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Collaboration and intimate relationships between French women and Nazi occupiers
Horizontal collaboration (French: Collaboration horizontale, collaboration féminine or collaboration sentimentale) referred to the romantic or sexual relationship
Horizontal_collaboration
Act of working together
Collaboration (from Latin com- 'with' + laborare 'to labor, to work'[citation needed]) is the process of two or more people, entities or organizations
Collaboration
Stance in occupied countries in World War II
Hendrik Seyffardt in the Netherlands and Theodoros Pangalos in Greece saw collaboration as a path to personal power in the politics of their country. Others
Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy
types of supply chain collaboration: vertical collaboration and horizontal collaboration. Vertical collaboration is the collaboration when two or more organizations
Supply_chain_collaboration
1944 photograph by Robert Capa
severe punishment imposed on the French women accused of so-called horizontal collaboration with the German occupiers. During the liberation of France, French
The_Shaved_Woman_of_Chartres
Hungarian architect, artist and entrepreneur
Ádám (Szabolcs) Somlai-Fischer, born 1976 in Budapest, is an architect and interaction designer. He is also the co-founder and Principal Artist of Prezi
Ádám_Somlai-Fischer
French rebel groups that fought Nazi Germany in World War II
Frenchmen to become résistants was resentment of collaboration horizontale ("horizontal collaboration"), the euphemistic term for sexual relationships
French_Resistance
French fashion designer (1883–1971)
became clear to many. While many women in France were punished for "horizontal collaboration" with German officers, Chanel faced no such action. At the time
Coco_Chanel
Cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime
Wartime collaboration is the voluntary cooperation of local populations, officials or combatants with the enemy against their own state, often for personal
Wartime_collaboration
Working practice in public administration
This has been the case of public administrations in Canada, where horizontal collaboration has been encouraged through internal communication of "Best Practices"
Whole-of-government_approach
Collaborative effort to a scientific goal
in order to increase the credibility of psychological science. Horizontal collaboration between research teams facilitates the replication of studies and
Crowdsourced psychological science
Crowdsourced_psychological_science
Military battle during World War II on 19 August 1944
(legal purge). Some were executed without trial. Women accused of "horizontal collaboration" because of alleged sexual relationships with Germans were arrested
Liberation_of_Paris
1940–1944 French government-in-exile
trial, in "wild cleansings" (épuration sauvage). Women accused of "horizontal collaboration" because of alleged sexual relationships with Germans during the
Free_France
French actor (1930–2022)
Jews, and his mother began an affair with a Nazi officer. This horizontal collaboration affected Jean-Louis his entire life. He grew up with the intention
Jean-Louis_Trintignant
Vertical and horizontal spread of power
governments. A form of self-governing within multi-level systems is horizontal collaboration where cities may collaborate with regions demonstrating multi-levels
Multi-level_governance
Parisian female Gestapo agents
the Liberation of France. Horizontal collaboration Joseph Joanovici Henri Lafont Pierre Bonny Cocotte Police collaboration in Vichy France Marga d’Andurain
Countesses_of_the_Gestapo
American professor, director, and writer (1947–2018)
of Weimar Berlin. New York: Feral House. 2006. ISBN 193259597X. Horizontal Collaboration: The Erotic World of Paris, 1920-1946. Port Townsend, WA: Feral
Mel_Gordon
Distribution of power within an organisational structure
Solidarity Socialist Party Independents 4 Change Business partnering Collaboration Collaborative leadership Collective intelligence Collective intentionality
Collective_leadership
International License. Meller, Russell D.; Ellis, Kimberly P. "From Horizontal Collaboration to the Physical Internet: Quantifying the Effects on Sustainability
Physical_Internet
1989 science fiction novel by K. W. Jeter
Farewell Horizontal is a science fiction novel by American writer K. W. Jeter, published in 1989. It came in second for the John W. Campbell Memorial Award
Farewell_Horizontal
Contemporary philosopher
platform that promotes global discussions on posthumanism through horizontal collaborations, with board members including Katherine Hayles, Dipesh Chakrabarty
Francesca_Ferrando
Regional network of model forests
promote regional Model Forest network expansion and facilitate horizontal collaboration among sites. To strengthen the RIABM’s capacity to provide support
Ibero-American Model Forest Network
Ibero-American_Model_Forest_Network
Italian mathematician (born 1957)
Cattaruzza, W. Gu, M. Ogier, F. Semet) Optimization models for fair horizontal collaboration in demand-responsive transportation (with E. Angelelli, V. Morandi)
M._Grazia_Speranza
categories or types of alliances. A type of an alliance is a horizontal alliance. For example, a horizontal alliance can occur between logistics service providers
Business_alliance
Market structure with a single firm dominating the market
that breakups, even if incorrectly targeted, could still encourage collaboration, innovation, and efficiency. Regulatory or enforcement changes to stop
Monopoly
Website that integrates applications, processes, and services
[citation needed] Web portals are sometimes classified as horizontal or vertical. A horizontal portal is used as a platform to several companies in the
Web_portal
French purge of collaborationists after World War II
carried out through 1944, as the nation was freed. Women accused of "horizontal collaboration" were arrested, had their heads shaved, and were exhibited, and
Épuration_légale
American comedian, actress, writer, and producer (born 1975)
have been #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list. Her first book, My Horizontal Life (2005), describes the variety of sexual encounters she has experienced
Chelsea_Handler
Country in South Asia
ISBN 978-1-108-17351-3. Quote: "The last of the centaurs has the long, wavy, horizontal horns of a markhor, a human face, a heavy-set body that appears bovine
India
Ships that were lost or scuttled along the coast
displaced 4,050 long tons (4,110 t) and was powered by a pair of two-cylinder horizontal, direct-acting, compound-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft
Shipwrecks_of_Cape_Town
Analog videocassette recording format
recording time respectively, but these speed reductions cause a reduction in horizontal resolution – from the normal equivalent of 250 vertical lines in SP, to
VHS
Video or display resolutions with a width of around 4,000 pixels
4K resolution is a horizontal display resolution of approximately 4,000 pixels. For digital cinematography, it is 4096 × 2160 (DCI 4K), typically with
4K_resolution
total possible 100 points. The minimum passing inspection score is 85. Collaboration with the CDC's Vessel Sanitation Program and the development of Outbreak
Infectious disease on cruise ships
Infectious_disease_on_cruise_ships
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
escalation can be separated into two strategies, horizontal and vertical privilege escalation: Horizontal escalation (or account takeover) is where an attacker
Computer_security
Experiment at the Antiproton Decelerator
sensitive to small vertical displacements of the anti-atoms during their horizontal flight - the Earth's gravitational force on antihydrogen can thus be determined
AEgIS_experiment
Ferdinand Porsche designed a new mass-produced car with rear air-cooled horizontally-opposed four-cylinder engine; France did not have such a car to Germany
List_of_Equinox_episodes
making it possible to produce highly polished rice. Unlike the previous horizontal polishing machines, which are used for table rice, the vertical design
History of science and technology in Japan
History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan
Neo-Palladian house in France
Palmiers, where he celebrated Mass in the chapel. Hortense de Prailly had horizontal stations arranged along a path winding through the slopes of her property
Le_Plantier_de_Costebelle
2021 crowd disaster in Houston, Texas, US
Apple Music, the streamer's camera team and equipment split the premises horizontally and vertically. The lawsuit alleged the decision compromised concertgoers'
Astroworld Festival crowd crush
Astroworld_Festival_crowd_crush
Grand touring car manufactured since 2003
Continental GT, bespoke, 22-inch tri-finish wheels, unique front and rear horizontal lights, model emblem 'hidden' behind the lacquer of sustainable rice husk
Bentley_Continental_GT
American actress and model (born 1998)
in 2023, she wore only a white maxi skirt and a top which was simply a horizontal feather covering her nipples, attached to a thin strap; W magazine wrote
Hunter_Schafer
South Korean self-propelled 155 mm howitzer
to the north, and the elevation and inclination angle of the earth's horizontal plane by itself. The calculated navigation information and posture information
K9_Thunder
Transnational drug-trafficking organization
identified the CDS's international success as largely being due to a horizontal system of organization as opposed to the top-down hierarchy employed by
Sinaloa_Cartel
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
the same group tend to show similar chemical characteristics. Vertical, horizontal and diagonal trends characterize the periodic table. Metallic character
Periodic_table
Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface
landing and rested at an angle of 30° to the lunar surface and 18° to horizontal, with communications impaired. It operated until February 29, 2024. On
Moon_landing
accusing Kuwait, one of its main creditors, of having stolen oil from it by horizontal drilling, Saddam Hussein decided, like his predecessor Abd al-Karim Qasim
Foreign_relations_of_Iraq
Russian extreme sportsman, parachutist and base jumper
Reservoir in Armenia. On 5 June 2025, Boytsov performed giant swings on a horizontal bar suspended beneath a hot air balloon at an altitude of 1,500 metres
Sergey_Boytsov
Diseases of humans caused by a pathogen
infection. Animal populations are the principal reservoir of the pathogen and horizontal infection in humans is rare. A few examples in this category include lyssavirus
Zoonosis
Full-size ultra-luxury sedan
sedan manufactured by JAC Group since 2025 under the Maextro brand in collaboration with HIMA, Huawei's multi-brand automotive alliance. It is positioned
Maextro_S800
Certification of aircraft
the effects of a potential AOA sensor failure. Changing the routing of horizontal stabilizer trim wires. This is intended to bring the airplane into full
Boeing_737_MAX_certification
American singer (1956–2022)
1956 – June 9, 2022) was an American singer and actress, known for her collaborations with composer Angelo Badalamenti and filmmaker David Lynch in the late
Julee_Cruise
from Melbourne's later terraces in its ornamental restraint and long horizontal string courses give the impression of a single continuous row with party
Architecture_of_Melbourne
French politician
(women whose hairs were shaved in public because of suspected "horizontal collaboration" (having sex with German occupants) with the enemy), though remaining
Claire_O'Petit
picketers were also initially called "fogoneros" ("fire tenders"). A horizontal organization emerged, without any leadership, at most spontaneous spokespersons:
Presidency_of_Carlos_Menem
German automotive manufacturer
dashboard, and on the A4 (new), A5, A6, A8, and Q7, the controls are mounted horizontally. Audi has assisted with technology to produce synthetic diesel from water
Audi
Ocaña-Pallarès, E. (2025). "A timetree of Fungi dated with fossils and horizontal gene transfers". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 9 (11): 1989–2001. Bibcode:2025NatEE
2025_in_paleontology
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
set from above, in practice they were often negotiated, and informal horizontal links (e.g. between producer factories) were widespread. A number of basic
Soviet_Union
Large twin-aisle airliner family
being the first Boeing airliner to use composite materials for both the horizontal and vertical stabilizers (empennage). The main fuselage cross-section
Boeing_777
2025 film by Paul Thomas Anderson
normal 35 millimeter camera, this takes the film and puts it eight-perf horizontal, which allows for a much bigger negative space. Each frame is twice the
One_Battle_After_Another
Japanese manga series
pieces of theme music and animating water in detail, along with close collaboration with Naekawa. The story's themes of relationship dynamics and depression
This_Monster_Wants_to_Eat_Me
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
represented mathematically by a function: one visualizes a graph whose horizontal axis is time of day, and whose vertical axis shows the monk's position
Problem_solving
Turning force around an axis
torques (moments) about any point. For a two-dimensional situation with horizontal and vertical forces, the sum of the forces requirement is two equations:
Torque
Frontal feature in the South Atlantic Ocean
a relatively narrow band of latitudes and is characterized by strong horizontal gradients in sea surface temperature and salinity. The ABF has a variable
Angola–Benguela_Front
2011 video game
effective edge of the world until they were resolved, with the current horizontal limit instead being a special impassable barrier called the world border
Minecraft
animal on 26 October 1873 (Owen, 1881:pl. 33 fig. 2; see very similar but horizontally flipped woodcut from Harvey, 1874a:68, fig.) #29 (26/10/1873) The Adventure
List of giant squid specimens and sightings
List_of_giant_squid_specimens_and_sightings
Tool used for project and business process management
charted with the vertical axis representing tasks or deliverables and the horizontal axis representing roles. Diffusion of responsibility Project Management
Responsibility assignment matrix
Responsibility_assignment_matrix
Writing performed by more than one person
their task work then passes it on for the next person to edit freely. Horizontal-division or parallel writing: each person does one part of the whole project
Collaborative_writing
gave them the derogatory nickname "Jerry-bags". The extent of "horizontal collaboration" has been exaggerated. Records released by the Public Records Office
Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands
Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands
Rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium
gene duplication, and horizontal gene transfer; in particular, 18% of the genome of the laboratory strain MG1655 was horizontally acquired since the divergence
Escherichia_coli
American personal luxury car
formed a V-shape along both its vertical and horizontal planes bisected by a central body-colored horizontal bar. Outer grille extension panels again housed
Cadillac_Eldorado
City in Marrakesh–Safi, Morocco
standing within a garden enclosure. The most important graves are marked by horizontal tombstones of finely carved marble, while others are merely covered in
Marrakesh
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (e.g., horizontally and vertically), and therefore, a fortiori, it cannot pass if a third
John_von_Neumann
Discography of English singer Robert Plant
Read the Letter"), Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals (for "Rich Woman"), and the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals (for "Killing
Robert_Plant_discography
Weapon accessory
of the CornerShot hinge are the trigger, camera screen (which is on a horizontal hinge just like the mid-gun hinge but it is off of the left side of the
CornerShot
scale vertical-axis wind turbines could outcompete conventional HAWTs (horizontal axis) wind farm turbines. Scientists report that due to decreases in power
Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present
Timeline_of_sustainable_energy_research_2020_to_the_present
Dinosaurs in sci-fi media franchise
dinosaur with its tail held down while it would have been held more horizontally. Stegosaurus makes a brief return in the short film Battle at Big Rock
Dinosaurs_in_Jurassic_Park
Building in EUR, Rome
of arches. According to legend, the structure's six vertical and nine horizontal arches are correlated to the number of letters in the Italian dictator
Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana
Palazzo_della_Civiltà_Italiana
British rock musician (born 1957)
2014: Souvenir EP by Darwin – co-production, bass 2020: Oracle Of The Horizontal by Duende with David J – production, lead vocals, bass As a songwriter
David_J
Skyscraper in Brisbane, Queensland
shading devices (including external hoods, screens, egg-crate sun breakers (horizontal and vertical flanges positioned in a square grid), or sun-blades), reflective
Riverside_Centre,_Brisbane
differ in that the Wii version supports 16:9 widescreen presentation and horizontally flips the in-game world to make Link right-handed. First game in the
List of The Legend of Zelda media
List_of_The_Legend_of_Zelda_media
Genus of theropod dinosaur
of the vestibular apparatus indicates that the skull was held nearly horizontal, as opposed to strongly tipped up or down. The structure of the inner
Allosaurus
February. 2 March Media report the discovery of an object, a suspected horizontal stabilizer, found on a sandbar in Mozambique, that may have originated
Timeline of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
Timeline_of_Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370
Japanese artist
volume/Vermont Studio Center Red Mill Gallery, Johnson, United States 2010 horizontal forest/Not Quite Gallery, Fengersfors, Sweden 2010 ridge of boundary/para_Site
Onishi_Yasuaki
1966 studio album by the Beach Boys
employed a vertical compositional approach using block chords, rather than horizontal classical structures, and often engaged in polytonality through stacking
Pet_Sounds
American film production company
2024. Fantasmas, a second collaboration with Torres, premiered on HBO on June 7, 2024. A Real Pain, a second collaboration with Eisenberg, was released
Fruit_Tree_(company)
Courthouse in Manhattan, New York
windows are topped with lintels and cornices. In addition, there are a horizontal belt course and a cornice above the annex's sixth floor. As designed in
Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State
Appellate_Division_Courthouse_of_New_York_State
Genus of Late Cretaceous dinosaur
sub-triangular-shaped element. Its lower border was notably straight/horizontal. The postorbital was located just above the jugal: a stocky and strongly
Velociraptor
Fastest known animal and common bird of prey
the sage-grouse. These hybrids combine the greater size, strength, and horizontal speed of the gyrfalcon with the natural propensity to stoop and greater
Peregrine_falcon
JSTOR 26600632. S2CID 150153745. Gardbaum, Stephen (December 2003). "The "Horizontal Effect" of Constitutional Rights" (PDF). Michigan Law Review. 102 (3)
Bibliography of the United States Constitution
Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution
de Palacios facilitated the traffic through Puerta del Sol. In 1950, a horizontal plaque was placed on the ground in front of the main door of the Edificio
History_of_the_Puerta_del_Sol
National flag of Germany (1935–1945)
Proportion 3:5 Adopted 15 September 1935 Relinquished 23 May 1945 Design A horizontal flag featuring a red background with a black swastika on a white disc
Flag_of_Nazi_Germany
Renaissance art in Florence
buildings, concentrating above all on the facade, composed of a grid of horizontal and vertical elements between which windows are inserted. Using classical
Florentine_Renaissance_art
Minaret in the Mehrauli area of Delhi, India
with each of the angles between the star's points. There are also six horizontal bands with inscriptions inscribed in naskh, a style of Islamic calligraphy
Qutb_Minar
Widespread, often global, epidemic of severe infectious disease
cooperation, data sharing, and collaboration are essential; as is universal access to tests and therapies. Collaboration – In response to the COVID-19
Pandemic
Series of pickup trucks
gauge clusters had the pattern on the face changed from a grid pattern to horizontal lines, the outside door mirrors were also changed to have a more stream
Toyota_Hilux
o'shanter, and tartan clothing – its pattern consisting of criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours – is a notable aspect of Gaelic
Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom
Rebellion in Brazil
did not have its future wide avenues and skyscrapers; its profile was horizontal and there were many empty spaces with farms and floodplains between the
São_Paulo_Revolt_of_1924
Association football club in India
states and 1 union territory. In the Inter Kashi's crest, Tripundra (three horizontal lines on the top of the crest) resembles Lord Shiva's threefold power
Inter_Kashi_FC
U.S. military campaign in World War II
On 30 August USS Colhoun (APD-2) was bombed by Japanese high-altitude horizontal bombers and sank with the loss of 51 men. On 4–5 September, USS Little (APD-4)
Guadalcanal_campaign
American film studio
was then turned into a motion graphic at Industrial Light & Magic, in collaboration with Kaleidoscope Films, Dave Carson and Clint Goldman. It was animated
DreamWorks_Pictures
HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION
HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION
HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION
HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION
Girl/Female
Tamil
Hemanti | ஹேமாஂதி
Winter, Early winter
Boy/Male
Hindu
Divine
Boy/Male
Muslim
Light
Boy/Male
Australian, Hebrew, Polish
God is My Judge
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Treasure by God.
Boy/Male
English
Protected by God.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
All Kinds of Goodness and Happiness; This was the Name of Ibnyazid Alkhaywani who Fought with Sayyidina Ali RA
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Variety; Art
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Batt 1 or 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : apparently a variant spelling of Thain.
HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION
HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION
HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION
HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION
HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION
a.
Parallel to the horizon; on a level; as, a horizontalline or surface.
a.
Measured or contained in a plane of the horizon; as, horizontal distance.
n.
The state or quality of being horizontal.
adv.
Horizontally.
n.
A horizontal, flat ore body.
n.
An instrument by which to find a horizontal line, or adjust something with reference to a horizontal line.
a.
Pertaining to, or near, the horizon.
adv.
In a horizontal direction or position; on a level; as, moving horizontally.
n.
A horizontal passage, drift, or adit, in a mine.
n.
A horizontal vein or ore deposit auxiliary to a main vein; also, any horizontal portion of a vein not elsewhere horizontal.
n.
The rock underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal deposit.
v. t.
To dig Horizontally; to cut a horizontal gallery or tunnel.
v. i.
To turn to a horizontal plane; -- said of oars.
a.
Having a level horizontal surface or position.
n.
The horizontal bracing of a bridge, which prevents its swaying.
n.
Inclination downward; direction below a horizontal line; slope; pitch.
n.
The marking of the clothes with stripes or horizontal bands.
n.
A small horizontal brace or girder.
a.
Extended horizontally; stretched out.