans of the Samoan Islands. Administratively, the islands
Samoan_language
Pidgin trade language from the Pacific Northwest
Wawa, also known simply as Chinook or Jargon) is a language originating as a pidgin trade language in the Pacific Northwest. It spread during the 19th
Chinook_Jargon
French language is spoken as a minority language in the United States. Roughly 1.18 million Americans over the age of five reported speaking the language at
French language in the United States
French_language_in_the_United_States
Topics referred to by the same term
tribe who traditionally lived near the Molalla River Molala language, the language spoken by the Molala people Molalla River, a river in Clackamas County
Molalla
Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United States, after English. Approximately 45 million people aged five or older speak Spanish at home
Spanish language in the United States
Spanish_language_in_the_United_States
Variety of English language
the English language native to the United States. English is the most widely spoken language in the U.S., as well as the common language used in government
American_English
Extinct sign language of Massachusetts
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) was a village sign language that was once widely used on the island of Martha's Vineyard, United States, from the
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language
Thermal springs in Oregon
Native groups in the area include the Southern Molalla who spoke the Molala language, who lived in the area near the headwaters of the South Umpqua River
Umpqua_Hot_Springs
Salishan language or dialect continuum of North America
Sound Salish, or Skagit-Nisqually, is a Central Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the dialect continuum
Lushootseed
Indigenous sign language isolate
Inuit Sign Language (IUR; Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ, romanized: Inuit Uukturausingit) is one of the Inuit languages and the indigenous sign language of Inuit
Inuit_Sign_Language
Eskimo–Aleut language
The Alutiiq language (also called Sugpiak, Sugpiaq, Sugcestun, Suk, Supik, Pacific Gulf Yupik, Gulf Yupik, Koniag-Chugach) is a close relative to the Central
Alutiiq_language
native languages subsided until the age of reformation occurred. As stated by Michael E. Krauss, from the years 1960–1970, "Alaska Native Languages" went
Alaska_Native_languages
Language spoken by the Lenape people
Unami (Unami: Wënami èlixsuwakàn) is an Algonquian language initially spoken by the Lenape people in the late 17th century and the early 18th century,
Unami_language
Indigenous sign language used in Hawaii
Hawaiʻi Sign Language or Hawaiian Sign Language (HSL; Hawaiian: ʻŌlelo Kuhi Lima Hawaiʻi), also known as, Old Hawaiʻi Sign Language and Hawaiʻi Pidgin
Hawaiʻi_Sign_Language
Mandarin and Cantonese among other varieties, is the third most-spoken language in the United States, and is mostly spoken within Chinese-American populations
Chinese language in the United States
Chinese_language_in_the_United_States
Native American storyteller from Oregon c. 1865–1930
1865–1930), was a Clackamas Chinook storyteller from Oregon, USA. She was a Molala, Clackamas, and Tualatin citizen of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand
Victoria_Howard
Native American tribe
isolation" from outside cultures. North of their tribal territory lived the Molala (Kuikni maklaks), in the northeast and east in the desert-like plains were
Klamath_people
Salishan language
the Island dialect, and hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ in the Downriver dialect) is a language of various First Nations peoples of the British Columbia Coast. It is spoken
Halkomelem
Indigenous people of present-day Oregon
even without a reservation, the people remained in their homelands. The Molala were living along the Deschutes River. They later moved to the headwaters
Umpqua_people
Austronesian language of the Northern Mariana Islands
an Austronesian language originating in the Caroline Islands, but spoken in the Northern Mariana Islands. It is an official language (alongside English)
Carolinian_language
Languages Families Algonquian languages Athabaskan languages Catawban languages Eskimoan languages Iroquoian languages (Northern) Iroquoian languages
Classification of the Indigenous languages of the Americas
Classification_of_the_Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas
Native American tribe from Oregon and Washington, US
Blue Mountains. The Cayuse called themselves the Liksiyu in the Cayuse language. Originally located in present-day northeastern Oregon and southeastern
Cayuse_people
Hybrid language of Spanish and English
"Spanish" and "English") is any language variety (such as a contact dialect, hybrid language, pidgin, or creole language) that results from conversationally
Spanglish
Language family
extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages. The Kalapuya language is
Kalapuyan_languages
Dialect of American Sign Language
Black American Sign Language (BASL) or Black Sign Variation (BSV) is a dialect of American Sign Language (ASL) used most commonly by deaf Black Americans
Black_American_Sign_Language
spoken language, behind English and Spanish. To maintain the language for later generations, Vietnamese speakers have established many language centers
Vietnamese language in the United States
Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States
Indian tribe of Washington, Oregon, and California, United States
Umpqua, Coos, the Plateau Penutian languages Molala and Klickitat, and several related Oregon Athabaskan languages. The confederation takes its name from the
Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
Confederated_Tribes_of_Siletz_Indians
An important part of Italian American identity, the Italian language has been widely spoken in the United States of America for more than one hundred years
Italian language in the United States
Italian_language_in_the_United_States
Native American tribe
Oregon of the Salish linguistic group. The name "Tillamook" is a Chinook language term meaning "people of [the village] Nekelim (or Nehalem)", sometimes
Tillamook_people
Extinct Native American language formerly spoken in Oregon
Northern Kalapuyan is an extinct Kalapuyan language indigenous to northwestern Oregon in the United States. It was spoken by Kalapuya groups in the northern
Northern_Kalapuya_language
Western Muskogean language
Houma (Houma: uma) is a Western Muskogean language that was spoken in the Central and Lower Mississippi Valley by the Indigenous Houma people. There are
Houma_language
Indigenous people of the United States
of the Pacific Northwest in the United States who speak the Chinookan languages. Since at least 11,500 BCE, Chinookan peoples and their ancestors have
Chinookan_peoples
Ethnic group
Xwálxwaypam or L'ataxat. Other names for the Klickitat include: Awi-adshi, Molala name Lûk'-a-tatt, Puyallup name Máhane, Umpqua name Mǐ-Çlauq'-tcu-wûn'-ti
Klickitat_people
Southernmost dialect of the Lushootseed language
Puyallup Tribal Language Program. A 1999 video, Muckleshoot: a People and Their Language profiles the Muckleshoot Whulshootseed Language Preservation Project
Southern_Lushootseed
Extinct Native American language formerly spoken in Oregon
Central Kalapuyan was a Kalapuyan language indigenous to the central and southern Willamette Valley in Oregon in the United States. It was spoken by various
Central_Kalapuya_language
Arabic language is a minority language in the United States. In the 2020 American Community Survey, 1.39 million people reported speaking the language at
Arabic language in the United States
Arabic_language_in_the_United_States
Extinct Muskogean language of Florida, US
Apalachee was a Muskogean language of Florida. It was closely related to Koasati and Alabama. Apalachee was found to belong to the same branch of the Muskogean
Apalachee_language
official language of Illinois is English. Nearly 80% of the population speak English natively, and most others speak it fluently as a second language. The
Languages_of_Illinois
English-based pidgin of the USA
and is therefore considered to be a true pidgin. A pidgin language is made up of two languages sometimes spoken by only one group. However, because AIPE
Native American Pidgin English
Native_American_Pidgin_English
Russian language is among the top fifteen most spoken languages in the United States, and is one of the most spoken Slavic and European languages in the
Russian language in the United States
Russian_language_in_the_United_States
Series by the Smithsonian Institution
Theodore Stern. Pages 395-419. Nez Perce. Deward E. Walker, Jr. Pages 420-438. Molala. Henry B. Zenk & Bruce Rigsby. Pages 439-445. Klamath and Modoc. Theodore
Handbook of North American Indians
Handbook_of_North_American_Indians
American language speakers in the United States. There are twelve Native American languages spoken in Arizona, in addition to three other languages that are
Indigenous languages of Arizona
Indigenous_languages_of_Arizona
The Nahuatl language in the United States is spoken primarily by Mexican immigrants from Indigenous communities and Chicanos who study and speak Nahuatl
Nahuatl language in the United States
Nahuatl_language_in_the_United_States
Dialect of North Straits Salish
referred to as a language, but it is mutually intelligible with the other dialects of North Straits Salish. Samish is a Coast Salish language and is closely
Samish_dialect
Extinct Native American language formerly spoken in Oregon
Yoncalla (also Southern Kalapuya or Yonkalla) is an extinct Kalapuyan language once spoken in southwest Oregon in the United States.[page needed] In the
Yoncalla_language
Language of the Saanich people of North America
related to the Klallam language. "The W̱SÁNEĆ School Board, together with the FirstVoices program for revitalizing Aboriginal languages, is working to teach
Saanich_dialect
Variant of American English native to the Appalachian mountain region
Reid (September 1990). "Appalachian English stereotypes: Language attitudes in Kentucky*". Language in Society. 19 (3): 331–348. doi:10.1017/S0047404500014548
Appalachian_English
Extinct Chimakuan language
CHEM-ək-um; also written as Chimakum or Chimacum) is an extinct Chimakuan language once spoken by the Chemakum, a Native American group that once lived on
Chemakum_language
total 243 languages. Indigenous languages European language dialects Pidgin languages Indigenous languages Indigenous languages European language dialects
List of extinct languages of North America
List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America
Wakashan language
Makah is a Wakashan language spoken by the Makah. Makah has not been spoken as a first language since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died.
Makah_language
Extinct and unclassified language
Amotomanco is an extinct and poorly attested language of southern Texas and northern Mexico. Only 4 words are known. Four words are known of Amotomanco
Amotomanco_language
Language
Etchemin was a language of the Algonquian language family, spoken in early colonial times on the coast of Maine. The word Etchemin is thought to be either
Etchemin_language
Dialect of Spanish
during the late 18th century. It has been greatly influenced by adjacent language communities as well as immigration from peninsular Spain and other Spanish-speaking
Isleño_Spanish
Federally recognized Indian tribe in Oregon, United States
Chemapho, Champinefu, Luckiamute, Chafan Molalla (Santiam Forks Band, Northern Molala, Mountain Band, Crooked Finger Band) Rogue River (Historically an erroneous
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Grand_Ronde_Community_of_Oregon
Native American tribe
"Calapuya," "Calapooya," "Kalapooia," and "Kalapooya." In the Chinuk Wawa language program at Grand Ronde, operated by the CTGR Education Department, the
Kalapuya
Indigenous sign language isolate
Oneida Sign Language (OSL) is a revived language with roots in Hand Talk mixed with American Sign Language and the oral Oneida language. Alongside Elder
Oneida_Sign_Language
Tribe of Native Americans of the Tualatin Valley, Oregon
speak the Tualatin-Yamhill (Northern Kalapuya) language, which is one of the three Kalapuyan languages. Atfalati people ranged around the valley, engaged
Atfalati
Extinct language of South Carolina
Cusabo language is the extinct language of the Cusabo people and is barely recorded. It does not appear to be related to any other known language families
Cusabo_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Salishan languages
Salishan languages. The first scholar to suggest a homeland for Proto-Salish was Franz Boas in the 19th century. Boas suggested that the Salishan languages originated
Proto-Salish_language
Deaf sign language used in the US
Language was a village sign language of the 19th-century Sandy River Valley in Maine. Together with the more famous Martha's Vineyard Sign Language and
Sandy River Valley Sign Language
Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language
Extinct sign language of Henniker, New Hampshire, US
Henniker Sign Language was a village sign language of 19th-century Henniker, New Hampshire and surrounding villages in the US. It was one of the three
Henniker_Sign_Language
Unclassified Indigenous language of the Americas
The Sewee language is a poorly attested and unclassified language once spoken by the Sewee, a historical Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands
Sewee_language
Cant language that originated during the early 20th century in the United States
vocabulary of Spanish words that to this day are not found in popular Spanish language dictionaries. He was born into a poor, migrant farm working family in a
Caló_(Chicano)
Varieties of English spoken in the Southern United States
they also used English as a bridge language to communicate with each other in the absence of another common language. There were also some African Americans
Southern_American_English
Hypothetical Native American language family
Oregon Penutian is a hypothetical language family in the Penutian language phylum comprising languages spoken at one time by several groups of Native Americans
Oregon_Penutian_languages
City in Oregon, United States
present. In historical times, the region was dominated by the Kalapuya and Molala peoples, whose seasonal burns of the area made it plow-ready and attractive
Silverton,_Oregon
Native American people in Oregon, U.S.
their villages were sited along the Rogue River. They spoke the Takelma language, which is a linguistic isolate. The name Takelma means "(Those) Along the
Takelma
Extinct indigenous sign language of the Pacific Northwest
Plateau Sign Language, or Old Plateau Sign Language, is a poorly attested, extinct sign language historically used across the Columbian Plateau. The Crow
Plateau_Sign_Language
Historical waterfall on the Columbia River in Washington (state), United States
falling water" or "sound of water upon the rocks," in several native languages) was a tribal fishing area on the Columbia River, just east of the Cascade
Celilo_Falls
Proposed language family of North America
The Coast Oregon Penutian languages are a proposed family of three small languages or language clusters on the Oregon Coast that has moderate support.
Coast Oregon Penutian languages
Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages
Ethnic group from western Oregon, U.S.
Siuslaw people are all one tribe, and speak the same language. Today however, the Yakonan language branch is divided into Alsean and Siuslawan. The Alsean
Alsea
Language used by DeafBlind people
Protactile is a language used by deafblind people using tactile channels. Unlike other sign languages, which are heavily reliant on visual information
Protactile
Local accent of English spoken in Boston
Biography of the English Language. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-15-501645-3. Labov, William (2010). The Politics of Language Change: Dialect Divergence
Boston_accent
MOLALA LANGUAGE
MOLALA LANGUAGE
Male
English
Variant spelling of English unisex Mahalah, MAHALA means "disease."Â
Female
Hindi/Indian
(मोहना) Feminine form of Hindi Mohan, MOHANA means "attractive, bewitching."
Female
Native American
Native American Miwok name POSALA means "farewell to spring flowers."
Girl/Female
Hindu
Cloud, Sickness
Female
Italian
Feminine form of Czech Milan, a short form of Slavic names containing the element mil, MILANA means "favor, grace." Compare with Milada. This name was adopted by the Italians in the early 1900s, and eventually came to be used as a contracted form of MarÃa Elena.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Virgin Mary.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Myrtle
Female
Native American
Native American Miwok name MALILA means "fast salmon swimming up a rippling stream."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Beautiful; Courageous
Girl/Female
Hindu
Female
Hawaiian
Hawaiian name MALANA means "buoyant; light."Â
Girl/Female
Hindu
Tree that grows from root
Female
Hawaiian
Hawaiian name IOLANA means "to soar."
Girl/Female
Indian
Brave
Female
Slovene
Czech and Slovene form of English Yolanda, JOLANA means "violet flower."
Female
Hawaiian
Hawaiian name MAKALA means "myrtle."
Female
Slavic
Slavic name MORANA means "death." In mythology, this is the name of a goddess of death and winter.
Female
Spanish
Perhaps a pet form of Portuguese/Spanish Eulália, OLALLA means "well-spoken."
Girl/Female
Hindu
Attractive
Male
Hawaiian
Hawaiian form of Hebrew Miyka'el, MIKALA means "who is like God?"
MOLALA LANGUAGE
MOLALA LANGUAGE
Boy/Male
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Traditional
Happiness for Knowledge
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : occupational name for a trader, from Old French mercier (see Mercer).
Girl/Female
Biblical
Field of blood.
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Holy
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit, Tamil, Traditional
Name of Lord Shiva; Lord Vishnu; Vault; Easy
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Devoted to Right Deeds
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Brummett.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Blue
Male
English
Short form of Old English names beginning with Wil-, WIL means "will."
Girl/Female
Indian
Branch, Tributary, Happy, Lucky, Fem of Saeed, Most beautiful, Unmatched, Friendly
MOLALA LANGUAGE
MOLALA LANGUAGE
MOLALA LANGUAGE
MOLALA LANGUAGE
MOLALA LANGUAGE
n.
A city and a province of Spain, on the Mediterranean. Hence, Malaga grapes, Malaga raisins, Malaga wines.
n.
Alt. of Melado
a.
Acting upon or through one's moral nature or sense of right, or suited to act in such a manner; as, a moral arguments; moral considerations. Sometimes opposed to material and physical; as, moral pressure or support.
n.
Same as Mollah.
a.
Same as 2d Molar.
n.
One of the higher order of Turkish judges; also, a Turkish title of respect for a religious and learned man.
n.
The sphere or globular mass of cells (blastomeres), formed by the clevage of the ovum or egg in the first stages of its development; -- called also mulberry mass, segmentation sphere, and blastosphere. See Segmentation.
n.
A moor.
a.
The moral condition, or the condition in other respects, so far as it is affected by, or dependent upon, moral considerations, such as zeal, spirit, hope, and confidence; mental state, as of a body of men, an army, and the like.
a.
Lower by a semitone; flat; as, E molle, that is, E flat.
a.
Minor; in the minor mode; as, A moll, that is, A minor.
n.
A drove of mules.
a.
Supported by reason or probability; practically sufficient; -- opposed to legal or demonstrable; as, a moral evidence; a moral certainty.
n.
A dish of stewed meat; an olio; an olla-podrida.
a.
Serving to teach or convey a moral; as, a moral lesson; moral tales.
n.
Any one of the teeth back of the incisors and canines. The molar which replace the deciduous or milk teeth are designated as premolars, and those which are not preceded by deciduous teeth are sometimes called true molars. See Tooth.
a.
Conformed to accepted rules of right; acting in conformity with such rules; virtuous; just; as, a moral man. Used sometimes in distinction from religious; as, a moral rather than a religious life.
a.
Having power to grind; grinding; as, the molar teeth; also, of or pertaining to the molar teeth.
v. t.
To render moral; to correct the morals of.
a.
Of, or belonging to, morals; treating of the moral feelings or duties; containing percepts of morality; moral; as, ethic discourses or epistles; an ethical system; ethical philosophy.