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Safety concept in underwater diving
diving, technical diving and nitrox diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD) of a breathing gas is the depth below which the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)
Maximum_operating_depth
Measures of a submarine's ability to operate underwater
design depth. Also known as the maximum operating depth (or the never-exceed depth), this is the maximum depth at which a submarine is allowed to operate under
Submarine_depth_ratings
Topics referred to by the same term
subculture Mod revival, late 1970s Honour Moderations, Oxford exams Maximum operating depth in scuba diving Mod Cup, a shinty trophy A module in modular scheduling
Mod
Semi-submersible offshore drilling rig
(221 ft) and depth of 36.6 metres (120 ft). It had a maximum drilling depth of 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi), and it could operate at a water depth of 460 metres
Byford_Dolphin
Gas used for human respiration
considered to have a safe depth limit of about 40 metres (130 feet) for most divers, although the maximum operating depth (MOD) of air taking an allowable
Breathing_gas
Japanese manned suicide torpedoes used by the Imperial Navy in World War II
Kerosene and oxygen Maximum range: 78 km (42 nmi) Cruising speed: 22 km/h (12 kn) Maximum speed: 56 km/h (30 kn) Maximum operating depth: 80 m (260 ft) Number
Kaiten
Class of nuclear-powered fast attack submarines of the United States Navy
maximum operating depth of the Los Angeles class as 650 ft (200 m), while Patrick Tyler, in his book Running Critical, suggests a maximum operating depth
Los_Angeles-class_submarine
Australian conservationist (1962–2006)
fronted an advertising campaign for The Ghan in 2003, a passenger train operating between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin. A Pacific National NR class
Steve_Irwin
Set of detailed instructions to assist in workplace safety
(documented as standard operating procedures) used in any manufacturing process that could affect the quality of the product. Standard Operating Procedures are
Standard_operating_procedure
Crewed full ocean depth rated submersible
Factor's port thruster group. The vessel is certified by DNV for a maximum dive depth of 11,000 m (36,000 ft), exceeding that of the Challenger Deep, the
DSV_Limiting_Factor
Acoustic sensing method
sonars operated at a relatively high frequency of 20–30 kHz, to achieve directionality with reasonably small transducers, with a typical maximum operational
Sonar
Australian technical diver (1954–2005)
descended to a depth of 270 metres (890 ft) at Bushman's Hole, South Africa, breaking the following records: Depth on a rebreather Depth in a cave on a
Dave_Shaw
British ocean liner (1907–1915)
boilers (which fitted the forward space where the ship narrowed), operating at a maximum 195 pounds per square inch (1,340 kPa) and containing 192 individual
RMS_Lusitania
Breathing gas, mixture of nitrogen and oxygen
teach the use of two depth limits to protect against oxygen toxicity. The shallower depth is called the "maximum operating depth" and is reached when
Nitrox
French oceanographer and author (1910–1997)
Embiez islands in Var, with Philippe Tailliez and Frédéric Dumas, using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer Léon Vèche,
Jacques_Cousteau
Instrument that indicates depth below a reference surface
At greater depths, it becomes inaccurate. The maximum depth cannot be recorded with this type of depth gauge, and accuracy is strongly affected by temperature
Depth_gauge
Breathing gas consisting of oxygen, helium and nitrogen
Lowering the oxygen content of a breathing gas mixture increases the maximum operating depth and duration of the dive before which oxygen toxicity becomes a
Trimix_(breathing_gas)
Diving mode and decompression technique
both upwards and downwards (mixed excursion). The depth range between maximum and minimum excursion depth is called the excursion range or excursion window
Saturation_diving
Organ system for circulating blood in animals
who specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on disorders
Circulatory_system
Medical condition of lack of oxygen in the tissues
pressures due to altitude, by breathing hypoxic breathing gas at an unsuitable depth, by breathing inadequately re-oxygenated recycled breathing gas from a rebreather
Hypoxia_(medicine)
Toxic effects of breathing oxygen at high partial pressures
calculate a maximum operating depth for oxygen-rich breathing gases, and cylinders containing such mixtures should be clearly marked with that depth. The risk
Oxygen_toxicity
Series of Chinese remotely operated underwater vehicles
Specifications: Maximum operating depth: 600 meters The JTD-01 "Deep Eel I" is a salvage, drilling, and pipe-laying robot. It has a maximum operating depth of 200
SJT-class_ROUV
U.S. Navy's special operations force
envisioned as a "guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters, lakes, and rivers employing small steamboats and
United_States_Navy_SEALs
Diving incident in the Maldives
of two chambers. The first chamber acts as the entrance, and it is at a depth of 55 - 58 meters below sea level. A 3-meter-wide tunnel connects the first
2026 Dhekunu Kandu cave diving incident
2026_Dhekunu_Kandu_cave_diving_incident
Underwater diving using self contained breathing gas recycling apparatus
very shallow maximum operating depth limit, due to oxygen toxicity considerations. Active addition SCRs vary in complexity, but all operate with a breathing
Rebreather_diving
Disorder caused by dissolved gases forming bubbles in tissues
It may happen when leaving a high-pressure environment, ascending from depth, or ascending to altitude. A closely related condition of bubble formation
Decompression_sickness
Tethered underwater mobile device operated by a remote crew
underwater machines that are often used to explore the ocean depth while being operated by people at the surface, usually from a control room. ROVs are
Remotely operated underwater vehicle
Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle
Special forces unit of the Royal Navy
as operating behind enemy lines destroying lines of communication, installations and gathering intelligence. During the Korean War the SBS operated from
Special_Boat_Service
USMC deep reconnaissance unit
understood that his recon Marines would be operating 50 to 150 miles away from their littoral or operating area, or from any naval support. In order to
United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance
United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance
First ironclad of the US Navy, 1861–1862
discovered almost 111 years after sinking, near Cape Hatteras at 230 feet (70 m) depth at coordinates 35°0′6″N 75°24′23″W / 35.00167°N 75.40639°W / 35.00167;
USS_Monitor
Underwater diving without breathing apparatus
the competitor at somewhere around 1/3 to 1/4 of the target depth, usually with a maximum of 30m. The second will meet them about 10m shallower, and a
Freediving
Polish special forces unit
missions. On 27 June 1997, during Operation "Little Flower", a mixed team operating under the authority of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
GROM_Military_Unit
Instrument to calculate decompression status in real time
available to warn the diver when exceeding the no-stop limit, the maximum operating depth for the breathing gas mixture, the recommended ascent rate, decompression
Dive_computer
Underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm
Deep diving is underwater diving to a depth beyond the normal range accepted by the associated community. In some cases this is a prescribed limit established
Deep_diving
US government scientific agency
Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) was created by NOAA to operate and manage the US environmental satellite programs, and manage NWS data
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration
Pressure of a component gas in a mixture
determines the maximum operating depth of a gas mixture. Narcosis is a problem when breathing gases at high pressure. Typically, the maximum total partial
Partial_pressure
Pirate Blackbeard's ship
uncertain, and there is no record of her actions prior to 1710 when she was operating as a French privateer as La Concorde. Surviving features of the ship's
Queen_Anne's_Revenge
Articulated pressure-resistant anthropomorphic housing for an underwater diver
factors affecting design are the ambient hydrostatic pressure of the maximum operating depth, and ergonomic considerations regarding the potential range of
Atmospheric_diving_suit
Submersible that traveled to the Challenger Deep
the submersible to the bottom of the New Britain Trench, reaching a maximum depth of 8,221 m (26,972 ft). There, he found a wide plain of loose sediment
Deepsea_Challenger
Retired US Navy officer and professor of oceanography (born 1942)
and his team discovered they had imploded from the immense pressure at depth. It littered thousands of pieces of debris all over the ocean floor. Following
Robert_Ballard
Change in sea level due to gravity
heights and times. To calculate the actual water depth, add the charted depth to the published tide height. Depth for other times can be derived from tidal curves
Tide
Distinct layer of temperature change in a body of water
that is not affected by season and lies below the yearly mixed layer maximum depth. Thermoclines can also be observed in lakes. In colder climates, this
Thermocline
Self-propelled deep-diving crewed submersible
International Hydrodynamics of Vancouver in British Columbia with a maximum operating depth of 2,000 metres (1.2 mi) capable of dive durations of 7 to 10 hours
Deep-submergence_vehicle
Swimming underwater, breathing gas carried by the diver
risk of oxygen toxicity, which becomes unacceptable below the maximum operating depth of the mixture. To displace nitrogen without the increased oxygen
Scuba_diving
Tactical scuba diver
rebreathing equipment will stay within a depth limit of 20 feet (6.1 m) with limited deeper excursions to a maximum of 50 feet (15 m) because of the risk
Frogman
Italian freediver (born 1992)
On 18 October 2019, Zecchini became the first woman to have reached a depth of −100m exclusively with the use of her arms (free immersion), during the
Alessia_Zecchini
South African diver (1974–1994)
by the high work-rate of breathing at depth. Two weeks after Dreyer's death, Theo hired a small, remotely operated sub used by the De Beers mining company
Deon_Dreyer
Breathing gas mixture experimentally used for very deep diving
mixtures to specification InDEPTH (4 March 2020). "Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas". InDepth. Retrieved 2023-09-08. InDEPTH (31 May 2023). "N=1:
Hydrox_(breathing_gas)
Special forces unit of the Australian Army
March 2002. During the operation SASR teams were to provide on-location, in-depth operational intelligence and reconnaissance after they infiltrated the Shahi-Kot
Special_Air_Service_Regiment
Tabulated data to facilitate safe diving ascents
square profile, meaning that the diver descends to maximum depth immediately and stays at the same depth until resurfacing (approximating a rectangular outline
Decompression_tables
Techniques and procedures for safe decompression of divers
experience to be reliable, is to clearly label the cylinder with the maximum operating depth of the contents, as this is the most critical information, carry
Decompression_practice
Chinese deep diving work class remotely operated underwater vehicle
that is capable of operating at a depth of 11,000 meters. As with earlier models in the Sea Dragon series, the maximum diving depth was not achieved on
Sea_Dragon-class_ROV
US Navy remotely operated underwater vehicle
(SUPSALV), it is maintained and operated by Phoenix International Inc. The vehicle is capable of operating at a depth up to 8,000 feet as reflected in
Deep_Drone
Scientific study of the ocean
its surfaces and of the animals that fishermen brought up in nets, though depth soundings by lead line were taken. The Portuguese campaign of Atlantic navigation
Oceanography
Closed or semi-closed circuit scuba
oxygen and inert components. A gas mix which has a maximum operating depth that is safe for the depth of the dive being planned, and which will provide
Diving_rebreather
US Marine Corps special forces unit
amphibious light infantry warfare, particularly in landing in rubber boats and operating behind the lines. "Edson's" Raiders of 1st Marine Raiders Battalion and
Marine_Raider_Regiment
Facility for supporting saturation diving projects
position. Heave compensation gear may be used to maintain a constant operating depth in a seaway. A decompression/recompression chamber may be included
Saturation_diving_system
British cave diver who specialises in rescues
seriously." In 2004 Stanton and Volanthen set a world record for greatest depth achieved in a British cave, cave diving 76 m (249 ft) at Wookey Hole in
Rick_Stanton
Narcotic effects of respiratory nitrogen
is a reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs while diving at depth. It is caused by the anesthetic effect of certain gases at high partial
Nitrogen_narcosis
Chinese work class remotely operated underwater vehicle
specifically to work with the Jiaolong, operated by the Jiaolong's crew. Therefore, the maximum operating depth of Dragon Pearl is equivalent to that of
8A4-class_ROUV
Abnormally high tissue carbon dioxide levels
PetCO2 rose markedly with exertion even when the divers breathed air at a depth of only a few feet. A variety of reasons exist for carbon dioxide not being
Hypercapnia
Injury due to pressure difference between gas filled space and adjoining tissue
volume during ascent. A scuba or surface-supplied diver breathing gas at depth from underwater breathing apparatus fills their lungs with gas at an ambient
Barotrauma
Hyperbaric pressure vessel for human occupancy used in diving operations
maximum working pressure. Valves are generally duplicated inside and outside and are labelled to avoid confusion. It is usually possible to operate a
Diving_chamber
Swiss physicist, inventor, and explorer
built a second bathyscaphe and together they dove to a record-breaking depth of 3,150 m (10,335 ft) in 1953. Auguste Piccard died on 24 March 1962 of
Auguste_Piccard
Chamber for transporting divers vertically through the water
diving bell is a rigid chamber used to transport divers from the surface to depth and back in open water, usually for the purpose of performing underwater
Diving_bell
Vascular blockage by air bubbles
in. This is one reason why surgeons must be particularly careful when operating on the brain, and why the head of the bed is tilted down when inserting
Air_embolism
Emergency transport of divers under a decompression obligation to a place of safety
known as a hyperbaric rescue unit (HRU), with the capacity to evacuate the maximum number of divers that the diving system can accommodate, is required, with
Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue
Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue
Firearm firing gyroscopic rockets in the 1960s
flight like an unpowered bullet. A bullet has maximum kinetic energy at the muzzle; a rocket has maximum kinetic energy immediately after its fuel is expended
Gyrojet
British volunteer cave rescue diver
how's that?" In 2004, Volanthen and Stanton set a record for the greatest depth achieved in a British cave, diving 76 m (249 ft) at Wookey Hole in Somerset
John_Volanthen
Cloudiness of a fluid
disk is lowered into the water until it can no longer be seen; the depth (Secchi depth) is then recorded as a measure of the transparency of the water (inversely
Turbidity
Austrian freediver and world record holder
world record champion, and "the deepest man on earth" having dived to a depth of 253.2 meters (831 feet). Nitsch has held 33 world records across eight
Herbert_Nitsch
Russian freediver (born 1987)
a pool with a monofin on a single breath. Since then, he has focused on depth disciplines and competing in open water. In 2012, he set a world record
Alexey_Molchanov
Powered device for diver mobility and range extension
is in a waterproof container. The R-2 can operate down to 60 metres with a maximum depth of 100m and a maximum limpet mine load of 250 kg. Cosmos CE2F series –
Diver_propulsion_vehicle
Crewed deep-ocean research submersible
completed sea trials and was certified for operating down to 6,500 meters. As of 2024, Alvin is in active service, operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
DSV_Alvin
Equipment used specifically for surface supplied diving
essential as the main supply pressure is significantly higher than the maximum depth pressure on the pneumo gauge. There is also often a snubbing valve or
Surface-supplied diving equipment
Surface-supplied_diving_equipment
Three person research deep-submergence vehicles
International Hydrodynamics of North Vancouver in British Columbia with a maximum operating depth of 2,000 m (6,560 ft). The vehicles have multiple view ports and
Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle
Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle
American astronaut and aquanaut (1925–2013)
ocean floor in SEALAB II at a depth of 205 feet (62 m) about 3,000 feet (910 m) off the coast of California. The depth required a cabin gas mixture of
Scott_Carpenter
Indian Navy special operations force
The MARCOS were founded in February 1987. The MARCOS are capable of operating in all types of environments: at sea, in the air, and on land. The force
MARCOS
Equipment used by divers to facilitate decompression
identifiable. One way of doing this is by marking them with their maximum operating depth as clearly as possible. Other safety precautions may include using
Decompression_equipment
German manufacturer of breathing equipment
approximately 15 kg Gas supply cylinder: 4 litre, 200 bar (standard) Diving depth: 6 msw (100% oxygen) 22 msw (EAN 50) 30 msw (EAN 40) 40 msw (EAN 32) Dive
Dräger_(company)
Submerged ridge of rock, coral or other material
Reefs may be classified in terms of their origin, geographical location, depth, and topography. For example a tropical coral fringing reef, or a temperate
Reef
Swimming while inhaling through a snorkel
impossible to pinch the nose if needed to equalize pressure at greater depth. Trained scuba divers are likely to avoid such devices, however, snorkel
Snorkeling
Bundle of supplying cables or hoses
surface gas panel, where the supervisor can use it to measure the diver's depth in the water at any time. This is done by measuring pressure of the air
Umbilical_cable
Medical treatment at raised ambient pressure
or pits. The operating pressure depends on the application. Chambers used for clinical hyperbaric oxygen therapy commonly have a maximum allowable working
Hyperbaric_medicine
Free-diving self-propelled deep-sea submersible
the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. The onboard systems indicated a depth of 37,800 ft (11,521 m) but this was later corrected to 35,813 ft (10,916
Bathyscaphe
Scuba set with variable-density buoyancy control
from neutral buoyancy depth causes the buoyancy to alter in a way that will induce further deviation from neutral buoyancy depth in a positive feedback
Avelo_diving_system
Series of waves generated by distant weather systems
duration – the time over which the wind has blown over the fetch Water depth A wave is described using the following dimensions: Wave height (from trough
Swell_(wave)
Unstable wave
likely. A plunging wave occurs when the ocean floor is steep or has sudden depth changes, such as from a reef or sandbar. The crest of the wave becomes much
Breaking_wave
Net transport of surface water perpendicular to wind direction
is the wind stress on the sea surface; DE=π(2Az|f|)1/2 is the Ekman depth (depth of Ekman layer). By solving this at z=0, the surface current is found
Ekman_transport
Australian anesthesiologist and cave diver (born 1964)
writing, making films, and giving speeches. In February 2023, he dived to a depth of 230 metres (750 ft) in the Pearse Resurgence utilising hydrogen in a
Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)
Cave diver from Florida
Rebreathers. Retrieved 13 April 2025. "The Who's Who of Sidemount". In Depth. 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved
Edd_Sorenson
Japanese divers intended to manually detonate mines on invading ships
oxygen at 150 bar (2,200 psi). They were expected to be able to walk at a depth of 5–7 m (16–23 ft), for a period of up to ten hours. Personnel were organized
Fukuryu
Practice in pipeline transportation
During an operating procedure, only one key at a time is free. This key only fits in the interlock belonging to the valve that is to be operated next in
Pigging
Skills required to scuba-dive safely
knowledge of the oxygen fraction, which is necessary to calculate the maximum operating depth. Switching gases for accelerated decompression: this requires positive
Scuba_skills
Copper helmet with rubberised canvas diving suit and weighted boots
depth - feet or metres of water column - which would provide the supervisor with a reasonable indication of diver depth. Originally manually operated
Standard_diving_dress
Japanese remotely operated underwater vehicle for deep sea exploration
bathyscaphe had attained a depth of 37,800 feet, the maximum recorded depth was later calculated to be 10,911 metres (35,797 ft). At this depth, the water column
Kaikō_ROV
Underwater diving breathing gas supplied from the surface
essential as the main supply pressure is significantly higher than the maximum depth pressure on the pneumo gauge. There is also often a snubbing valve or
Surface-supplied_diving
1976 car-shaped submarine from the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me
wheels would be in a conventional Esprit. The sub requires a crew of two to operate. It has four electric motors that allowed forward motion only. The interior
Wet_Nellie
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
(100 ft) high, being limited by wind speed, duration, fetch, and water depth. When directly generated and affected by local wind, a wind wave system
Wind_wave
Italian swimmer delivery vehicles
supplied to various countries. Models were designated according to maximum operating depth in metres, for example - /X30 means 30 m. X30, X60 and X100 versions
Cosmos_CE2F_series
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MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
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