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Canadian political history
history of Canadian politics, several minority governments have been held office at the federal level. In a minority situation, governments must rely on
Federal minority governments in Canada
Federal_minority_governments_in_Canada
In Canada's parliamentary system of responsible government, minority governments occur when no party has a majority of seats in the legislature. Typically
Minority governments in Canada
Minority_governments_in_Canada
Next general election in Canada
but it may be called earlier. The 2025 Canadian federal election resulted in the formation of a minority government led by Mark Carney. Carney would later
46th Canadian federal election
46th_Canadian_federal_election
minority government in the poll. Canada portal Politics portal 1911 Canadian federal election (Canada–US relations elections) 1988 Canadian federal election
2025 Canadian federal election
2025_Canadian_federal_election
Type of parliamentary system government
consensus government. During the history of federal Canadian politics, there have been fifteen minority governments, in fourteen separate minority parliaments
Minority_government
national government, the Government of Canada (or the "federal government"), through democratic means. The last general election was held in April 2025
List of Canadian federal elections
List_of_Canadian_federal_elections
the 2004 federal election, held on June 28, 2004, resulted in the election of a Liberal minority government. In the past, minority governments have had
2006 Canadian federal election
2006_Canadian_federal_election
Canada (pre-Confederation) Politics of Canada List of political parties in Canada Minority governments in Canada Notes Campbell Morrison, “Harper gov’t
2004 Canadian federal election
2004_Canadian_federal_election
transformed Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's minority into the largest majority government in Canadian history and the second-largest percentage of the
1958 Canadian federal election
1958_Canadian_federal_election
Country in North America
territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada and the commissioners represent the King in his federal Council, rather
Canada
The Government of Canada (French: gouvernement du Canada), formally His Majesty's Government (Gouvernement de Sa Majesté), is the federal executive of
Government_of_Canada
The 2008 Canadian federal election was held on October 14, 2008, to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 40th Canadian Parliament after
2008 Canadian federal election
2008_Canadian_federal_election
2000 Canadian federal election was held on November 27, 2000, to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 37th Parliament of Canada. Prime
2000 Canadian federal election
2000_Canadian_federal_election
Canadian demographic category
In Canada, a visible minority (French: minorité visible) is a demographic category of people, defined by the Government of Canada as "persons, other than
Visible_minority
The 2011 Canadian federal election was held on May 2, 2011, to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 41st Canadian Parliament. The writs
2011 Canadian federal election
2011_Canadian_federal_election
Top-level subdivisions of Canada
Canada. Powers are divided between the Government of Canada (the federal government) and the provincial governments by the Constitution Act, either exclusively
Provinces and territories of Canada
Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada
The 2021 Canadian federal election was held on September 20, 2021, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 44th Canadian Parliament. The writs
2021 Canadian federal election
2021_Canadian_federal_election
The 1974 Canadian federal election was held on July 8, 1974, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 30th Parliament of Canada. The governing
1974 Canadian federal election
1974_Canadian_federal_election
The 1997 Canadian federal election was held on June 2, 1997, to elect members to the House of Commons of the 36th Parliament of Canada. Prime Minister
1997 Canadian federal election
1997_Canadian_federal_election
The 1993 Canadian federal election was held on October 25, 1993, to elect members to the House of Commons of the 35th Parliament of Canada. Considered
1993 Canadian federal election
1993_Canadian_federal_election
1965 Canadian federal election was held on November 8, 1965, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 27th Parliament of Canada. The
1965 Canadian federal election
1965_Canadian_federal_election
(See also: Social Credit Party candidates, 1979 Canadian federal election.) Clark's minority government lasted less than nine months. Clark required support
1979 Canadian federal election
1979_Canadian_federal_election
National government of the United States
operate as sovereign governments subject to federal authority but, in some cases, outside of the jurisdiction of state governments. Hundreds of laws, executive
Federal government of the United States
Federal_government_of_the_United_States
Federal political party in Canada
Party (NDP; French: Nouveau Parti démocratique, NPD) is a federal political party in Canada. Widely described as social democratic and democratic socialist
New_Democratic_Party
for the New Democratic Party in the 40th Canadian federal election, which resulted in a Conservative minority government. Bonnie Rai Alex Atamanenko,
New Democratic Party candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election
New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election
Canada holds elections for legislatures or governments in several jurisdictions: for the federal (national) government, provincial and territorial governments
Elections_in_Canada
Canadian federal law of 1969
transferring funds to the provincial governments in order to finance a part of these programs. Under Canada's federal constitution, many important services
Official Languages Act (Canada)
Official_Languages_Act_(Canada)
Federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada
Vancouver) is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1988. The riding
North Vancouver—Capilano (federal electoral district)
North_Vancouver—Capilano_(federal_electoral_district)
would go on to form a single-party minority government (this record would later be beaten in the subsequent 2021 federal election). The Liberals lost the
2019 Canadian federal election
2019_Canadian_federal_election
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
redistribution and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for October
Brampton South (federal electoral district)
Brampton_South_(federal_electoral_district)
The Cabinet of Canada has had 32 visible minorities appointed members. A visible minority is defined as "persons, other than Aboriginal people, who are
List of visible minority Canadian cabinet ministers
List_of_visible_minority_Canadian_cabinet_ministers
Canadian election which resulted in a Liberal majority
1980 Canadian federal election was held on February 18, 1980, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 32nd Parliament of Canada. It was
1980 Canadian federal election
1980_Canadian_federal_election
1921 Canadian federal election was held on December 6, 1921, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 14th Parliament of Canada. The
1921 Canadian federal election
1921_Canadian_federal_election
Defunct federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
Brantford—Brant is a former federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1949 and from
Brantford—Brant (federal electoral district)
Brantford—Brant_(federal_electoral_district)
1972 Canadian federal election was held on October 30, 1972, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 29th Parliament of Canada. It resulted
1972 Canadian federal election
1972_Canadian_federal_election
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
Beaches—Woodbine) is a federal electoral district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1988. This
Beaches—East York (federal electoral district)
Beaches—East_York_(federal_electoral_district)
The 1963 Canadian federal election was held on April 8, 1963, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 26th Parliament of Canada. It resulted
1963 Canadian federal election
1963_Canadian_federal_election
Government of Canada since 2025
ministers including himself. Following the 2025 federal election that returned the Liberals as a minority government, Carney revamped his Cabinet on May 13 with
30th_Canadian_Ministry
November 4, 2025. The budget's slogan is "Canada Strong" which was also the Liberal Party's slogan in the 2025 federal election. This was the first budget presented
2025_Canadian_federal_budget
Federal political party in Canada
governed with two minority governments after the federal elections of 2006 and 2008. It then won a majority government in the 2011 federal election before
Conservative_Party_of_Canada
1925 Canadian federal election was held on October 29, 1925, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 15th Parliament of Canada. The
1925 Canadian federal election
1925_Canadian_federal_election
1953 Canadian federal election was held on August 10, 1953, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 22nd Parliament of Canada. Prime
1953 Canadian federal election
1953_Canadian_federal_election
List of electoral districts
This is a list of the 338 federal electoral districts as they existed between 2015 and 2025 (also known as ridings in Canadian English) as defined by the
Population of Canadian federal ridings
Population_of_Canadian_federal_ridings
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect in time for the 2015 Canadian federal election. According to the 2021 Canadian census Languages:
Ajax (federal electoral district)
Ajax_(federal_electoral_district)
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
Canadian federal election. Brampton East has the highest proportion of South Asians in Canada (70.1% of the population identified as South Asian in 2021)
Brampton East (federal electoral district)
Brampton_East_(federal_electoral_district)
Federal political party in Canada
The Liberal Party of Canada (LPC; French: Parti libéral du Canada, PLC) is a federal political party in Canada. The Liberal Party espouses the principles
Liberal_Party_of_Canada
influence over various minority governments, in particular a Liberal minority led by Pierre Trudeau from 1972 to 1974 during the 29th Canadian Parliament. During
Socialism_in_Canada
The federal government of Mexico (Spanish: Gobierno de México), alternately known as the Government of the Republic (Spanish: Gobierno de la República)
Federal_government_of_Mexico
operations, including eliminating federal funding and dismissing government workers. Hours before the deadline, Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer announced
2025 United States federal government shutdown
2025_United_States_federal_government_shutdown
Legislative session starting in 2025
House of Commons determined by the results of the 2025 federal election held on April 28. Canada's constitution mandates reviews of electoral divisions
45th_Canadian_Parliament
The Canadian federal budget is presented annually by the Government of Canada to identify planned government spending and expected government revenue
Canadian_federal_budget
Political union of partially self-governing territories under a national government
implementing treaties notwithstanding the ordinary federal allocation of legislative power. In Canada, section 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives Parliament
Federation
Period of the Government of Canada from 2006 to 2015
in the 2006 election and formed the smallest minority government in Canadian history. Harper led the government through the longest-lasting federal minority
Premiership_of_Stephen_Harper
Two shutdowns of the U.S. federal government occurred in 2026, both stemming from congressional disputes over federal immigration enforcement reforms
2026 United States federal government shutdowns
2026_United_States_federal_government_shutdowns
two parties in Canadian federal election history. This came directly after the PCs won the largest majority government in Canadian federal election history
1962 Canadian federal election
1962_Canadian_federal_election
Payments from federal to provincial governments
In Canada, the federal government makes equalization payments to provincial governments of lesser fiscal capacity so that "reasonably comparable" levels
Equalization payments in Canada
Equalization_payments_in_Canada
1926 Canadian federal election was held on September 14, 1926, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 16th Parliament of Canada. The
1926 Canadian federal election
1926_Canadian_federal_election
of Canada is the head of government of Canada. Since Canadian Confederation in 1867, there have been 24 prime ministers who have formed 30 Canadian ministries
List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office
List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada_by_time_in_office
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
de Quinte) is a federal electoral district in central Ontario, Canada, centred on the Bay of Quinte. According to the 2021 Canadian census Languages:
Bay of Quinte (federal electoral district)
Bay_of_Quinte_(federal_electoral_district)
English and French in the Parliament and courts of Canada, protect the linguistic rights of English- and French-speaking minorities in different provinces
Official bilingualism in Canada
Official_bilingualism_in_Canada
Canadian law for equitable employment
equity, as defined in federal Canadian law by the Employment Equity Act (French: Loi sur l’équité en matière d’emploi), requires federal jurisdiction employers
Employment_equity_(Canada)
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
Clarington—Scugog—Uxbridge) was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1968 and from
Durham (federal electoral district)
Durham_(federal_electoral_district)
Supreme law of Canada
The Constitution of Canada (French: Constitution du Canada) is the supreme law in Canada. It outlines Canada's system of government and the civil and human
Constitution_of_Canada
Federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada
"Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. Statistics Canada: 2021 Statistics Canada: 2021 Commission's
Riding Mountain (federal electoral district)
Riding_Mountain_(federal_electoral_district)
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
Eglinton—Lawrence is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979. It covers
Eglinton—Lawrence (federal electoral district)
Eglinton—Lawrence_(federal_electoral_district)
2008–2011 term of the Canadian federal legislative body
Canadian Parliament was in session from November 18, 2008 to March 26, 2011. It was the last Parliament of the longest-running minority government in
40th_Canadian_Parliament
Capital city of Canada
of the federal government. The city houses numerous foreign embassies, key buildings, organizations, and institutions of Canada's government; these include
Ottawa
Parliament without an absolute majority
"Forming power sharing government". The Australia Institute. Retrieved 6 May 2025. Minority Governments in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 17 January
Hung_parliament
Province of Canada
southernmost province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it is home to
Ontario
public opinion polls conducted from the 2021 Canadian federal election leading up to the 2025 Canadian federal election. The campaign period for the April
Opinion polling for the 2025 Canadian federal election
Opinion_polling_for_the_2025_Canadian_federal_election
the individual results for the 2021 Canadian federal election. Following the 2019 election a minority government was formed, increasing the likelihood
Results of the 2021 Canadian federal election by riding
Results_of_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election_by_riding
Canadian government's civilian workforce
minority Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism Structure of the Canadian federal government
Public_Service_of_Canada
The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada led a minority government for the entirety of the 25th Canadian Parliament. The vacancy was created due
By-election to the 25th Canadian Parliament
By-election_to_the_25th_Canadian_Parliament
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
a federal electoral district in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004. It was created in 2003
Hamilton Centre (federal electoral district)
Hamilton_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
Average income: $47,480 (2020) List of Canadian electoral districts Historical federal electoral districts of Canada Statistic includes all persons that
Chatham-Kent—Leamington (federal electoral district)
Chatham-Kent—Leamington_(federal_electoral_district)
Term used to refer to a subdivision
majority-minority or minority-majority area is a term used to refer to a subdivision in which one or more racial, ethnic, and/or religious minorities (relative
Majority_minority
Federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada
federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997. Following the 2022 Canadian federal
Winnipeg West (federal electoral district)
Winnipeg_West_(federal_electoral_district)
governments in Canada: federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal. All governments are bound to comply with the rights and freedoms set out in the
Human_rights_in_Canada
succession of minority governments ended on May 2, 2011, when Stephen Harper and his Conservative party won the 41st Canadian federal election with a
History of Canada (1982–present)
History_of_Canada_(1982–present)
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1968 and since 2015. It was represented in the
Carleton (Ontario federal electoral district)
Carleton_(Ontario_federal_electoral_district)
Indigenous people in Canada who are not Inuit or Métis
First Nations governments or bands across Canada. Roughly half are located in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. Under federal employment equity
First_Nations_in_Canada
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968. The riding is located in the
Hamilton Mountain (federal electoral district)
Hamilton_Mountain_(federal_electoral_district)
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
Guelph—Wellington) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979. This riding
Guelph (federal electoral district)
Guelph_(federal_electoral_district)
Method for scheduling Canadian elections
In Canada, the federal government and most provinces and territories have enacted legislation setting election dates, usually every four years, one year
Fixed election dates in Canada
Fixed_election_dates_in_Canada
belong to a visible minority group who have served as leaders of either federal, provincial, and territorial political parties in Canada. Note that the term
List of visible minority political party leaders in Canada
List_of_visible_minority_political_party_leaders_in_Canada
1957 Canadian federal election was held June 10, 1957, to select the 265 members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 23rd Parliament of Canada. In one
1957 Canadian federal election
1957_Canadian_federal_election
Federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada
Delta is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 1997 and since 2015
Delta (federal electoral district)
Delta_(federal_electoral_district)
Political movement
candidates in the 1935 federal election taking many votes from the Progressive Party of Canada and the United Farmers movement. In the 1940 federal election
Canadian social credit movement
Canadian_social_credit_movement
Results of the 42nd Canadian federal election
The 42nd Canadian federal election was held on October 19, 2015. The incumbent Conservative Party of Canada of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, in office
Results breakdown of the 2015 Canadian federal election
Results_breakdown_of_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997. It was created in 1996 from
Elgin—Middlesex—London (federal electoral district)
Elgin—Middlesex—London_(federal_electoral_district)
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
effect upon the call of the 2015 Canadian federal election, held on 19 October 2015. Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, it gained
Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte (federal electoral district)
Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte_(federal_electoral_district)
The 1945 Canadian federal election was held on June 11, 1945, to elect members of the House of Commons of the 20th Parliament of Canada. Prime Minister
1945 Canadian federal election
1945_Canadian_federal_election
End of a parliamentary session
of Commons in the bicameral federal parliament and the singular legislative chamber of the unicameral provincial parliaments. In the Canadian parliamentary
Prorogation_in_Canada
The 1984 Canadian federal election was held on September 4, 1984, to elect members to the House of Commons of the 33rd Parliament of Canada, following
1984 Canadian federal election
1984_Canadian_federal_election
Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada
Brampton-Centre) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that is represented in the House of Commons of Canada. This riding was created in 1996 from parts
Brampton Centre (federal electoral district)
Brampton_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)
January 25, 2019, the United States federal government entered a shutdown. It was the second and final federal government shutdown involving furloughs during
2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown
2018–2019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown
1982 Canadian constitutional legislation
provincial governments, as governments would be given responsibility over linguistic minorities. Trudeau thus played a prominent role in leading the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms
United States government units targeted by the Department of Government Efficiency
the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) took control of the federal government information systems in order to downsize federal agencies. DOGE embedded
US federal agencies targeted by DOGE
US_federal_agencies_targeted_by_DOGE
citizens of Canada through federal general elections. Elections Canada is the non-partisan agency responsible for the conduct of elections in Canada, including
Canadian_electoral_system
Federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada
is a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968. The district is in east-central
Yorkton—Melville
FEDERAL MINORITY-GOVERNMENTS-IN-CANADA
FEDERAL MINORITY-GOVERNMENTS-IN-CANADA
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Of the Mind; Wish
Girl/Female
Indian, Modern
Beautiful Angel
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Divine Gift
Biblical
wand of government
Girl/Female
Biblical
A wall.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Wand of government.
Female
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic LÃadan, LÃADÃIN means "grey lady."
Girl/Female
Hindu
Desire, Of the mind
Female
Japanese
(里) Japanese unisex name MINORI means "truth."
Male
Croatian
, goodness.
Boy/Male
French, German, Polish
Long
Girl/Female
Christian, Gujarati, Indian
Lustrous; Wealthy; Diamond; Rain
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Brave
Girl/Female
French, German, Greek, Italian, Russian
God's Gift; Gift of God
Girl/Female
Greek Russian
God's gift.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Priceless
Female
Irish
Irish form of French Madeline, MADAILÉIN means "of Magdala."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Desire, Of the mind
Boy/Male
English French
Surnames derived from place name Deverel.
Boy/Male
American, British, English, French
Riverbank; Surnames Derived from Place Name Deverel
FEDERAL MINORITY-GOVERNMENTS-IN-CANADA
FEDERAL MINORITY-GOVERNMENTS-IN-CANADA
FEDERAL MINORITY-GOVERNMENTS-IN-CANADA
FEDERAL MINORITY-GOVERNMENTS-IN-CANADA
FEDERAL MINORITY-GOVERNMENTS-IN-CANADA
FEDERAL MINORITY-GOVERNMENTS-IN-CANADA
FEDERAL MINORITY-GOVERNMENTS-IN-CANADA
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