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Programming language used on DEC PDP-series machines
FOCAL (acronym for Formulating On-line Calculations in Algebraic Language, or FOrmula CALculator) is an interactive interpreted programming language based
FOCAL_(programming_language)
Topics referred to by the same term
website FOCAL (programming language), a programming language for the PDP-8 and similar machines Focal (HP-41), for programming HP calculators FOCAL (spacecraft)
Focal
List of programming languages types and the languages that meet its description
notable programming languages listed here are grouped by their notable language attribute. As a language can have multiple attributes, the same language can
List of programming languages by type
List_of_programming_languages_by_type
1968 video game
computer game for fellow employee Richard Merrill's newly invented FOCAL programming language. The game consists of ten rounds wherein the player, as the ancient
Hamurabi_(video_game)
Moon landing simulation games
many names, including the Lunar Landing Game, written in the FOCAL programming language for the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8 minicomputer
Lunar Lander (video game genre)
Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)
Programming language for experimentation or art
An esoteric programming language (sometimes shortened to esolang) or weird language is a programming language designed to test the boundaries of computer
Esoteric_programming_language
to notable programming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects of BASIC (which have their own page), esoteric programming languages, and markup
List_of_programming_languages
Handheld calculator operating system
condition END A Programming Language (APL) FOCAL keystroke programming High Performance Language (HPL) HP trigraphs Prime Programming Language (PPL) RPL character
RPL_(programming_language)
Soviet home computer series (1985–1993)
tape with several programming examples (for the languages BASIC and FOCAL), and several tests. The ROM firmware includes a simple program to enter machine
Electronika_BK
Character set used by calculators
since 1979. It was used in several RPN calculators supporting the FOCAL programming language, like the HP-41C/CV/CX as well as the later HP-42S, which was
FOCAL_character_set
Non-English-based programming languages are programming languages that do not use keywords taken from or inspired by English vocabulary. The use of the
Non-English-based programming languages
Non-English-based_programming_languages
Hewlett-Packard handheld RPN calculator
held dozens of programs written in the HP-41C programming language, FOCAL. Programs in the ROM modules could be called from a user program, using the ubiquitous
HP-41C
Programming language
("Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System"), or M, is an imperative, high-level programming language with an integrated transaction processing
MUMPS
American computer scientist
Corporation employee who invented the FOCAL programming language and programmed the first two interpreters for the language in 1968 and 1969, for the PDP-8
Richard Merrill (computer scientist)
Richard_Merrill_(computer_scientist)
1964 video game
to recreate the game as an early program for the FOCAL programming language, recently developed at DEC, and programmed it for a DEC PDP-8 minicomputer
The_Sumerian_Game
Family of programming languages
Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages designed for ease of use. The original version was created by John
BASIC
"genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed
Generational list of programming languages
Generational_list_of_programming_languages
Early video games on mainframe computers
Sumer Game for fellow employee Richard Merrill's newly invented FOCAL programming language. The game consists of ten rounds wherein the player, as the ancient
Early_mainframe_games
Personal computer company, founded 1975
assembler BASIC/5 — 5K BASIC programming language Extended Cassette Basic (8K) — BASIC Interpreter FOCAL programming language ALS-8 PTDOS — operating system for
Processor_Technology
Programming paradigm preceding structured programming
Non-structured programming (a.k.a. unstructured programming) is the programming paradigm that describes the state-of-the-art of programming before the structured
Non-structured_programming
Index of articles associated with the same name
Hewlett-Packard. These include: FOCAL character set, a character set used by some calculators supporting the FOCAL programming language between 1979 and 1995 Modified
HP_calculator_character_set
French company specializing in audio equipment
Focal-JMlab is a French company that has been designing and selling high fidelity audio systems since 1979. Based in Saint-Étienne, the company manufactures
Focal-JMLab
Text in computer source code that is generally ignored by a compiler/interpreter
of a programming style guide. But, best practices are disputed and contradictory. Support for code comments is defined by each programming language. The
Comment (computer programming)
Comment_(computer_programming)
West Germanic language
Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca. The language is named
English_language
Set of words
vocabulary (also known as a lexicon) is a set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual. The word vocabulary originated from
Vocabulary
Operating system for DEC PDP-10
following programming languages were implemented on TOPS-10 as contributions from DECUS members: FOCAL, as FOCAL-10 Forth, a threaded interpreted language IMP72
TOPS-10
or second language instruction to align with student-centered, communicative language teaching that is skills-focused and content-based. Focal Skills restructures
Focal_Skills
Non-language factors that enhance understanding of communication
focal event within a frame, not independently of that frame. In the 19th century, it was debated whether the most fundamental principle in language was
Context
Topics referred to by the same term
Fibonacci number F (programming language), a subset of Fortran 95 F Sharp (programming language), a functional and object-oriented language for the .NET platform
F_(disambiguation)
Interactive programming language
first interactive, time-sharing programming languages. It pioneered many features that would become common in languages from the 1960s into the 1980s,
JOSS
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
terms which hues are chosen as focal colors: For example, languages with only three color terms always have the focal colors black, white, and red. The
Linguistic_relativity
Chronic focal seizure disorder
of awareness, and are more likely to become focal than bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Impaired language function (dysphasia) during or soon following
Temporal_lobe_epilepsy
Python reference implementation
the Python programming language. Written in C and Python, CPython is the default and most widely used implementation of the Python language. CPython can
CPython
Philosophical conception of meaning
or signify". It is studied in the fields of semantics and philosophy of language. Meanings can be categorised in relation to the types of things being represented
Meaning_(philosophy)
Mathematics notation where operators follow operands
ideas from Hamblin's GEORGE (General Order Generator), a high-level programming language written for a DEUCE computer installed at The New South Wales University
Reverse_Polish_notation
American Spanish-language free-to-air television network
news programming RMS - Modern music videos TeleHit - Modern pop/rap music videos and comedy programming Univision America is a Spanish-language talk radio
Univision
Topics referred to by the same term
craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy Register (C programming language), a reserved word (keyword) and type modifier Register (codebook)
Register
Text-based ray-tracing program
POV-Ray program itself does not include a modeling feature; it is essentially a pure renderer with a sophisticated model description language. To accompany
POV-Ray
Topics referred to by the same term
league Fixed focal length (FFL), alternatate term for a prime lens Flange focal length Front focal length French as a foreign language Fear Factor Live
FFL
Topics referred to by the same term
European Federation of American Football EFL (programming language) 35 mm equivalent focal length Effective focal length Enlightenment Foundation Libraries
EFL
Type of nonverbal communication
Body language is a type of nonverbal communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information. Such behavior
Body_language
Inuit language spoken in Greenland
last, which is usually the verb but can also be a focal subject or object. As well, in the spoken language, "afterthought" material or clarifications may
Greenlandic_language
American computer scientist
developed the FORMAC programming language in 1962. She was also one of the developers of the influential COBOL programming language. She received her B
Jean_E._Sammet
Topics referred to by the same term
refer to: Richard Merrill (computer scientist), inventor of the programming language FOCAL Richard B. Merrill, American inventor of Foveon X3 sensor Richard
Richard_Merrill
Period of symptoms due to excessive or synchronous neuronal brain activity
classifications of focal seizures are described below: Focal preserved consciousness seizure: the person remains aware and responsive. Focal impaired consciousness
Seizure
student newspaper; Irish-language columns An t-Eagrán – Dublin Institute of Technology student newspaper; Irish-language segment An Focal – University of Limerick
List_of_Irish-language_media
Hypermedia system for Apple Macintosh and Apple IIGS computers
flexible, user-modifiable interface. HyperCard includes a built-in programming language called HyperTalk for manipulating data and the user interface. This
HyperCard
Cysticercosis of the brain
parkinsonian rigidity, involuntary movements, language disturbances, and signs of brain-stem dysfunction can also occur. Focal neurologic symptoms are most commonly
Neurocysticercosis
Country in West Asia
its role as the world's focal point of Shia Islam. Iran is a threshold state with one of the most scrutinized nuclear programs. It is a founding member
Iran
Sound synthesis method involving samples shorter than 0.1 seconds
E. R. (2002). Computer Sound Design: Synthesis Techniques and Programming. Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51693-1. Roads, Curtis (2001). Microsound. Cambridge:
Granular_synthesis
America with a knowledge of the German language, of which 9 million were in the US. Although the US was the focal point for emigration in the 19th century
Geographical distribution of German speakers
Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers
Dialect of the BASIC Programming Language
BASIC-PLUS is an extended dialect of the BASIC programming language that was developed by EGH for Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for use on its RSTS/E
BASIC-PLUS
American computer programmer, technology consultant
House) is also notable as an important early work on the AppleScript programming language. Goodman began writing about electronics and computers in the late
Danny_Goodman
Branch of Oto-Manguean languages
the beginning of the sentence, all Zapotec languages have a number of preverbal positions for topical, focal, negative, and/or interrogative elements.
Zapotec_languages
American national television network
Awards, marking its first broadcast of MuchMusic programming since its relaunch. Other MuchMusic programming would return in 2011, including The Wedge and
Fuse_(TV_channel)
Scientific calculator by Hewlett-Packard
the HP-41CX FOCAL language. All programs are stored in one continuous program space, and may be created and edited by switching to programming mode, using
HP-42S
Open API by Pixar Animation Studios
parameters, but in an arbitrarily complex fashion by using a C-like programming language to write shading procedures commonly known as procedural textures
RenderMan Interface Specification
RenderMan_Interface_Specification
1977 book by David Irving
Hodder & Stoughton and Viking Press. Avon Books reissued it in 1990. In 2002 Focal Point Publications published a revised illustrated edition, combined with
Hitler's_War
he was known for his mastery of the language. Magsaysay's fluency in Tagalog and English would later become focal points of his political career. His
List of multilingual presidents of the Philippines
List_of_multilingual_presidents_of_the_Philippines
Programming language
Minimal BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language developed as an international standard. The effort started at ANSI in January 1974, and was
Minimal_BASIC
Aspect of photography history
Apollo space programs, both in the 1960s. After the introduction of the Nikon F, the more expensive rangefinder cameras (those with focal plane shutters)
History of the single-lens reflex camera
History_of_the_single-lens_reflex_camera
2010 studio album by The Contortionist
Exoplanet and Language were performed in their entirety. Guitarist Robby Baca explained: The three Exoplanet tracks represent the focal point of the album's
Exoplanet_(album)
Neurological movement disorder
the nervous system and inheritance. Types include generalized dystonia, focal dystonia, psychogenic dystonia, acute dystonic reaction, and vegetative-vascular
Dystonia
2021 EP by Lorde
that isn't hers. It's a collaboration in which her celebrity-tanga is the focal point. She will garner support from the masses. This album will cross boundaries
Te_Ao_Mārama_(EP)
Medical condition
defect in the entire pancreas (diffuse HI) or in just part of the pancreas (focal HI). Irrespective of the form, cause, or type, HI is a medical emergency
Congenital_hyperinsulinism
GPU microarchitecture designed by Nvidia
DGX: In early 2026, Nvidia’s Hopper-based H200 AI accelerator became a focal point in international trade disputes involving U.S. export policy and Chinese
Hopper_(microarchitecture)
Country in West Asia
Publications. 1999. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-86442-528-7. "The Baháʼí World Centre: Focal Point for a Global Community". The Baháʼí International Community. Archived
Israel
Astronomical observatory in Chile
and test. However, because they suffer from spherical aberration; a long focal length was needed to achieve a tolerable level of spherical aberration.
Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory
Inability to comprehend or formulate language
dysphasia, is an impairment in a person's ability to comprehend or formulate language because of dysfunction in specific brain regions. The major causes are
Aphasia
Spanish-language media company
largest companies that distributes Spanish-language television programming. The company has a diverse programming catalogue, with an emphasis on the telenovela
Cisneros_Media
Use of graphics to plan a film or story
(2013). Professional storyboarding: rules of thumb. Anson Jew. New York: Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-81770-5. Halligan, Fionnuala (2013). The art of movie
Storyboard
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
the MySQL database system. The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and
Wikipedia
Destruction or degeneration of brain cells
due to physiological responses. They can also be categorized by location: focal injuries affect specific areas, whereas diffuse injuries involve widespread
Brain_injury
University in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
the university provides research and graduate training programs in English as the official language of instruction. It is named after King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
King_Abdullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology
1969 science fiction novel by Frank Herbert
knowledge, Paul allows the war to continue and maintains his role as a focal point for the Fremen religion while turning his attention to reforming the
Dune_Messiah
Soviet transport helicopter
external sling cable. Both television cameras have adjustable diaphragms and focal lengths. In the pilot's cabin there are two television screens: one for
Kamov_Ka-32
Animated TV series
their heads, or produce clones of themselves every time they get angry. The focal characters of the show are four students of O'Grady High: Kevin, Abby, Harold
O'Grady
Swedish camera manufacturer
Cameras with Titanium Focal Plane Shutter 2000 FC (1977–1982, Titanium Focal Plane Shutter) 2000 FC/M (1982–1984, Titanium Focal Plane Shutter) 2000 FCW
Hasselblad
Imaging technique using moving X-ray machines
In radiography, focal plane tomography is tomography (imaging a single plane, or slice, of an object) by simultaneously moving the X-ray generator and
Focal_plane_tomography
Eye movement
quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of focal points in the same direction. In contrast, in smooth-pursuit movements,
Saccade
Series of protests in California, U.S.
domestic backlash to Trump since he took office in January, and became a focal point in a national debate over immigration, protest, the use of federal
June 2025 Los Angeles protests against mass deportation
June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests_against_mass_deportation
American news/interview television program
distribution of all other NBC-produced radio programming, including NBC News Radio). Addition to Sunday program, Meet the Press is also available Monday to
Meet_the_Press
education in India and the United States. Its primary focal points include administering the Fulbright Program to Indian and American students, faculty and professionals;
United States–India Educational Foundation
United_States–India_Educational_Foundation
French filmmaker, writer and actor (born 1975)
International Emmy Awards 2021: Best Arts Programming BANFF World Media Festival 2021: Rockie Award FOCAL International awards 2021: Winner, Best Use
Grégory_Monro
French academic and programmer
drives the Focalize programming environment which can design and develop certified programs. The environment is based on a functional language with some
Damien_Doligez
Dialect of the BASIC programming language for PDP-8 minicomputers
BASIC-8, is a BASIC programming language for the Digital Equipment (DEC) PDP-8 series minicomputers. It was the first BASIC dialect released by the company
BASIC-8
Early computer built by the RAND Corporation, in service 1953-1966
JOSS programming language (the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System), an easy-to-use language which catered to novices. JOSS was an ancestor of DEC's FOCAL and of
JOHNNIAC
Music venue in Anaheim, California
Priscella (April 25, 2016). "How did the Doll Hut become an O.C. music scene focal point? A new documentary zeroes in". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 13
Doll_Hut
Aesthetic quality of blur in the out-of-focus parts of an image
of spherical aberration to change the bokeh in front of and behind the focal plane. The Minolta/Sony STF 135 mm f/2.8 [T4.5] (with STF standing for smooth
Bokeh
ISBN 1-57958-249-4. Vane, Lynne S.; Gross, Edwin T. (1994). Programming for TV, Radio, and Cable. Focal Press. p. 181. ISBN 0-240-80128-8. Walker, Jesse (2004)
History of the American Broadcasting Company
History_of_the_American_Broadcasting_Company
Video distributed for home viewing
home videos, also known as "nontheatrical programming" and "alternative programming". These new video programs differed radically from earlier forms of
Home_video
Fictional character in Arthur C. Clarke's Space Odyssey series
this was the only such lens at the time. The Fairchild-Curtis lens has a focal length of 23 mm (0.9 in) with a maximum aperture of f/2.0 and a weight of
HAL_9000
Techniques used to reduce blurring of images
camera shake is a particular problem at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length lenses (telephoto or zoom). With video cameras, camera shake causes
Image_stabilization
Episodes of Japanese anime series
and began airing on September 10, 2005, on Cartoon Network's Toonami programming block in the United States. On September 20, 2008, Cartoon Network ended
List_of_Naruto_episodes
Gradual change in level of audio signal
useful in live programs. Beatmatching Beatmixing Gapless playback Harmonic mixing Nisbett, Alec (1966). The Technique of the sound studio. Focal Press. Symphony
Fade_(audio_engineering)
Digital image processing technique
Focus stacking – also called focal plane merging, z-stacking, focus bracketing or focus blending – is a digital image processing technique which combines
Focus_stacking
American commercial broadcast television network
schedule of programs acquired from the syndication market and some brokered programming to fill time slots not occupied by Fox network programming. The concept
Fox_Broadcasting_Company
Hepburn: Kokuritsu-Kankyō Kenkyūsho; NIES) was established in 1974 as a focal point for environmental research in Japan. In 2001 it became an Independent
National Institute for Environmental Studies
National_Institute_for_Environmental_Studies
Metadata standard in digital media
with each image such as orientation (rotation), aperture, shutter speed, focal length, metering mode, and ISO speed information Image metrics: Pixel dimensions
Exif
Iranian ethnic group
script in Tajikistan. Furthermore, Tajikistan in particular has been a focal point for this movement, and the government there has made a conscious effort
Tajiks
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
Surname or Lastname
English (Northumberland and Durham)
English (Northumberland and Durham) : unexplained; perhaps a variant of Scottish Wanders, which Black tentatively derives from a Scottish local pronunciation of Guinevere, name of King Arthur’s queen, who according to local Angus legend was buried in the parish of Alyth.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Deemer.French : habitational name apparently associated with a specific domain; the source is unclear, because of the wide range of local variants.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Heasley. Today the surname is found chiefly in northern Ireland and Scotland, but seems not to have a local source.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Vocal cords
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Prestwich, reflecting the old local pronunciation of the place name.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Irish (Westmeath) : probably a local variant of Leavy (see Dunleavy).
Boy/Male
Tamil
South india local God
Girl/Female
Tamil
Hansdhwani | ஹஂஸà¯à®¤à¯à®µà®¾à®¨à¯€Â
Vocal sound of swan
Hansdhwani | ஹஂஸà¯à®¤à¯à®µà®¾à®¨à¯€Â
Girl/Female
Indian, Marathi
Nice Vocal Qualities
Surname or Lastname
English
English : origin uncertain; possibly an altered spelling of Wheelhouse, reflecting a local pronunciation.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
South India Local God
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; possibly a variant of Meadows (see Meadow), reflecting a local pronunciation.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Possibly a variant of Marston, reflecting a local pronunciation, or a habitational name from Mastin Moor in Derbyshire.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Nice Vocal Quality
Surname or Lastname
English (Gloucestershire)
English (Gloucestershire) : possibly a local variant of Annis.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Sindhi, Telugu, Traditional
Vocal Sound of Swan
Boy/Male
Tamil
Tulsidas | தà¯à®²à®¸à¯€à®¤à®¾à®¸Â
A famous saint, Servant of Tulsi (Basil plant (Sanskrit scholar and poet who created Ramcharitmanas, a version of Valmiki Ramayana in local Avadhi language)
Tulsidas | தà¯à®²à®¸à¯€à®¤à®¾à®¸Â
Boy/Male
Hindu
A famous saint, Servant of Tulsi (Basil plant (Sanskrit scholar and poet who created Ramcharitmanas, a version of Valmiki Ramayana in local Avadhi language)
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Vocal Cords
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Prestwich, reflecting the old local pronunciation of the place name.
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
Girl/Female
German
Warfare; Battle; Glorious; Battle Stronghold; Fortress
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
A Song
Boy/Male
British, English, French
From the Valley; Bailiff; In the Middle Ages a Bailiff was a Minor Officer of the Law
Girl/Female
Tamil
Madhukari | மதà¯à®•à®¾à®°à¯€
Bee
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Goddess Lakshmi
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu
Abode of Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Arabic, Farsi, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi
Best Coquetry
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu
Sun
Girl/Female
Muslim
Pure, Faithful
Girl/Female
Tamil
Happy, Dear one, Another name of Kunti mother of Pandavas)
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
a.
Belonging to,or concerning, a focus; as, a focal point.
n.
A female foal or colt; a young mare. Cf. Colt, Foal.
a.
Of or pertaining to the voice or speech; having voice; endowed with utterance; full of voice, or voices.
n.
A man who has a right to vote in certain elections.
a.
Not vocal; destitute of tone.
n.
A vocal sound; specifically, a purely vocal element of speech, unmodified except by resonance; a vowel or a diphthong; a tonic element; a tonic; -- distinguished from a subvocal, and a nonvocal.
a.
Of or pertaining to a vowel or voice sound; also, /poken with tone, intonation, and resonance; sonant; sonorous; -- said of certain articulate sounds.
a.
Uttered or modulated by the voice; oral; as, vocal melody; vocal prayer.
n.
Vocal expression; articulation; speech.
n.
A cylindrical glass vessel, with a large and short neck.
n.
On newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the place where the paper is published.
a.
Consisting of, or characterized by, voice, or tone produced in the larynx, which may be modified, either by resonance, as in the case of the vowels, or by obstructive action, as in certain consonants, such as v, l, etc., or by both, as in the nasals m, n, ng; sonant; intonated; voiced. See Voice, and Vowel, also Guide to Pronunciation, // 199-202.
v.i.
To bring forth young, as an animal of the horse kind.
a.
See Fecal.
a.
Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom.
imp. & p. p.
of Foal
n.
A train which receives and deposits passengers or freight along the line of the road; a train for the accommodation of a certain district.
a.
Of or pertaining to a vowel; having the character of a vowel; vowel.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Foal
a.
relating to, or containing, dregs, feces, or ordeure; faecal.