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Polish-born British mathematician and historian (1908–1974)
Jacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-British mathematician and philosopher. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach
Jacob_Bronowski
BBC documentary television series by Jacob Bronowski (1973)
presented by Polish-British mathematician and historian of science Jacob Bronowski, who also authored a book adaptation. Intended as a series of "personal
The_Ascent_of_Man
Biblical patriarch, son of Isaac
past to embody hope. In The Ascent of Man (1973), Jacob Bronowski pointed out similarities between Jacob and Bakhtyar, who lends his name to Iran's Bakhtiari
Jacob
Core group of ancient Hebrew scriptures
by 20th-century writers, such as H. G. Wells and Joseph Campbell. Jacob Bronowski writes that "the Bible is ... part folklore and part record. History
Hebrew_Bible
Surname list
youth literature Jacob Bronowski (1908–1974), Polish-British mathematician, biologist, and historian of science Lisa Jardine (née Bronowski) (1944–2015),
Bronowski_(surname)
American designer, artist, and author (born 1945)
One of his advisors at Columbia was mathematician and philosopher Jacob Bronowski. Schlossberg was also mentored by futurist Buckminster Fuller. Schlossberg
Edwin_Schlossberg
Iranian tribe
came largely into use some time in antiquity. In The Ascent of Man, Jacob Bronowski states that "The Bakhtiari take their name from a legendary herdsman
Bakhtiari_people
Church struggled to defend its authority in Europe. Science historian Jacob Bronowski wrote that "Catholics and Protestants were embattled in what we should
Science and the Catholic Church
Science_and_the_Catholic_Church
Scientific research institute in San Diego, US
developer of the polio vaccine; among the founding consultants were Jacob Bronowski and Francis Crick. Construction of the research facilities began in
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies
Polish salt mine operated for 700 years
Mendeleyev, Bolesław Prus, Ignacy Paderewski, Robert Baden-Powell, Jacob Bronowski (who filmed segments of The Ascent of Man in the mine), the von Unrug
Wieliczka_Salt_Mine
British historian (1944–2015)
four daughters of mathematician and polymath, Jacob Bronowski, and the sculptor, Rita Coblentz. Bronowski, who died in 1974 and is best remembered for
Lisa_Jardine
Place of burial in North London, England
pioneer of serialised sensational weekly fiction and 'penny dreadfuls' Jacob Bronowski (ashes), scientist, creator of the television series The Ascent of
Highgate_Cemetery
Area of north London, England
philosopher Karl Marx, Michael Faraday, Douglas Adams, George Eliot, Jacob Bronowski, Sir Ralph Richardson, Dawn Foster, Christina Rossetti, Sir Sidney
Highgate
English television and radio personality (1935–2023)
thousands I have done, it would be the one-man show with Professor Jacob Bronowski." He stated that the most remarkable man he ever interviewed was Muhammad
Michael_Parkinson
British television chat show (1971–2007)
Parkinson stated that one of his most memorable interviews was with Jacob Bronowski in 1973. By his own reckoning, Parkinson interviewed over 2,000 of
Parkinson_(TV_series)
First division of the Christian Bible
by 20th-century writers, such as H. G. Wells and Joseph Campbell. Jacob Bronowski writes that "the Bible is ... part folklore and part record. History
Old_Testament
1977 book by Carl Sagan
follow-up entitled Up from Dragons. The book is an expansion of the Jacob Bronowski Memorial Lecture in Natural Philosophy which Sagan gave at the University
The_Dragons_of_Eden
British psychologist and researcher
science and the arts, Fancourt was made the British Science Association Jacob Bronowski Award Lecturer in 2016. In 2017 joined University College London as
Daisy_Fancourt
Top mathematics undergraduate at Cambridge University
ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 70400674. Bronowski's biography at the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive: "Jacob Bronowski". University of St Andrews. Retrieved
Senior_Wrangler
British publishing house
Jean Genet, P. H. Newby, Louis MacNeice, John Carey, F. R. Leavis, Jacob Bronowski, Jan Morris, and Brian Aldiss. In 2009, Faber Finds began to release
Faber_&_Faber
Calendar year
Italian novelist, poet, journalist and essayist (b. 1885) August 22 – Jacob Bronowski, Polish-Jewish British mathematician, biologist and science historian
1974
Book by James Watson
by such figures as Philip Morrison, Richard Lewontin, Alex Comfort, Jacob Bronowski, and more in-depth analyses by Peter Medawar, Robert K. Merton, and
The_Double_Helix
Millennium between 9000 BC and 8001 BC
unleavened, with the dough allowed to dry on hot stones. Writing in 1973, Jacob Bronowski argued that the combination of wheat and water at Jericho enabled man
9th_millennium_BC
Neighborhood in San Diego, California, United States
For example, when the world-famous mathematician and philosopher Jacob Bronowski came to the Salk Institute in 1963, he wanted to build a home on La
La_Jolla
American writer (1901–1991)
artists including James Reeves, Norman Cameron, John Aldridge, Len Lye, Jacob Bronowski and Honor Wyatt. The house has become a museum. Riding and Graves were
Laura_Riding
Paintings, often prehistoric, on cave walls and ceilings
as 'utilitarian' hunting magic to increase the abundance of prey. Jacob Bronowski states, "I think that the power that we see expressed here for the
Cave_painting
Artwork by Marcel Duchamp
célibataires même. OCLC 956687080. "Science meets Art: This Quarter and Jacob Bronowski". 2014-10-27. Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2018-11-07
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even
The_Bride_Stripped_Bare_by_Her_Bachelors,_Even
Afghanistan's national sport played on horseback
"The Harvest of the Seasons", of the documentary The Ascent of Man by Jacob Bronowski. It is put in the context of the domestication of the horse and the
Buzkashi
1968 single by Pink Floyd
episode of 1973 British television documentary The Ascent of Man, when Jacob Bronowski narrates how mankind develops hunting techniques. The Llamasoft video
Careful_with_That_Axe,_Eugene
Charitable organisation promoting secular humanism
Bertrand Russell, John Maynard Smith, Harry Kroto, Ludovic Kennedy, Jacob Bronowski, and Barbara Wootton. Humanists UK is a founding member of Humanists
Humanists_UK
American college football season
- Football Coach". Pitt Panthers #H2P. Retrieved April 16, 2024. "Jacob Bronowski - Football Coach". Pitt Panthers #H2P. Retrieved April 16, 2024. "Archie
2024 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
2024_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team
Defunct literary magazine
M. Brodie-historian Ronald Blythe-writer Marie Boas Hall-historian Jacob Bronowski-historian, television commentator Frances M. Brown-artist, painter
Horizon_(American_magazine)
American college football season
linebackers coach 3rd Tim Banks Co-defensive coordinator/Safeties coach 1st Jacob Bronowski Special teams coordinator 1st Larry Porter Running backs coach 1st
2026 Auburn Tigers football team
2026_Auburn_Tigers_football_team
Golesh 2026 0 0 – 23 15 .605 Kodi Burns / Joel Gordon D.J. Durkin Jacob Bronowski Florida Gators Jon Sumrall 2026 0 0 – 43 12 .782 Buster Faulkner Brad
List of current NCAA Division I FBS football coaches
List_of_current_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_coaches
English poet and artist (1757–1827)
Clarendon Press. Harold Bloom (1963). Blake's Apocalypse. Doubleday. Jacob Bronowski (1972). William Blake and the Age of Revolution. Routledge & K. Paul
William_Blake
Oldest surviving freethought and Ethical society in the UK and world
Hogben, Stanton Coit, Joseph Needham, Edward John Thompson (1942), Jacob Bronowski, Fred Hoyle, Edmund Leach, Margaret Knight, Christopher Hill (1989)
Conway_Hall_Ethical_Society
City in central Poland
G. Brisch (1901–1960), industrial coding and classification expert Jacob Bronowski (1908–1974), writer, mathematician and Britain's leading academic TV
Łódź
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
called him "the smartest person I've ever met", a common opinion. Jacob Bronowski wrote "He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. And
John_von_Neumann
Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods
KCB, FRS), C. H. Waddington, Owen Wansbrough-Jones, Frank Yates, Jacob Bronowski and Freeman Dyson), and in the United States (George Dantzig) looked
Operations_research
American historian (1923–2016)
publications are: The Western Intellectual Tradition (1960; co-authored with Jacob Bronowski, this became a classic used in university courses and translated into
Bruce_Mazlish
Constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England
1976 New Zealand cricket captain Alistair Cooke 1908 2004 Broadcaster Jacob Bronowski 1908 1974 Scientist and mathematician Tom Killick 1907 1953 England
Jesus_College,_Cambridge
John Brockman, specializing authorship in the scientific literature Jacob Bronowski, mathematician, biologist, historian of science, author, and pioneering
List_of_science_communicators
Manifesto. Johannes Brahms (1833–1897): German composer and pianist. Jacob Bronowski: Polish-British polymath and author of The Ascent of Man. Lester R
List_of_secular_humanists
1979 British nature documentary television series
following the format established by Kenneth Clark's Civilisation and Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man (both series which he designed and produced as director
Life_on_Earth_(TV_series)
University in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England
Alister Hardy, architect Sir Leslie Martin, mathematician and historian Jacob Bronowski and novelist Sir Malcolm Bradbury. Armorial of UK universities Civic
University_of_Hull
Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c. 965 – c. 1040)
voiced by Alfred Molina in the episode. Over forty years previously, Jacob Bronowski presented Alhazen's work in a similar television documentary (and the
Ibn_al-Haytham
British politician (born 1933)
Lady Violet Bonham Carter, his old headmaster John Wolfenden and Jacob Bronowski, whilst Aneurin Bevan addressed a packed meeting of the University
Michael_Heseltine
publishing in France and went to Sweden. According to historian of science Jacob Bronowski: The effect of the trial and imprisonment was to put a total stop to
Role of Christianity in Western society
Role_of_Christianity_in_Western_society
Historic folk art site in Los Angeles, California
BBC television series The Ascent of Man, written and presented by Jacob Bronowski, in the episode "The Grain in the Stone—tools, and the development
Watts_Towers
British historian (1911–2001)
his books included other well-known historians like Morris Bishop, Jacob Bronowski, and Maria Bellonci. Later Plumb worked with Huw Wheldon on the BBC
John_H._Plumb
biographer, broadcaster and chansonnier (French-born; Jewish father) Jacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) Polish-British mathematician, philosopher
List of British Jewish writers
List_of_British_Jewish_writers
Month of 1974
American novelist, playwright and screenwriter known for Flamingo Road Jacob Bronowski, 66, Polish-Jewish British mathematician, biologist and science historian
August_1974
1965 statement
authorities as "subversive". Baron, the younger brother of the scientist Jacob Bronowski, was arrested nine minutes after UDI was made. What was it that could
Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence
British mathematician (1866–1956)
University of Cambridge Doctoral advisor Arthur Cayley Doctoral students Jacob Bronowski Thomas M. Cherry H. S. M. Coxeter Yusuke Hagihara Edwin Arthur Maxwell
Henry_F._Baker
British actor (1928–2023)
Roy Dotrice) was heard reading quotations in several episodes of Jacob Bronowski's 1973 documentary series The Ascent of Man. His voice was also a mainstay
Joss_Ackland
Day of the year
1895) 1971 – Birger Nerman, Swedish archaeologist (born 1888) 1974 – Jacob Bronowski, Polish-English mathematician, biologist, and author (born 1908) 1976
August_22
winner Sydney Brenner (King's), Nobel Prize winner Alec Broers (Caius) Jacob Bronowski (Jesus) Tony Buffery (Corpus Christi) Michael Burrows (Churchill),
List of University of Cambridge people
List_of_University_of_Cambridge_people
mathematician and President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews Jacob Bronowski (1908–1974), mathematician and science educator Robert Brooks (1952–2002)
List_of_Jewish_mathematicians
British documentary filmmaker (1907–1950)
founder-editor of Experiment in collaboration with William Empson and Jacob Bronowski. After graduating with a starred First-Class degree in English, Jennings
Humphrey_Jennings
Education strategy or academic discipline
theology. In the mid and later 20th century, The Ascent of Man by Jacob Bronowski examined history from a multidisciplinary perspective. Later, Eric
Big_History
British statutory corporation, 1946–1987
(CRE) at Stoke Orchard in Gloucestershire was founded in 1950 with Jacob Bronowski as Director of Research. It closed following the privatisation of the
National_Coal_Board
also sometimes described as "Christian" or "Christian" civilization. Jacob Bronowski; The Ascent of Man; Angus & Robertson, 1973 ISBN 0-563-17064-6 Geoffrey
History of Western civilization before AD 500
History_of_Western_civilization_before_AD_500
Study of human adaptations to social and physical environments
with tools, technologies and social groupings. In 1973 the physicist Jacob Bronowski produced The Ascent of Man, which summarised a magnificent thirteen
Cultural_ecology
Malcolm Bradbury – Adult education (1959–61), novelist and academic Jacob Bronowski – mathematics (1934–42) Trevor Burnard - historian and director of
List of University of Hull people
List_of_University_of_Hull_people
Biography
social environment helped shape both his most famous and obscure works. Jacob Bronowski stated: "Blake: Prophet Against Empire is the most important book that
Blake:_Prophet_Against_Empire
uk. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-10-03. Jacob Bronowski; The Ascent of Man; Angus & Robertson, 1973 ISBN 0-563-17064-6 Bryson
Catholic Church and health care
Catholic_Church_and_health_care
moved to Cheltenham at the age of five when her father, the polymath Jacob Bronowski, author of Ascent of Man, took up a research post with the National
List_of_British_Jews
administrator, the 345th Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Jacob Bronowski (1908–1974) – Polish-Jewish British mathematician, biologist, historian
Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom
Surname list
Robert Broinowski (1877–1959), Australian public servant and poet Jacob Bronowski This page lists people with the surname Broinowski. If an internal
Broinowski
Day of the year
2002) 1907 – János Ferencsik, Hungarian conductor (died 1984) 1908 – Jacob Bronowski, Polish-English mathematician, historian, and television host (died
January_18
English poet, critic and scholar (1908–2003)
receiving her master's degree in 1929. While in Cambridge she met Jacob Bronowski, William Empson, Humphrey Jennings and Malcolm Lowry. In later life
Kathleen_Raine
British documentary TV series on Western art and philosophy (BBC 1969)
later documentary series, from Alastair Cooke's America (1972) and Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man (1973) to the present day. The BBC announced in
Civilisation_(TV_series)
edited by Samuel Putnam, which also introduced much of the world to Jacob Bronowski, William Empson, and Samuel Beckett. He was a frequent contributor
Philip_Owens
Voluntary aided comprehensive school in Islington, London, England
Deputies of British Jews, President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jacob Bronowski, mathematician, biologist and historian, author of The Ascent of Man
Central Foundation Boys' School
Central_Foundation_Boys'_School
American chemical engineer (born 1928)
to connect sciences with society, art, and philosophy, inspired by Jacob Bronowski and The Ascent of Man. The project developed and shared multidisciplinary
John_Prausnitz
Sakharam Binder The American Museum of Natural History – An Introduction Jacob Bronowski – The Ascent of Man L. Sprague de Camp Great Cities of the Ancient
1972_in_literature
Winterson 1995 Lauren Bacall Ken Dodd 1972 Parkinson David Niven 1974 Dr Jacob Bronowski 1998 Billy Connolly & David Attenborough 1974 The Frost Interview David
BBC_Four_Collections
British zoologist, ethologist and ornithologist
Providence by Donald M. MacKay; The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination by Jacob Bronowski. Philosophy 54 (209): 425-427. Learning and Instinct in Animals (1956)
William_Homan_Thorpe
American writer
Rabinowitz Birth of an Island Tony's Birds Biography of an Atom, with Jacob Bronowski (1965 Edison Foundation winner for best children's science book) Mushrooms
Millicent_Selsam
British publishing company
literary critic Boris Ford, philosopher A. J. Ayer, and journalist Jacob Bronowski. Other classic Pelican books included Totem and Taboo, The Eighteen
Pelican_Books
British filmmaker (born 1962)
also a documentary filmmaker, who produced The Ascent of Man with Jacob Bronowski and directed Cosmos: A Personal Voyage with Carl Sagan. Malone spent
David Malone (independent filmmaker)
David_Malone_(independent_filmmaker)
Public lecture series in Washington, D.C., U.S.
1968 Stephen Spender Poet Imaginative Literature and Painting 1969 Jacob Bronowski Scientist Art as a Mode of Knowledge 1970 Nikolaus Pevsner University
A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts
A._W._Mellon_Lectures_in_the_Fine_Arts
British/American graphic designer, author, and theorist (born 1942)
Ann Burkitt) The Ascent of Man (1973 Little, Brown and Company, by Jacob Bronowski) Understanding USA (2000 TED Conference by Richard Saul Wurman) Information
Nigel_Holmes
Russian-born Irish poet (1907 – 1976)
associated with the magazine Experiment, including William Empson, Jacob Bronowski, Charles Madge, Kathleen Raine and Julian Trevelyan. He contributed
George_Reavey
2006 book by Nikos Salingaros
Anthropologists K. Sorvig and J. Quillien commented: "The spirit of Jacob Bronowski permeates the work of Nikos Salingaros. A Theory of Architecture takes
A_Theory_of_Architecture
Hungarian-born physicist, inventor of the hydrogen bomb. January 18 – Jacob Bronowski (died 1974), Polish-born scientific polymath. January 22 – Lev Davidovich
1908_in_science
evolutionary terms. In The Ascent of Man (a title he used long before Jacob Bronowski made his famous television series of the same name), he compares the
Alfred_Machin_(writer)
BBC radio and later television series
Annan, A. J. Ayer, Michael Ayrton, Isaiah Berlin, Robert Boothby, Jacob Bronowski, Collin Brooks, Violet Bonham Carter, Alan Bullock, Anthony Chenevix-Trench
The_Brains_Trust
Dyzma, in Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz's novel The Career of Nicodemus Dyzma Jacob Jankowski, a character played by Robert Pattinson in a 2011 American romantic
List_of_Polish_people
examination of the personality and achievement of Albert Einstein. Dr. Jacob Bronowski of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies at La Jolla, California
List of The Nature of Things episodes
List_of_The_Nature_of_Things_episodes
British textile designer (1916–1996)
open fire in a modern home. Architects can now work on from here," by Jacob Bronowski, in stark contrast to Norman Hartnell who stated "Monstrous without
Tibor_Reich
English broadcaster and natural historian (born 1926)
informally known as "sledgehammer" projects. Others followed, including Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man (also commissioned by Attenborough) and Alistair
David_Attenborough
Pavel Nilin, Soviet novelist and playwright (died 1981) January 18 – Jacob Bronowski, Polish-born scientist and poet (died 1974) January 20 Fleur Cowles
1908_in_literature
1968 Canadian TV series or program
community with governments, businesses and citizens, with panellists Jacob Bronowski, James Eayrs, and Malcolm Muggeridge 30 May 1968: "Building Better
Science_and_Conscience
American computational neuroscientist
widely acclaimed, with a lead review in the Scientific American by Jacob Bronowski, and translations into Chinese, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Russian
Michael_A._Arbib
English painter
maestro" (the teacher). "The Ascent of Man" By Jacob Bronowski Copyright © Estate of Jacob Bronowski, First published in hardback by the British Broadcasting
Terry_Durham
Compton Bennett, film director and writer (born 1900) 22 August – Jacob Bronowski, Polish-born mathematician and television presenter (born 1908) 29
1974_in_the_United_Kingdom
BBC Television series The Ascent of Man, written and presented by Jacob Bronowski, airs – there is also an accompanying best-selling book. 5 May – Sunderland
1973_in_the_United_Kingdom
British television series
documentary programmes such as Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man, Civilisation, and The World at War. Brooker singles out Bronowski for praise regarding his
Charlie_Brooker's_Screenwipe
actor 29 May – James MacTaggart, television producer 22 August – Jacob Bronowski, scientist and presenter (The Ascent of Man) 1974 in British music
1974_in_British_television
JACOB BRONOWSKI
JACOB BRONOWSKI
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Indian, Irish, Jamaican, Swedish
Supplanter; Held by the Heel; Heel Grabber; One who Supplants
Girl/Female
Latin Hebrew Scottish
Supplanter.
Boy/Male
Biblical American Hebrew
That supplants, undermines, the heel.
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Jacob, JAYCOB means "supplanter."
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Dutch, French, Hebrew, Latin
Supplants; Female Version of Jacob; Supplanter
Biblical
Yacob, Yacoub - Jacob
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Supplanter.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Jaycox.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi
Jacob
Boy/Male
Danish German American Scandinavian Swedish
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Conqueror
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Supplanter.
Male
German
German and Scandinavian form of Greek Iakob, JAKOB means "supplanter."
Biblical
that supplants, undermines; the heel, supplanter,one who follows on another's heels; supplanter;he that supplants or follows after;supplanted;
Male
English
Anglicized form of Greek Iakob and Hebrew Yaaqob, JACOB means "supplanter." In the Old Testament bible, this is the name of a son of Isaac and Rebecca, and the twin brother of Esau. In the New Testament, it is the name of Mary's father-in-law.Â
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Christian, Hebrew
Replacer; Supplanter
Male
Danish
, supplanter.
Female
Dutch
, supplanter.
Boy/Male
Spanish
Supplanter.
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Latin Jacobus, JACOBO means "supplanter."
JACOB BRONOWSKI
JACOB BRONOWSKI
Girl/Female
Indian
Joy
Boy/Male
Tamil
Name of a saint, Divine, Holy
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Light
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Telugu
A Devotee of Goddess Kali
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a Middle English personal name, Eldric, a variant of Aldrich.
Boy/Male
American, Australian
Brave
Boy/Male
Sikh
Love for all
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, Scottish, Slovenia, Swedish, Swiss
Vigilant; Watchful
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
One who Stays in Heaven
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Punjabi Surname
JACOB BRONOWSKI
JACOB BRONOWSKI
JACOB BRONOWSKI
JACOB BRONOWSKI
JACOB BRONOWSKI
n.
One of the sect of Syrian Monophysites. The sect is named after Jacob Baradaeus, its leader in the sixth century.
n.
An appellative of Abraham or of one of his descendants, esp. in the line of Jacob; an Israelite; a Jew.
n.
A Hebrew patriarch (son of Isaac, and ancestor of the Jews), who in a vision saw a ladder reaching up to heaven (Gen. xxviii. 12); -- also called Israel.
n.
A word used by Jacob on his deathbed, and interpreted variously, as "the Messiah," or as the city "Shiloh," or as "Rest."
n.
One of the descendants of Esau or Edom, the brother of Jacob; an Idumean.
n.
A descendant of Israel, or Jacob; a Hebrew; a Jew.
n.
A family, race, or series of generations, descending from the same progenitor, and kept distinct, as in the case of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of Jacob.