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Observation of distant objects on Earth's surface or terrestrial features
position of an observer and observed distant object, we can divide long-distance observations by the following types: Ground-to-ground Ground-to-air Aerial
Long_distance_observations
Relations between persons on different geographical locations
A long-distance relationship (LDR) or long-distance romantic relationship is an intimate relationship between partners who are geographically separated
Long-distance_relationship
Athletics event
Long-distance running, or endurance running, is a form of continuous running over distances of at least 3 km (1.9 mi). Physiologically, it is essentially
Long-distance_running
Potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroid
2004, initial observations indicated a probability of 2.7% that the asteroid would hit Earth on Friday, April 13, 2029. Later observations eliminated that
99942_Apophis
Solar system exploration program by NASA
Impact probe following its success at Tempel 1: The Extrasolar Planet Observations and Characterization (EPOCh) mission used the Deep Impact high-resolution
Discovery_Program
Statistical distance measure
decompositions of the squared Mahalanobis distance that help to explain some reasons for the outlyingness of multivariate observations and also provide a graphical
Mahalanobis_distance
of Pluto was taken from a great distance. January 10, 2007: Navigation exercise near Jupiter. Long-distance observations of Jupiter's outer moon Callirrhoe
Timeline_of_New_Horizons
Observation in physical cosmology
telescope at the time. His observations of Cepheid variable stars in "spiral nebulae" enabled him to calculate the distances to these objects. Surprisingly
Hubble's_law
Lyman-Break galaxy that is one of the oldest known galaxies
spectroscopic observations with NIRSpec. Additionally, observations using JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) detected the galaxy at longer wavelengths
JADES-GS-z14-0
surveying to reflect sunlight onto a distant point so as to aid long-distance observations. hemisphere One half of the Earth, usually conceived as resulting
Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
Succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects
cosmic distance ladder (also known as the extragalactic distance scale) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial
Cosmic_distance_ladder
Risk-listed near-Earth asteroid
2026. "New NASA Asteroid Observations Eliminate Chance of 2032 Lunar Impact". NASA. Retrieved 3 March 2026. "2024 YR4 Moon distance and uncertainty for JPL
2024_YR4
Distance from center of Earth to center of Moon
Earth–Moon distance, or distance to the Moon, is the distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon. In contrast, the Lunar distance (LD or Δ
Lunar_distance
Mean distance between Earth and the Sun
Historically, the astronomical unit was conceived as the average Earth-Sun distance (the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion), before its modern redefinition
Astronomical_unit
Galaxy cluster in the constellation Phoenix
Later observations showed that the measured cooling rate depends on the temperature range and method used. An analysis of deep XMM-Newton observations measured
Phoenix_Cluster
Very distant gamma-ray burst detected in 2009
twentieth of its present age. Prior to the observations done on GRB 090423, the previous record holder for age and distance for GRBs was GRB 080913, which was
GRB_090423
Measure of the influence of a data point in regression analysis
suggested. Note that in general the Cook's distance does not measure correctly the influence of observations. D i {\displaystyle D_{i}} can be expressed
Cook's_distance
Red supergiant star in the constellation Orion
An updated result from further observations with ALMA and e-Merlin gives a parallax of 4.51±0.8 mas and a distance of 222+34 −48 pc or 724+111 −156
Betelgeuse
Great Comet of 2024
after passing the Sun, with an apparent magnitude of −4.9 per reported observations at the Comet Observation Database (COBS), making it the brightest comet
Comet_Tsuchinshan–ATLAS
Star cluster in the constellation of Taurus
his observations in 1779, which he published in 1786. The distance to the Pleiades can be used as a key first step to calibrate the cosmic distance ladder
Pleiades
Angular distance between the Moon and another celestial body
about one-quarter of a minute of arc. By about 1860 (after lunar distance observations had mostly faded into history), the almanac errors were finally
Lunar_distance_(navigation)
Great Comet of 1997
would orbit in about three days at a distance of about 180 km (110 mi). This analysis was confirmed by observations in 1996 using Wide-Field Planetary Camera
Comet_Hale–Bopp
Northern pole-star; brightest star in Ursa Minor
estimated distance can be presumed to be equal. Gravitational binding of this pair is well supported by observations, and the presumption of common distance is
Polaris
Interstellar comet in 2025
due to temporal evolution and a different heliocentric distance relative to the August observations. Ultraviolet spectroscopy by telescopes on Earth have
3I/ATLAS
Star system in the Centaurus constellation
Thomas Henderson discovered the true distance to α Centauri by analysing his many astrometric mural circle observations. He then realised this system also
Alpha_Centauri
Either of two extreme points in a celestial object's orbit
objects requires patience and long-term observation campaigns to pin down their true orbital characteristics. Distance of closest approach Eccentric anomaly
Apsis
Distance function defined between probability distributions
In mathematics, the Wasserstein distance or Kantorovich–Rubinstein metric is a distance function defined between probability distributions on a given
Wasserstein_metric
Family of spiders
pattern have been documented during observations of the spiders' movements. There is an urban legend that daddy long-legs spiders have the most potent venom
Pholcidae
Concept in physics
action-at-a-distance: his mechanical field-like model has no more fundamental physical cause than the long-range central field model. Faraday's observations, as
Action_at_a_distance
Classical statement of gravity as force
astronomical behaviors. This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. It is a part of classical
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
Range at which an animal flees from a threat
significantly shorter flight distances than wild animals. In a study comparing 56 bird species with long flight distances, it was found these had declining
Flight_zone
Flash of gamma rays from a distant galaxy
making observations much sooner than any previous burst. The spectrum of the object revealed a redshift of z = 0.835, placing the burst at a distance of roughly
Gamma-ray_burst
Planetary nebula in the constellation Draco
Planetary nebulae distances like NGC 6543 are generally very inaccurate and not well known. Some recent Hubble Space Telescope observations of NGC 6543 taken
Cat's_Eye_Nebula
Record of humanity's attempts to find east-west position on Earth
well as tables of lunar distances giving the distance of the Moon from the Sun and nine stars suitable for lunar observations (ten stars for the first
History_of_longitude
Largest dwarf planet
late September 2006 during a test of the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager. The images, taken from a distance of approximately 4.2 billion kilometers,
Pluto
Comparing widely separated telescope wavefronts
has media related to Very-long-baseline interferometry. E-MERLIN fibre-linked radio telescope array used in VLBI observations EXPReS Express Production
Very-long-baseline interferometry
Very-long-baseline_interferometry
Statistical method in data analysis
between sets of observations is computed, the underlying distance metric determines how dissimilarity between individual observations is measured. Because
Hierarchical_clustering
Anomalous radio echo
did not find a suitable explanation. Long delayed echoes have been heard sporadically from the first observations in 1927 and up to the present day. Shlionskiy
Long_delayed_echo
Supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way
are produced from data by aperture synthesis, usually from night-long observations of stable sources. The radio emission from Sgr A* varies on the order
Sagittarius_A*
Radio galaxy in the constellation Centaurus
responsible for emissions in the X-ray and radio wavelengths. By taking radio observations of the jet separated by a decade, astronomers have determined that the
Centaurus_A
All of space observable from the Earth at the present
distance that can be seen due to the finite age of the universe. Additional horizons are associated with the possible future extent of observations,
Observable_universe
Interstellar object that passed near Earth in 2017
asteroid belt in our own solar system. Early observations of ʻOumuamua show that it is about 400m long but only one tenth as wide. "It's curious that
1I/ʻOumuamua
Time between earliest and latest observations of a Solar System body
in the orbital period and aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun). 1999 DP8 with only 4 observations over 1 day has uncertainties so large that the
Observation_arc
Unit of length in astronomy
by this effect and can accurately measure distances to objects beyond the limit of ground-based observations. Between 1989 and 1993, the Hipparcos satellite
Parsec
Region of gravitational attraction in the local universe
a mass of approximately 1016 solar masses (M☉) to the region. Later observations indicated that the motion of nearby galaxies cannot be explained by the
Great_Attractor
Concept in cosmology
9.2 billion light years from Earth in the constellation Boötes from observations captured by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The End of Greatness is the
Large-scale structure of the universe
Large-scale_structure_of_the_universe
Galaxy in the constellation Virgo
typical of most giant elliptical galaxies, diminishing in luminosity with distance from the center. Forming around one-sixth of its mass, M87's stars have
Messier_87
System of ten radio telescopes
time, and other small measurement errors. The Very Long Baseline Array usually makes radio observations at wavelengths from three millimeters to 90 centimeters
Very_Long_Baseline_Array
American author & swimmer (born 1949)
1949) is an American author, journalist, motivational speaker, and long-distance swimmer. Nyad gained national attention in 1975 when she swam around
Diana_Nyad
Species of owl
was found in a study utilizing electrophoresis that the genetic distance between long-eared owls and short-eared owls was unusually large for species
Long-eared_owl
1676 demonstration of light's finite speed by Danish astronomer Ole Rømer
time taken for light to travel a distance equal to a, the radius of Earth's orbit. Rømer had about thirty observations of eclipses of Io from 1671 to 1673
Rømer's determination of the speed of light
Rømer's_determination_of_the_speed_of_light
Historical place in New Delhi
Mantar Jantar Mantar – The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh II Observations on Jantar Mantar in New Delhi Step Inside Jantar Mantar in New Delhi
Jantar_Mantar,_New_Delhi
Apollo asteroid target of Hayabusa2's extended mission
light curve show that it has a rotation period of about 5.02 hours. Observations of long-term changes in Torifune's lightcurve suggest that it has a prograde
98943_Torifune
Periodic comet
more broad and not as long as the Great Comet of 1843 they had also witnessed. Famous astronomers across the world made observations starting August 1835
Halley's_Comet
Ancient and modern recorded observations of supernovae explosions
observation goes back to 1006 AD. All earlier proposals for supernova observations are speculations with many alternatives. Since the development of the
History of supernova observation
History_of_supernova_observation
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
of Earth. It orbits around Earth at an average distance of 384,399 kilometers (238,854 mi), a distance roughly 30 times the width of Earth. It completes
Moon
Speed of electromagnetic waves
regardless of the frame of reference in which their speed is measured. For long distances and sensitive measurements, the finite speed of light has noticeable
Speed_of_light
Greek astronomer, geographer and mathematician (c. 190 – c. 120 BCE)
consistent with the observations, rather than a single value for the distance. His results were the best so far: the actual mean distance of the Moon is 60
Hipparchus
Galaxy containing the Solar System
Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Doust Curtis, observations by Edwin Hubble in 1923 showed that the Milky Way was just one of many
Milky_Way
Eighth planet from the Sun
death, the position of Neptune was mathematically predicted from his observations, independently, by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier. Neptune was
Neptune
Simultaneous observation method
satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) is a high-precision long distance time and frequency transfer mechanism between time bureaux to determine
Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer
Two-way_satellite_time_and_frequency_transfer
Observation far apart from others in statistics and data science
test ASTM E178: Standard Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations Mahalanobis distance and leverage are often used to detect outliers, especially
Outlier
syntax at hand. The terms discontinuous constituent, displacement, long distance dependency, unbounded dependency, and projectivity violation are largely
Discontinuity_(linguistics)
Innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter
existence of a belt of high-energy radiation centered on Io's orbit. Further observations have been made by Cassini–Huygens in 2000, New Horizons in 2007, and
Io_(moon)
Change in wavelength of light
the emission of the light from the galaxy in question. Observations of the redshift-distance relationship can be used, then, to determine the expansion
Redshift
Nonparametric measure of rank correlation
whether people who are high ranking in sprinting are also high ranking in long-distance running, they would use a Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Spearman's_rank_correlation_coefficient
Most massive dwarf planet
stars. Follow-up observations were then carried out to make a preliminary determination of Eris's orbit, which allowed the object's distance to be estimated
Eris_(dwarf_planet)
Star at the centre of the Solar System
circumference distance between the two observations, Cassini calculated the Earth–Mars distance, then used Kepler's laws to determine the Earth–Sun distance. His
Sun
Disked object that eclipsed V1400 Centauri
for J1407b. Although these observations do not rule out the possibility of orbital periods longer than 25 years, such long orbital periods are considered
J1407b
History and future of the universe
interacted over long distances, but at this point the W and Z bosons abruptly became massive particles only interacting over distances smaller than the
Chronology_of_the_universe
Geodetic survey from 1792 to 1798
circumference distance between the two observations, Cassini calculated the Earth-Mars distance, then used Kepler's laws to determine the Earth-Sun distance. His
Arc measurement of Delambre and Méchain
Arc_measurement_of_Delambre_and_Méchain
measurements. Over long periods of time, the slow independent motion of stars change in both relative position and in their distance from the observer
List_of_nearest_stars
difficult to detect long-distance comets if it were not for their comas, which become visible when heated by the Sun. Distances are measured in astronomical
List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun
List_of_Solar_System_objects_most_distant_from_the_Sun
Rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy
wavelengths. The available information about the Galactic Center comes from observations at gamma ray, hard (high-energy) X-ray, infrared, submillimetre, and
Galactic_Center
Natural object in space that releases gas
aphelion distance, how far away from the Sun they can orbit. The four subdivisions, E for Encke, SP for short-period, I for intermediate, and L for long-period
Comet
Species of beetle
March 2021. Ryan, P. A.; Beaver, R. A.; Bornemissza, G. F. "Observations on the giant Fiji long-horn beetle, Xixuthrus heros (Heer)" (PDF). Domodomo. 7:
Giant Fijian long-horned beetle
Giant_Fijian_long-horned_beetle
Irregular moon of Neptune
after observations were collected over a long enough time to confirm the satellite's orbit. S/2002 N 5 orbits Neptune at an average distance of over
S/2002_N_5
Physical theory of the cosmos
accelerates proportionally with distance. Independent of Friedmann's work, and independent of Hubble's observations, in 1931 physicist Georges Lemaître
Big_Bang
Lost comet
comet entitled: Elliptical orbit calculation of Biela's Comet from 96 observations of the year 1832 (Elliptische bahnbere chung des Biela'schen cometen
Biela's_Comet
Single yellow-hued star in the constellation Cetus
radial-velocity observations ruled out any periodical variations attributable to massive planets around Tau Ceti inside of Jupiter-like distances. Ever more
Tau_Ceti
Overview of the exploration of the moon Titan
a distance of approximately 354,000 km (220,000 mi) on 2 September 1979 during its encounter with Saturn. Before the flyby, Earth-based observations had
Exploration_of_Titan
Mathematical statistics distance measure
{\displaystyle D_{\text{KL}}(P\parallel Q)} , is a type of statistical distance: a measure of how much an approximating probability distribution Q is different
Kullback–Leibler_divergence
Event wherein the Sun is obscured by the Moon
later half of the 20th century confirmed his results. There is a long history of observations of gravity-related phenomena during solar eclipses, especially
Solar_eclipse
1613 pamphlet by Galileo Galilei
previously said that the spots were at various distances from the Sun, wandering between it and Mercury, but he no longer maintains this view. 'Apelles' argues
Letters_on_Sunspots
Long-period comet
C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) is a long-period comet discovered by Hideo Nishimura on 12 August 2023. The comet passed perihelion on 17 September 2023 and reached
C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)
Long-period comet
1983 VII) is a long-period comet that, in 1983, made the closest known approach to Earth of any comet in the last 200 years, at a distance of about 0.0312 AU
C/1983_H1_(IRAS–Araki–Alcock)
Active galactic nucleus (AGN) containing a supermassive black hole
3-million-light-year-long filament is anchored by a quasar. The quasar SDSS J165202.64+172852.3 images in the center and on the right present new observations from the
Quasar
Charles Darwin's last scientific book, 1881
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits (sometimes shortened to Worms) is an 1881 book by Charles
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms
The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould_Through_the_Action_of_Worms
Barred spiral galaxy in the Local Group
historical observations of the Andromeda Galaxy's significant Doppler shift. In 1922, Ernst Öpik presented a method to estimate the distance of Andromeda
Andromeda_Galaxy
Halley-type comet and parent body of the Perseid meteors
discovery year of 1862, the comet was as bright as Polaris. After the 1862 observations, it was incorrectly theorized that the comet would return between 1979
Comet_Swift–Tuttle
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
that the only indications for the existence of dark energy are observations of distance measurements and their associated redshifts. Cosmic microwave background
Dark_energy
Largest known Oort cloud comet
predicted in their observations, with a slightly asymmetric coma up to 15 arcseconds in width. At that time, the comet's distance from the Sun was 20
C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)
C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli–Bernstein)
Star in the constellation Canis Major
corresponding to a distance of 1.14+0.11 −0.09 kpc (about 3,720+360 −300 ly). In 2012, observations of SiO masers using very-long-baseline interferometry
VY_Canis_Majoris
Type Ic supernova
Type Ic supernova discovered in 2022 in the spiral galaxy NGC 157 at a distance of about 23 Mpc. The light curve of the supernova exhibited oscillations
SN_2022jli
which they were so classified. An alternative to the most commonly used distance measurements for high redshift objects is to calculate their ages in relation
List of the most distant astronomical objects
List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects
Kuiper belt object
angular distance between Varuna and the satellite is smaller than the resolution of current space-based telescopes. Although direct observations of Varuna's
20000_Varuna
Species of bird
Frank. with observations on juvenile plumage". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36: 499–501. Yoong, K.S. (2011). "Observations on the hunting
Long-tailed_shrike
Application of science and technology
Synoptic Observations". Archived December 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 25, 2008. Gaffen, Dian J. (June 7, 2007). "Radiosonde Observations and
Weather_forecasting
Species of bird
500 m (330 to 1,640 ft). Long flights of the shoebill are rare, and only a few flights beyond its minimum foraging distance of 20 m (66 ft) have been
Shoebill
Candidate exoplanet orbiting Alpha Centauri A
an apparent separation distance of approximately 1.1 astronomical units (AU) from Alpha Centauri A, and previous observations from years before ruled
Alpha_Centauri_Ab
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