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Programming language used on DEC PDP-series machines
FOCAL (acronym for Formulating On-line Calculations in Algebraic Language, or FOrmula CALculator) is an interactive interpreted programming language based
FOCAL_(programming_language)
Topics referred to by the same term
website FOCAL (programming language), a programming language for the PDP-8 and similar machines Focal (HP-41), for programming HP calculators FOCAL (spacecraft)
Focal
Programming language for experimentation or art
An esoteric programming language (sometimes shortened to esolang) or weird language is a programming language designed to test the boundaries of computer
Esoteric_programming_language
List of programming languages types and the languages that meet its description
list of notable programming languages, grouped by notable language attribute. As a language can have multiple attributes, the same language can be in multiple
List of programming languages by type
List_of_programming_languages_by_type
Moon landing simulation games
many names, including the Lunar Landing Game, written in the FOCAL programming language for the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8 minicomputer
Lunar Lander (video game genre)
Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)
to notable programming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects of BASIC (which have their own page), esoteric programming languages, and markup
List_of_programming_languages
1968 video game
computer game for fellow employee Richard Merrill's newly invented FOCAL programming language. The game consists of ten rounds wherein the player, as the ancient
Hamurabi_(video_game)
Handheld calculator operating system
condition END A Programming Language (APL) FOCAL keystroke programming High Performance Language (HPL) HP trigraphs Prime Programming Language (PPL) RPL character
RPL_(programming_language)
Hewlett-Packard handheld RPN calculator
held dozens of programs written in the HP-41C programming language, FOCAL. Programs in the ROM modules could be called from a user program, using the ubiquitous
HP-41C
Character set used by calculators
since 1979. It was used in several RPN calculators supporting the FOCAL programming language, like the HP-41C/CV/CX as well as the later HP-42S, which was
FOCAL_character_set
Soviet home computer series (1985–1993)
tape with several programming examples (for the languages BASIC and FOCAL), and several tests. The ROM firmware includes a simple program to enter machine
Electronika_BK
Non-English-based programming languages are programming languages that do not use keywords taken from or inspired by English vocabulary. The use of the
Non-English-based programming languages
Non-English-based_programming_languages
Family of programming languages
Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages designed for ease of use. The original version was created by John
BASIC
1964 video game
to recreate the game as an early program for the FOCAL programming language, recently developed at DEC, and programmed it for a DEC PDP-8 minicomputer
The_Sumerian_Game
"genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed
Generational list of programming languages
Generational_list_of_programming_languages
Programming language
("Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System"), or M, is an imperative, high-level programming language with an integrated transaction processing
MUMPS
American computer scientist
Corporation employee who invented the FOCAL programming language and programmed the first two interpreters for the language in 1968 and 1969, for the PDP-8
Richard Merrill (computer scientist)
Richard_Merrill_(computer_scientist)
Programming paradigm preceding structured programming
Non-structured programming (a.k.a. unstructured programming) is the programming paradigm that describes the state-of-the-art of programming before the structured
Non-structured_programming
Text in computer source code that is generally ignored by a compiler/interpreter
of a programming style guide. But, best practices are disputed and contradictory. Support for code comments is defined by each programming language. The
Comment (computer programming)
Comment_(computer_programming)
Early video games on mainframe computers
Sumer Game for fellow employee Richard Merrill's newly invented FOCAL programming language. The game consists of ten rounds wherein the player, as the ancient
Early_mainframe_games
Index of articles associated with the same name
Hewlett-Packard. These include: FOCAL character set, a character set used by some calculators supporting the FOCAL programming language between 1979 and 1995 Modified
HP_calculator_character_set
Personal computer company, founded 1975
assembler BASIC/5 — 5K BASIC programming language Extended Cassette Basic (8K) — BASIC Interpreter FOCAL programming language ALS-8 PTDOS — operating system for
Processor_Technology
French company specializing in audio equipment
Focal-JMlab is a French company that has been designing and selling high fidelity audio systems since 1979. Based in Saint-Étienne, the company manufactures
Focal-JMLab
Set of words
vocabulary (also known as a lexicon) is a set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual. The word vocabulary originated from
Vocabulary
West Germanic language
Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca. The language is named
English_language
or second language instruction to align with student-centered, communicative language teaching that is skills-focused and content-based. Focal Skills restructures
Focal_Skills
Operating system for DEC PDP-10
following programming languages were implemented on TOPS-10 as contributions from DECUS members: FOCAL, as FOCAL-10 Forth, a threaded interpreted language IMP72
TOPS-10
Non-language factors that enhance understanding of communication
focal event within a frame, not independently of that frame. In the 19th century, it was debated whether the most fundamental principle in language was
Context
Chronic focal seizure disorder
of awareness, and are more likely to become focal than bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Impaired language function (dysphasia) during or soon following
Temporal_lobe_epilepsy
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
terms which hues are chosen as focal colors: For example, languages with only three color terms always have the focal colors black, white, and red. The
Linguistic_relativity
Topics referred to by the same term
Fibonacci number F (programming language), a subset of Fortran 95 F Sharp (programming language), a functional and object-oriented language for the .NET platform
F_(disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
European Federation of American Football EFL (programming language) 35 mm equivalent focal length Effective focal length Enlightenment Foundation Libraries
EFL
Python reference implementation
the Python programming language. Written in C and Python, CPython is the default and most widely used implementation of the Python language. CPython can
CPython
Topics referred to by the same term
craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy Register (C programming language), a reserved word (keyword) and type modifier Register (codebook)
Register
Interactive programming language
first interactive, time-sharing programming languages. It pioneered many features that would become common in languages from the 1960s into the 1980s,
JOSS
Scientific calculator by Hewlett-Packard
the HP-41CX FOCAL language. All programs are stored in one continuous program space, and may be created and edited by switching to programming mode, using
HP-42S
American computer scientist
developed the FORMAC programming language in 1962. She was also one of the developers of the influential COBOL programming language. She received her B
Jean_E._Sammet
Mathematics notation where operators follow operands
ideas from Hamblin's GEORGE (General Order Generator), a high-level programming language written for a DEUCE computer installed at The New South Wales University
Reverse_Polish_notation
Dialect of the BASIC Programming Language
BASIC-PLUS is an extended dialect of the BASIC programming language that was developed by EGH for Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for use on its RSTS/E
BASIC-PLUS
Inuit language spoken in Greenland
last, which is usually the verb but can also be a focal subject or object. As well, in the spoken language, "afterthought" material or clarifications may
Greenlandic_language
Type of nonverbal communication
Body language is a type of nonverbal communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information. Such behavior
Body_language
GPU microarchitecture designed by Nvidia
DGX: In early 2026, Nvidia’s Hopper-based H200 AI accelerator became a focal point in international trade disputes involving U.S. export policy and Chinese
Hopper_(microarchitecture)
Sound synthesis method involving samples shorter than 0.1 seconds
E. R. (2002). Computer Sound Design: Synthesis Techniques and Programming. Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51693-1. Roads, Curtis (2001). Microsound. Cambridge:
Granular_synthesis
Topics referred to by the same term
refer to: Richard Merrill (computer scientist), inventor of the programming language FOCAL Richard B. Merrill, American inventor of Foveon X3 sensor Richard
Richard_Merrill
Cysticercosis of the brain
parkinsonian rigidity, involuntary movements, language disturbances, and signs of brain-stem dysfunction can also occur. Focal neurologic symptoms are most commonly
Neurocysticercosis
Neurological movement disorder
the nervous system and inheritance. Types include generalized dystonia, focal dystonia, psychogenic dystonia, acute dystonic reaction, and vegetative-vascular
Dystonia
Swedish camera manufacturer
Cameras with Titanium Focal Plane Shutter 2000 FC (1977–1982, Titanium Focal Plane Shutter) 2000 FC/M (1982–1984, Titanium Focal Plane Shutter) 2000 FCW
Hasselblad
1973 book of computer programs
Computer Games is a compilation of type-in computer games in the BASIC programming language collected by David H. Ahl. Some of the games were written or modified
BASIC_Computer_Games
Hypermedia system for Apple Macintosh and Apple IIGS computers
flexible, user-modifiable interface. HyperCard includes a built-in programming language called HyperTalk for manipulating data and the user interface. This
HyperCard
Country in West Asia
its role as the world's focal point of Shia Islam. Iran is a threshold state with one of the most scrutinized nuclear programs. It is a founding member
Iran
student newspaper; Irish-language columns An t-Eagrán – Dublin Institute of Technology student newspaper; Irish-language segment An Focal – University of Limerick
List_of_Irish-language_media
American commercial broadcast television network
schedule of programs acquired from the syndication market and some brokered programming to fill time slots not occupied by Fox network programming. The concept
Fox_Broadcasting_Company
Period of symptoms due to excessive or synchronous neuronal brain activity
classifications of focal seizures are described below: Focal preserved consciousness seizure: the person remains aware and responsive. Focal impaired consciousness
Seizure
Text-based ray-tracing program
POV-Ray program itself does not include a modeling feature; it is essentially a pure renderer with a sophisticated model description language. To accompany
POV-Ray
Aspect of photography history
Apollo space programs, both in the 1960s. After the introduction of the Nikon F, the more expensive rangefinder cameras (those with focal plane shutters)
History of the single-lens reflex camera
History_of_the_single-lens_reflex_camera
American national television network
Awards, marking its first broadcast of MuchMusic programming since its relaunch. Other MuchMusic programming would return in 2011, including The Wedge and
Fuse_(TV_channel)
Country in West Asia
Publications. 1999. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-86442-528-7. "The Baháʼí World Centre: Focal Point for a Global Community". The Baháʼí International Community. Archived
Israel
he was known for his mastery of the language. Magsaysay's fluency in Tagalog and English would later become focal points of his political career. His
List of multilingual presidents of the Philippines
List_of_multilingual_presidents_of_the_Philippines
Animated TV series
their heads, or produce clones of themselves every time they get angry. The focal characters of the show are four students of O'Grady High: Kevin, Abby, Harold
O'Grady
Spanish-language media company
largest companies that distributes Spanish-language television programming. The company has a diverse programming catalogue, with an emphasis on the telenovela
Cisneros_Media
American computer programmer, technology consultant
House) is also notable as an important early work on the AppleScript programming language. Goodman began writing about electronics and computers in the late
Danny_Goodman
Series of protests in California, U.S.
domestic backlash to Trump since he took office in January, and became a focal point in a national debate over immigration, protest, the use of federal
June 2025 Los Angeles protests against mass deportation
June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests_against_mass_deportation
education in India and the United States. Its primary focal points include administering the Fulbright Program to Indian and American students, faculty and professionals;
United States–India Educational Foundation
United_States–India_Educational_Foundation
Early computer built by the RAND Corporation, in service 1953-1966
JOSS programming language (the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System), an easy-to-use language which catered to novices. JOSS was an ancestor of DEC's FOCAL and of
JOHNNIAC
Eye movement
quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of focal points in the same direction. In contrast, in smooth-pursuit movements,
Saccade
American Spanish-language free-to-air television network
news programming RMS - Modern music videos TeleHit - Modern pop/rap music videos and comedy programming Univision America is a Spanish-language talk radio
Univision
2002 promotional single by Robyn
positive reviews from music critics, many of whom regarded it as one of the focal points on Don't Stop the Music. The song briefly entered the Svensktoppen
Blow_My_Mind_(Robyn_song)
Music venue in Anaheim, California
Priscella (April 25, 2016). "How did the Doll Hut become an O.C. music scene focal point? A new documentary zeroes in". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 13
Doll_Hut
Using numbers to represent text characters
character set include natural language symbols, but it can also include codes that have meanings or functions outside of language, such as control characters
Character_encoding
2010 studio album by The Contortionist
Exoplanet and Language were performed in their entirety. Guitarist Robby Baca explained: The three Exoplanet tracks represent the focal point of the album's
Exoplanet_(album)
Inability to comprehend or formulate language
dysphasia, is an impairment in a person's ability to comprehend or formulate language because of dysfunction in specific brain regions. The major causes are
Aphasia
Digital media designer and strategist and former children's television host and actor
of preschool programming at CBC Television, and then from 2000 to 2003 and developed and produced the Vortex and Snit Station programming blocks at YTV
Christine_McGlade
Destruction or degeneration of brain cells
due to physiological responses. They can also be categorized by location: focal injuries affect specific areas, whereas diffuse injuries involve widespread
Brain_injury
Species of amphibian
farms are caught in the wild. It has been listed as one of the top-10 "focal species" in 2008 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered
Chinese_giant_salamander
Medical condition
defect in the entire pancreas (diffuse HI) or in just part of the pancreas (focal HI). Irrespective of the form, cause, or type, HI is a medical emergency
Congenital_hyperinsulinism
1969 science fiction novel by Frank Herbert
knowledge, Paul allows the war to continue and maintains his role as a focal point for the Fremen religion while turning his attention to reforming the
Dune_Messiah
Programming language
Minimal BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language developed as an international standard. The effort started at ANSI in January 1974, and was
Minimal_BASIC
America with a knowledge of the German language, of which 9 million were in the US. Although the US was the focal point for emigration in the 19th century
Geographical distribution of German speakers
Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers
Post-production process used in filmmaking and video production
to programming in 18 Indigenous languages. The main channel was rededicated to English and French programming, and the Indigenous-language programs were
Dubbing
Narrative with imaginary elements
character-driven rather than plot-driven examines the human condition uses language in an experimental or poetic fashion is considered serious as a work of
Fiction
Branch of Oto-Manguean languages
the beginning of the sentence, all Zapotec languages have a number of preverbal positions for topical, focal, negative, and/or interrogative elements.
Zapotec_languages
Open API by Pixar Animation Studios
parameters, but in an arbitrarily complex fashion by using a C-like programming language to write shading procedures commonly known as procedural textures
RenderMan Interface Specification
RenderMan_Interface_Specification
confessing to her. The loss and recovery of his testicles (kintama) is the main focal point for most of the series. Voiced by: Nana Mizuki (Japanese); Kari Wahlgren
List_of_Dandadan_characters
software applications which support some functions of the Systems Modeling Language. List of MBSE Tools List of SysML v2 Tools "Contact Us". Astah. Archived
List_of_SysML_tools
2024 British thriller series
formidable pairing of Cush Jumbo and Peter Capaldi providing a scintillating focal point, Criminal Record is a mystery that only gets more intriguing as it
Criminal_Record_(TV_series)
Sweden – Pyranometer Ottomar Anschütz (1846–1907), Germany – single-curtain focal-plane shutter, electrotachyscope Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe (1872–1931), Germany
List_of_inventors
Imaging technique using moving X-ray machines
In radiography, focal plane tomography is tomography (imaging a single plane, or slice, of an object) by simultaneously moving the X-ray generator and
Focal_plane_tomography
more plain text documents written in a domain-specific declarative programming language. The documents consist of a root project file and optional sub-files
TaskJuggler
French academic and programmer
drives the Focalize programming environment which can design and develop certified programs. The environment is based on a functional language with some
Damien_Doligez
Aesthetic quality of blur in the out-of-focus parts of an image
of spherical aberration to change the bokeh in front of and behind the focal plane. The Minolta/Sony STF 135 mm f/2.8 [T4.5] (with STF standing for smooth
Bokeh
Camera model
20 megapixel 3:2 BSI-CMOS sensor and Leica-branded 25–400 mm equivalent focal length lens with a maximum aperture of f/2.8 to f/4 (f/4 at about 170 mm
Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-FZ1000
2024 film by Michael Showalter
sourcing art with Williams stating, "We worked really hard to make the art a focal point and make it authentic". The film features original songs performed
The_Idea_of_You
Gradual change in level of audio signal
useful in live programs. Beatmatching Beatmixing Gapless playback Harmonic mixing Nisbett, Alec (1966). The Technique of the sound studio. Focal Press. Symphony
Fade_(audio_engineering)
Video distributed for home viewing
home videos, also known as "nontheatrical programming" and "alternative programming". These new video programs differed radically from earlier forms of
Home_video
NASA infrared space telescope
telescopes, the same size as the Hubble Space Telescope but with a shorter focal length and hence a wider field of view. This provided important political
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
the MySQL database system. The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and
Wikipedia
1992 Microsoft operating system version
Harrison, Mark; McLennan, Michael (1998). Effective Tcl/Tk Programming: Writing Better Programs with Tcl and Tck. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-63474-7
Windows_3.1
University in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
the university provides research and graduate training programs in English as the official language of instruction. It is named after King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
King_Abdullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology
American police detective (1952–2026)
of racial epithets and accusations that he had planted evidence became a focal point of the trial and attracted enormous media attention that for a time
Mark_Fuhrman
Literary genre
Fictions Then, Now, and in the (Imagined) Future", Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, Vol. 55, No. 2 (2001), pp. 25–47 (30f.); Gunn, James E
Science_fiction
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
Girl/Female
Indian, Marathi
Nice Vocal Qualities
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; possibly a variant of Meadows (see Meadow), reflecting a local pronunciation.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Possibly a variant of Marston, reflecting a local pronunciation, or a habitational name from Mastin Moor in Derbyshire.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Deemer.French : habitational name apparently associated with a specific domain; the source is unclear, because of the wide range of local variants.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Irish (Westmeath) : probably a local variant of Leavy (see Dunleavy).
Boy/Male
Hindu
A famous saint, Servant of Tulsi (Basil plant (Sanskrit scholar and poet who created Ramcharitmanas, a version of Valmiki Ramayana in local Avadhi language)
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Heasley. Today the surname is found chiefly in northern Ireland and Scotland, but seems not to have a local source.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Vocal cords
Boy/Male
Tamil
South india local God
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Prestwich, reflecting the old local pronunciation of the place name.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Sindhi, Telugu, Traditional
Vocal Sound of Swan
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Prestwich, reflecting the old local pronunciation of the place name.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Tulsidas | தà¯à®²à®¸à¯€à®¤à®¾à®¸Â
A famous saint, Servant of Tulsi (Basil plant (Sanskrit scholar and poet who created Ramcharitmanas, a version of Valmiki Ramayana in local Avadhi language)
Tulsidas | தà¯à®²à®¸à¯€à®¤à®¾à®¸Â
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Vocal Cords
Girl/Female
Tamil
Hansdhwani | ஹஂஸà¯à®¤à¯à®µà®¾à®¨à¯€Â
Vocal sound of swan
Hansdhwani | ஹஂஸà¯à®¤à¯à®µà®¾à®¨à¯€Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : origin uncertain; possibly an altered spelling of Wheelhouse, reflecting a local pronunciation.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
South India Local God
Surname or Lastname
English (Northumberland and Durham)
English (Northumberland and Durham) : unexplained; perhaps a variant of Scottish Wanders, which Black tentatively derives from a Scottish local pronunciation of Guinevere, name of King Arthur’s queen, who according to local Angus legend was buried in the parish of Alyth.
Surname or Lastname
English (Gloucestershire)
English (Gloucestershire) : possibly a local variant of Annis.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Nice Vocal Quality
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
Girl/Female
Indian
Life for Light
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, French, German, Hebrew, Swedish
God is Gracious
Girl/Female
Tamil
Utpalabha | உதà¯à®ªà®²à®¾à®ªà®¾
Lotus like
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Father of peace; handsome prince.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
One who Increases Joy
Male
Swedish
Variant spelling of Swedish Olov, OLOF means "heir of the ancestors."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English, French, German, Irish, Jamaican
A Dark Red Semi-precious Gem Stone
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Destiny Winner; Victorious Destiny
Boy/Male
Italian American
Form of the Latin Marcellus meaning hammer.
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
FOCAL PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
imp. & p. p.
of Foal
v.i.
To bring forth young, as an animal of the horse kind.
a.
Uttered or modulated by the voice; oral; as, vocal melody; vocal prayer.
a.
Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom.
a.
Consisting of, or characterized by, voice, or tone produced in the larynx, which may be modified, either by resonance, as in the case of the vowels, or by obstructive action, as in certain consonants, such as v, l, etc., or by both, as in the nasals m, n, ng; sonant; intonated; voiced. See Voice, and Vowel, also Guide to Pronunciation, // 199-202.
n.
Vocal expression; articulation; speech.
a.
Of or pertaining to a vowel or voice sound; also, /poken with tone, intonation, and resonance; sonant; sonorous; -- said of certain articulate sounds.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Foal
n.
A train which receives and deposits passengers or freight along the line of the road; a train for the accommodation of a certain district.
n.
A vocal sound; specifically, a purely vocal element of speech, unmodified except by resonance; a vowel or a diphthong; a tonic element; a tonic; -- distinguished from a subvocal, and a nonvocal.
a.
Not vocal; destitute of tone.
n.
A cylindrical glass vessel, with a large and short neck.
a.
Of or pertaining to the voice or speech; having voice; endowed with utterance; full of voice, or voices.
n.
On newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the place where the paper is published.
a.
Of or pertaining to a vowel; having the character of a vowel; vowel.
a.
Belonging to,or concerning, a focus; as, a focal point.
n.
A man who has a right to vote in certain elections.
a.
relating to, or containing, dregs, feces, or ordeure; faecal.
a.
See Fecal.
n.
A female foal or colt; a young mare. Cf. Colt, Foal.