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Rules for UK government ministers
The Ministerial Code is a document setting out "rules" and standards for government ministers of the United Kingdom. Separate codes exist for ministers
Ministerial_Code
British politician (born 1993)
28 February 2026, he resigned his ministerial positions, stating that while he had not breached the Ministerial Code, the allegations had become a "distraction"
Josh_Simons
The Scottish Ministerial Code applies to members of the Scottish Government (the First Minister, Cabinet Secretaries, Law Officers and junior Scottish
Scottish_Ministerial_Code
First cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Keir Starmer
prime minister, Angela Rayner, after she was found to have broken the ministerial code, a full reshuffle of the cabinet was launched. The reshuffle was speculated
2025 British cabinet reshuffle
2025_British_cabinet_reshuffle
Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2024 to 2025
in September 2025 after a report concluded that she had broken the Ministerial Code by underpaying stamp duty on a property purchase, to which she had
Angela_Rayner
UK government office
Parliament. They are subject to some restrictions, as outlined in the Ministerial Code of the British government, but are not members of the Government. A
Parliamentary private secretary
Parliamentary_private_secretary
2025 political controversy in the United Kingdom
independent adviser on ministerial standards requesting an investigation into whether Rayner had breached the Ministerial Code. Hollinrake characterised
Angela_Rayner_tax_scandal
UK parliamentary by-election
investigation into journalists' backgrounds. Although cleared of breaching the Ministerial Code, Simons described his continued presence in government as a 'distraction'
2026_Makerfield_by-election
British politician (born 1972)
unauthorised meetings with the Government of Israel which breached the Ministerial Code, causing May to request Patel's resignation as International Development
Priti_Patel
British politician (born 1967)
Sunak's ethics adviser, Laurie Magnus, advised that he had breached the Ministerial Code by failing to disclose that he was being investigated by HM Revenue
Nadhim_Zahawi
British politician (born 1979)
and Pudsey, formerly Leeds West, since 2010. She held various shadow ministerial and shadow cabinet portfolios between 2010 and 2015 and from 2020 to
Rachel_Reeves
British-Pakistani lawyer, politician and life peer (born 1971)
them herself. Sir Alex Allan found Warsi to have twice breached the Ministerial Code, though he concluded these were minor and noted that she had apologised
Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi
British politician (born 1980)
on 19 October 2022 following public claims that she had broken the Ministerial Code after having sent a Cabinet document using her personal email address
Suella_Braverman
Rachel Reeves' tenure at HM Treasury (2024–present)
in the US about the upcoming Budget, in contravention of the ministerial code. The code expects major government announcements to be made in the Commons
Chancellorship of Rachel Reeves
Chancellorship_of_Rachel_Reeves
Leader of the Welsh Government
to the ministerial code. Information about the first minister's official travel costs and expenses is published in line with the ministerial code, typically
First_Minister_of_Wales
Suella Braverman, the Home Secretary, resigned over a breach of the Ministerial Code following a disagreement with Truss over immigration reform; her resignation
October 2022 United Kingdom government crisis
October_2022_United_Kingdom_government_crisis
Period of the Government of the United Kingdom since 2024
2024). "Louise Haigh 'told to quit by No 10 over possible breach of ministerial code'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2024. "Transport
Premiership_of_Keir_Starmer
Senior decision-making body of the UK government
always are members of the party with a Commons majority. The UK's Ministerial Code states that the business of the Cabinet (and its committees) is mainly
Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom
Political scandal in Scotland
James Hamilton concluded that this did not amount to a breach of the ministerial code. After the conclusion of the parliamentary and independent inquiries
Alex Salmond sexual harassment scandal
Alex_Salmond_sexual_harassment_scandal
bound by parts of the ministerial code, are part of the payroll vote, and can be seen as being on the 'first rung of the ministerial ladder'. They are sometimes
Government of the United Kingdom
Government_of_the_United_Kingdom
Australian politician
would be deeply concerned that the ministerial code of conduct has not been complied with". Queensland’s ministerial code of conduct states personal interests
Tim_Mander
Scottish politician (born 1970)
constituted a ministerial code breach. On 6 January 2026, the independent advisers reported that Constance had breached the ministerial code in her comments
Angela_Constance
Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II (born 1961)
Downing Street. The report concluded that Johnson did not breach the Ministerial Code and that no conflict of interest, or reasonably perceived conflict
Christopher Geidt, Baron Geidt
Christopher_Geidt,_Baron_Geidt
British politician (born 1947)
(Blair's) administration'. Blunkett was later found not to have broken the ministerial code. On 25 November 2005, after he had resigned, Gus O'Donnell wrote to
David_Blunkett
Informal generally accepted code
professional or personal level. Written conventions can be found in the Ministerial Code, Cabinet Manual, Guide to Judicial Conduct, Erskine May and even legislation
Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom
Constitutional_conventions_of_the_United_Kingdom
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
not sit or vote in the House of Commons, was advertised in 2019. The Ministerial Code also states that: Ministers who wish to take maternity leave (of up
Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021
Ministerial_and_other_Maternity_Allowances_Act_2021
First Minister of Scotland from 2007 to 2014
complaints. Critics have described this as a possible breach of the ministerial code, which states that any minister who deliberately misleads parliament
Alex_Salmond
Joint heads of government of Northern Ireland
Union issues human rights the machinery of government (including the Ministerial Code) public appointments policy standards in public life Two junior ministers
First Minister and Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland
First_Minister_and_Deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland
British politician (born 1975)
human rights record, and raised concerns over whether he broke the ministerial code. From August 2021, high European wholesale natural gas prices caused
Kwasi_Kwarteng
2021 British political controversy
Minister himself. Johnson's renovations in 2020 cost £112,549. The Ministerial Code requires members of parliament to report loans and donations to the
Downing Street refurbishment controversy
Downing_Street_refurbishment_controversy
Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2021–2022, 2022–2023)
while the responsibility to decide whether Raab had breached the ministerial code of conduct would remain with Sunak. During an interview on Sky News
Dominic_Raab
October 2006 Northern Ireland political agreement
Durrant, Tim; Pannell, Jack; Hodson, Catherine (2021). "Updating the ministerial code" (PDF). Institute for Government. Archived (PDF) from the original
St_Andrews_Agreement
British barrister and life peer (born 1968)
were legal. The advice was meant to be kept secret in line with the ministerial code, but it was leaked to several media outlets, leading to an official
Richard_Hermer,_Baron_Hermer
Welsh politician (born 1964)
calls to resign after an investigation determined he had breached the Ministerial Code on a separate issue. Davies was born in Tredegar and went to Tredegar
Alun_Davies_(politician)
British Conservative politician (born 1964)
Field found to have breached code by grabbing protester". The Guardian. 20 December 2019. "Mark Field breached ministerial code by grabbing activist". BBC
Mark_Field
Australian government from 1996 to 2007
numerous ministers during its first term due to the introduction of a ministerial code of conduct and ongoing leadership rivalry between John Howard and Peter
Howard_government
English businessman
2021, the Home Secretary, Priti Patel was accused of breaking the Ministerial Code when it was revealed that she had brokered a lobbying deal in a secret
Surinder_Arora
Illicit act by a government minister in the Westminster system
misled parliament will generally lose their ministerial portfolio. For example, the Scottish Ministerial Code requires ministers to resign if they mislead
Misleading_of_parliament
Overview of the events of 2026 in the United Kingdom
investigation finds that Justice Secretary Angela Constance broke the ministerial code after making controversial comments about a grooming gangs expert in
2026 in United Kingdom politics and government
2026_in_United_Kingdom_politics_and_government
Devolved government of Northern Ireland
fully in the Executive, the North/South Ministerial Council and the British-Irish Council. The Ministerial Code allows any three ministers to request a
Northern_Ireland_Executive
British political scandal
While Badenoch has taken the lead on the constitutional breach of the Ministerial Code, Sunak has framed the issue as a failure of institutional oversight
Relationship of Peter Mandelson and Jeffrey Epstein
Relationship_of_Peter_Mandelson_and_Jeffrey_Epstein
British political scandal
ministerial code of complying with the law". He continued: "It may be that the Prime Minister considers that no such breach of his Ministerial Code has
Partygate
Australian politician (born 1967)
Turnbull ordered an investigation into whether Joyce had breached the ministerial code of conduct. As of May 2018, the investigation into Joyce's travel expenses
Barnaby_Joyce
a ministerial code investigation into Sturgeon conducted by James Hamilton, which ultimately concluded that she did not break the ministerial code over
Timeline of the Alex Salmond scandal
Timeline_of_the_Alex_Salmond_scandal
British politician (born 1956)
work computer were published, it was found that he had breached the ministerial code and he was instructed to resign from the cabinet amidst the 2017 Westminster
Damian_Green
Scottish politician and journalist (born 1972/73)
Retrieved 18 January 2026. "Angela Constance found to have breached ministerial code". BBC News. 6 January 2026. Retrieved 18 January 2026. "Scottish Conservatives
Russell_Findlay
British political controversy
believed it was a work event. Starmer said Johnson had breached the Ministerial Code by misleading Parliament, and asked him to resign. Conservatives featured
Beergate
Executive, Legislative, Parliamentary, and other powers
The prime minister is responsible for producing and enforcing the Ministerial Code. The prime minister formally kisses the hands of the sovereign, whose
Powers of the prime minister of the United Kingdom
Powers_of_the_prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom
British Conservative politician
details of the case and in December 2019 he was cleared of breaking the ministerial code. Cairns was born on 30 July 1970 in Swansea, Wales to Hewitt and Margaret
Alun_Cairns
British politician (born 1961)
this role in April 2019, Stride was accused by MPs of breaking the Ministerial Code over comments he had made in relation to the Loan Charge. Stride was
Mel_Stride
British politician (born 1967)
and chose to misrepresent its findings, she has clearly broken the ministerial code. Either way, she should resign." McVey said that there were problems
Esther_McVey
UK export of weapons to Iraq (1989–1992)
constitutional convention of individual ministerial accountability, leading to its codification as the Ministerial Code by the Blair Government. Following
Arms-to-Iraq_affair
International trips made by Narendra Modi while Prime Minister
This is a list of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi since he became the Prime Minister of India, following his first oath of
List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi
List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Narendra_Modi
British executive (born 1955)
Rayner, the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, had broken the Ministerial Code after she was found to have failed to pay enough stamp duty on the
Sir Laurie Magnus, 3rd Baronet
Sir_Laurie_Magnus,_3rd_Baronet
British politician (born 1982)
reputational risks", but the shortcomings were not a breach of the Ministerial Code, though he advised the prime minister to "consider her ongoing responsibilities"
Tulip_Siddiq
Deputy Leader of the Labour Party after being found to have broken the ministerial code, triggering the election. 8 Sep Freeze date for elector eligibility
2025 Labour Party deputy leadership election
2025_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election
appointed as an independent advisor to the Scottish Government on the ministerial code in 2013 by former Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond and was reappointed
James_Hamilton_(barrister)
Australian politician
Crisafulli's chief of staff suggested that the alleged breaches of the Ministerial Code of Conduct were not "clear enough" to proceed with an investigation
Amanda_Camm
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2022
Business Appointments (ACOBA) reported that this was a breach of the Ministerial Code. Johnson was ordered to apologise for failing to declare £50,000 of
Boris_Johnson
American public relations firm
the Independent Advisor on Ministerial Standards to investigate whether Simons' conduct had breached the Ministerial Code. Labour Together's director
APCO_(company)
Government of the United Kingdom from 2022 to 2024
after an investigation said he had committed a "serious breach of ministerial code" over his tax affairs. He was replaced by Greg Hands, who was a Trade
Sunak_ministry
British Conservative politician
Cabinet Office inquiry found evidence that Patel had breached the ministerial code following bullying allegations, publicly supporting Patel: "[Patel]
Matt_Vickers
First Minister of Scotland from 2014 to 2023
should have done if they constitute government matters (as per the ministerial code). Sturgeon argued that the meetings were SNP party matters, and thus
Nicola_Sturgeon
Australian politician (born 1966)
Department of Environment. This was seen as "a potential breach of the ministerial code of conduct", generating intense media scrutiny, particularly in The
Angus_Taylor
Law officer of the Welsh Government
Minister. Although not a minister, the Counsel General is bound by the Ministerial Code which makes some specific provision in relation to the role. Julie
Counsel_General_for_Wales
Period of the Government of the United Kingdom from 2022 to 2024
the Ministerial Code and was published on 29 January 2023. Sunak dismissed Zahawi immediately after he was found to have breached the Ministerial Code by
Premiership_of_Rishi_Sunak
breached ministerial code". BBC News. 2026-01-06. Retrieved 2026-01-17. Cameron, Greig (2026-01-06). "Angela Constance broke ministerial code — but keeps
Confidence motions in the Scottish Parliament
Confidence_motions_in_the_Scottish_Parliament
Topics referred to by the same term
Questions of Procedure for Ministers, the confidential predecessor of the Ministerial Code (United Kingdom) This disambiguation page lists articles associated
QPM
Dorries, the former secretary of state for culture, has breached the ministerial code by not consulting the watchdog about her appointment as a presenter
2023 in United Kingdom politics and government
2023_in_United_Kingdom_politics_and_government
British politician
Parliament (MP) for Sheffield Heeley since 2015. She held various shadow ministerial and shadow cabinet portfolios between 2015 and 2024. Born in Sheffield
Louise_Haigh
First Minister of Northern Ireland since 2024
by environmentalists. The court ruled that she was in breach of the Ministerial Code, having not sought the necessary permissions for the transfer from
Michelle_O'Neill
British politician (born 1969)
reshuffle. Following allegations that Suella Braverman had breached the ministerial code by sending secure information with her private email, Cooper asked
Yvette_Cooper
Ministerial position in the Government of the United Kingdom
Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2017. Gove, Michael (2 March 2020). "Ministerial Code". Hansard. Retrieved 3 March 2020. As the Minister responsible for
Minister for the Civil Service
Minister_for_the_Civil_Service
British politician (born 1981)
Ireland. On 27 September 2019, Mercer was accused of having broken the ministerial code for not resigning from his role at a training firm whilst in government
Johnny_Mercer_(politician)
2020-21 inquiry
brought by Salmond "Scottish Ministerial Code": on Sturgeon's self-referral under the Code around a possible breach of that Code The Committee consisted of
Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints
Committee_on_the_Scottish_Government_Handling_of_Harassment_Complaints
Political concept in parliamentary politics
collective responsibility, also known as Cabinet solidarity or collective ministerial responsibility, is a cornerstone constitutional convention in parliamentary
Cabinet collective responsibility
Cabinet_collective_responsibility
Period of Scottish governance
breached ministerial code during the Alex Salmond scandal. The vote did not pass and Sturgeon was cleared of breaching the ministerial code by the independent
Premiership of Nicola Sturgeon
Premiership_of_Nicola_Sturgeon
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2022 to 2024
2022. Payne, Adam; Smith, Beckie (28 April 2022). "Sunak cleared of ministerial code breach over tax affairs". Civil Service World. Merit Group. Archived
Rishi_Sunak
UK parliamentary by-election
Business Insider reported that Boris Johnson likely breached the Ministerial Code by using taxpayer funds to take a private jet to campaign in Hartlepool
2021_Hartlepool_by-election
him for political reasons. Critics accused Sturgeon of breaking the ministerial code which resulted in calls for her resignation. Sturgeon disputed the
List of political scandals in the United Kingdom
List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom
Four senior ministerial offices in the UK government
Rayner as Deputy PM following an investigation into her breach of the Ministerial Code. Cabinet of the United Kingdom List of shadow holders of the Great
Great_Offices_of_State
British entrepreneur (born 1969)
as the minister for defence, as he acknowledged he had breached the Ministerial Code of Conduct. In 2012, Boulter created Porton Cyber, as a Cayman Islands
Harvey_Boulter
Media people living near Chipping Norton
father, Rupert. In 2011 Cameron was accused of breaking Parliament's ministerial code of conduct by failing to avoid a possible conflict of interest in attending
Chipping_Norton_set
investigation finds that Justice Secretary Angela Constance broke the ministerial code after making controversial comments about a grooming gangs expert in
2026_in_Scotland
Premier of Queensland since 2024
letter in June 2025 exposing the affair and expressing concern that the Ministerial Code of Conduct had been breached. The secret relationship was only made
David_Crisafulli
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2010
change. The manifesto included a clampdown on corruption and a new Ministerial Code, which set out clear standards of behaviour for ministers. He also
Gordon_Brown
Australian politician
ministry, and from the Senate, in the wake of a number of breaches of the Ministerial Code of Conduct and of the Register of Senators' Interests. He now works
Santo_Santoro
British civil servant (born 1965)
towards staff. The Adviser later found that she had breached the Ministerial Code by bullying staff. The legal action was settled in March 2021 in a
Philip_Rutnam
Scottish Public Services Ombudsman
the Ministerial Code. In January 2013 an independent adviser judged that neither Salmond nor the Scottish Government had breached the ministerial code. On
Rosemary_Agnew
British politician
Cabinet Office began an investigation into a potential breach of the ministerial code after The Mail on Sunday revealed he had sent an aide, whom he called
Mark_Garnier
British trade unionist (born 1942)
the prime minister would have consulted a ministerial adviser for advice. A breach of the ministerial code is seen as a serious matter and would make
Alistair_Graham
Scottish politician (born 1986)
journalists that he would not refer Gray for investigation under the ministerial code, and that he considered the matter "closed". In January 2025, a Freedom
Neil_Gray
Junior minister assigned to assist a specific cabinet minister
Economic Secretary to the Treasury. Ministers of State are bound by the Ministerial Code. In the republic of Burma, the title was used for the Chief ministers
Minister_of_State
including three from the Great Offices of State. She experienced 60 ministerial departures with 42 of these being resignations due to disunity regarding
List of departures from the second May ministry
List_of_departures_from_the_second_May_ministry
Mainline Protestant (religious) denomination
congregation. Ministers can lose their standing for violating the ministerial code of ethics the denomination maintains. Finally, Regional Ministers often
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)
Government of the United Kingdom (2017–2019)
politicians and officials whilst on a family holiday, thereby violating the Ministerial Code, she was forced to resign from her post of International Development
Second_May_ministry
Maltese politician (born 1987)
Bartolo, together with fellow Minister Clint Camilleri, breached the ministerial code of ethics through a consultancy contract they gave Amanda Muscat, at
Clayton_Bartolo
Protected area in Tuscany, Italy
(33.77%) and Grosseto (66.23%). It is registered under ministerial code EUAP0387 and regional code RPGR01, and has been included in the official list of
Diaccia Botrona Nature Reserve
Diaccia_Botrona_Nature_Reserve
British Labour politician (1947–2018)
arising based on the Ministerial Code" in his letter, and Tony Blair decided that she was "not in breach" of the ministers' code of conduct. On 4 March
Tessa_Jowell
Welsh civil servant
investigation into whether Environment Minister Alun Davies had breached the ministerial code when lobbying re the Circuit of Wales, which Jones in his report published
Derek_Jones_(civil_servant)
MINISTERIAL CODE
MINISTERIAL CODE
Girl/Female
Tamil
Code
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Irish
Helpful
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a watchman or guard, from Old English weard ‘guard’ (used as both an agent noun and an abstract noun).Irish : reduced form of McWard, an Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac an Bhaird ‘son of the poet’. The surname occurs throughout Ireland, where three different branches of the family are known as professional poets.Surname adopted by bearers of the Jewish surname Warshawski, Warshawsky or some other Jewish name bearing some similarity to the English name.Americanized form of French Guerin.The surname Ward was brought to North America from England independently by several different bearers in the 17th and 18th centuries. Nathaniel Ward (1578–1652), author of the MA legal code, was born in Haverhill, Suffolk, England, and emigrated to Agawam (Ipswich, MA) in 1633. William Ward was one of the original settlers of Sudbury, MA, in about 1638. Miles Ward came from England to Salem, MA, in about 1639. Thomas Ward (d. 1689) settled in Newport, RI, in 1671; among his descendants were two governors of colonial RI.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Rockstar
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English, Irish
Cushion; Helpful
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, English, Irish
Cushion; Helpful; Pillow
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Coad.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Code
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a person who insisted on a strict code of social behavior.German : topographic name for someone who lived on or by a hill, from Middle High German stickel ‘hill’, ‘slope’ + the suffix -er denoting an inhabitant; in the south an occupational name for someone who shapes and sets stakes in vineyards.
Female
Japanese
(1-儀, 2-典, 3-則, 4-法) Japanese unisex name NORI means 1) "ceremony, regalia," 2) "code, precedent," 3) "model, rule, standard," 4) "law, rule."
Boy/Male
Irish American English
Helpful.
Surname or Lastname
German
German : from Middle High German kellaere ‘cellarman’, ‘cellar master’ (Latin cellarius, denoting the keeper of the cella ‘store chamber’, ‘pantry’). Hence an occupational name for the overseer of the stores, accounts, or household in general in, for example, a monastery or castle. Kellers were important as trusted stewards in a great household, and in some cases were promoted to ministerial rank. The surname is widespread throughout central Europe.English : either an occupational name for a maker of caps or cauls, from Middle English kellere, or an occupational name for an executioner, from Old English cwellere.Irish : reduced form of Kelleher.Scottish : variant of Keillor.
MINISTERIAL CODE
MINISTERIAL CODE
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Powerful
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the numerous places named in Old English as ‘long ford’, from lang, long ‘long’ + ford ‘ford’, except for Langford in Nottinghamshire, which is named with an Old English personal name Landa or possibly land, here used in a specific sense such as ‘boundary’ or ‘district’, with the same second element.
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend
A giant.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name of uncertain origin, perhaps from Branxton in Northumberland, which is named with the Celtic personal name Branoc + Old English tūn ‘settlement’.
Boy/Male
Indian
Perceived
Boy/Male
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Telugu
The Moon
Boy/Male
Sikh
Light of the Sun, Which gives light (1)
Girl/Female
Muslim
Fragrance
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Muslim
Long living
MINISTERIAL CODE
MINISTERIAL CODE
MINISTERIAL CODE
MINISTERIAL CODE
MINISTERIAL CODE
a.
Of or pertaining to the office of a minister or to the ministry as a body, whether civil or sacerdotal.
a.
Tending to advance or promote; contributive.
adv.
In a magisterial manner.
adv.
In a ministerial manner; in the character or capacity of a minister.
n.
The quality or state of being magisterial.
a.
Ministerial.
a.
Pertaining to administration, or to the executive part of government.
a.
Of or pertaining to monastery, or to monastic life.
n.
The act of ministering; ministration; service.
a.
Pertaining to, produced by, or of the nature of, magistery. See Magistery, 2.
n.
The act of ministering; service; ministry.
a.
Pertaining to a master; magisterial; authoritative; dogmatic.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Minister
n.
A magisterial injunction.
a.
Serving to aid; ministering.
a.
Of or pertaining to ministry or service; serving; attendant.
n.
One who dogmatizes; a bold asserter; a magisterial teacher.
a.
Of or pertaining to a master or magistrate, or one in authority; having the manner of a magister; official; commanding; authoritative. Hence: Overbearing; dictatorial; dogmatic.
a.
Acting as a hired servant; serving; ministering; assisting.
a.
Dignified, like an aged man; magisterial; venerable.