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Defunct Swiss cryptography company
Crypto AG was a Swiss company specialising in communications and information security founded by Boris Hagelin in 1952. The company was secretly purchased
Crypto_AG
Covert operation
origins of Crypto AG go back to the Swedish engineer Arvid Damm; the company was founded in Switzerland in 1948 by the Swede Boris Hagelin. Crypto AG was considered
Operation_Rubicon
Foreign intelligence agency of Germany
build counter-terrorism capabilities. In 1970 the CIA and the BND bought Crypto AG, a Swiss information and communication security firm, for $5.75 million
Federal_Intelligence_Service
Topics referred to by the same term
for secure communication CRYPTO, an annual cryptography conference Crypto++, a cryptographic algorithm software library Crypto AG, defunct Swiss cryptography
Crypto
U.S. intelligence and covert action agency
suspected terrorists. For decades, until 2018, the CIA secretly owned Crypto AG, a small Swiss company that made encryption devices, in association with
Central_Intelligence_Agency
Swedish businessman and inventor (1892–1983)
of the Hagelin Cryptos, Cryptologia, 18(3), July 1994, pp 204–242. History of Boris Hagelin Chart of the evolution of Hagelin / CRYPTO AG machines Hagelin
Boris_Hagelin
1950s cipher machines by Crypto AG
The (Hagelin) C-52 and CX-52 were cipher machines manufactured by Crypto AG starting 1951/1952. These pin-and-lug type cipher machines were advanced successors
C-52_(cipher_machine)
Bilateral relations
agents on April 24, 1990. In 1992, Hans Buehler an employee of Swiss firm Crypto AG was detained in Iran on charges of espionage. He was later released by
Iran–Switzerland_relations
Topics referred to by the same term
protection and perjury Operation Rubicon, the secret ownership of the Crypto AG by U.S. and German intelligence agencies Rouvikonas, an anarchist collective
Rubicon_(disambiguation)
Advanced rotor machine by Boris Hagelin
The HX-63 was an advanced rotor machine designed by Crypto AG founder Boris Hagelin. Development of the device started in 1952 and lasted a decade. The
HX-63
Swedish cryptography company
when all activities were transferred to Boris Hagelin's Swiss company Crypto AG, founded in 1952. Hagelin, Boris, Cryptograph company documents (Personal
Cryptograph
Intelligence alliance comprising Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden
compromised (backdoored). From the 1970s to the 2010s, one method involved Crypto AG, a supposedly private Swiss company secretly owned by the German BND and
Maximator (intelligence alliance)
Maximator_(intelligence_alliance)
Electronics museum in Derendingen, Switzerland
technology made in Switzerland with products of Studer-Revox Paillard, Bolex, Crypto AG, Gretag. It also shows the main stages of computer history with examples
Enter_Technikwelt_Solothurn
Series of British long-range airstrikes during the Falklands War
2005, pp. 274–275. Miller, Greg (11 February 2020). "How the CIA used Crypto AG encryption devices to spy on countries for decades". Washington Post.
Operation_Black_Buck
Controversial pseudorandom number generator
security holes that only they can exploit. Random number generator attack Crypto AG – a Swiss company specialising in communications and information security
Dual_EC_DRBG
Internal investigation by the Danish Defence Intelligence Service
which agency head Lars Findsen and three other officials were suspended. Crypto AG, company owned by U.S. intel purportedly to spy on other countries Dropmire
Operation_Dunhammer
Fundamental foreign policy of Switzerland
ties to the apartheid regime in South Africa, and more recently in the Crypto AG espionage case. Swiss aid to Ukraine after Russia's invasion in February
Swiss_neutrality
British designation for intelligence from decrypted enemy communications
War II. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780684859323 – via Google Books. see: Crypto AG: Hagelin cipher machines Winterbotham 1974, pp. 154, 191. Hinsley 1993
Ultra_(cryptography)
Retrieved 2017-12-24. "Rivella AG: Private Company Information". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2017-12-24. "RosUkrEnergo AG: Private Company Information". Bloomberg
List of companies of Switzerland
List_of_companies_of_Switzerland
Swedish engineer and inventor (1869–1928)
encipherment. The company, AB Cryptograph, was an early predecessor of Crypto AG. Originally a textile engineer, he was headmaster of a weaving school
Arvid_Gerhard_Damm
Municipality in Zug, Switzerland
professional beach volleyball player The headquarters of now defunct Crypto AG was located in Steinhausen. "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach
Steinhausen,_Switzerland
Mechanical cipher machine
(Hagelin) CD-57 was a portable, mechanical cipher machine manufactured by Crypto AG, first produced in 1957. It was derived from the earlier CD-55, and was
CD-57
American cryptologist (1891–1969)
1955, Friedman initiated, on behalf of the NSA, a secret agreement with Crypto AG, a Swiss manufacturer of encryption machines. The agreement resulted in
William_F._Friedman
Advanced Persistent Threat China–United States trade war Crypto AG (US CIA owned encryption company selling to governments around the world) Chinese intelligence
Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks
Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks
American lawyer and legal architect of the CIA
Mongoose Phoenix Program Operation Rubicon (Intelligence operations using Crypto AG compromised devices) United States intervention in Chile Operation Cyclone
John_S._Warner
was not known that this had been done as part of a systematic program. Crypto AG Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013) Global surveillance disclosures
Dropmire
sale of manipulated encryption technology (CX-52) from the Swiss company Crypto AG. According to media reports, the BND, the BKA and the BfV are said to
American_espionage_in_Germany
strongest encryption in the world at the time. In the 1970s, Boris Hagelin of Crypto AG built two replicas of Gripenstierna's cipher machine based on surviving
Fredrik_Gripenstierna
Encrypted voice communication
CVX-396 secure voice system, Crypto AG
Secure_voice
British linguist, academic and Bletchley Park veteran
importantly how he did it remains confidential. After the war, Hagelin founded Crypto AG, which made new versions of his coding machine based on the same logic
Bernard_Willson
Multinational investment bank headquartered in Switzerland
UBS Group AG (stylized simply as UBS) is a Swiss multinational investment bank and financial services firm founded and based in Switzerland, with headquarters
UBS
Swiss investigative journalist
through the sale of manipulated encryption technology from Swiss-based Crypto AG, which was secretly owned by BND and CIA since 1970. Garbely started researching
Frank_Garbely
Collective term for Swiss federal intelligence and security agencies
intelligence service were aware of and benefited from the Zug-based firm Crypto AG’ s involvement in the US-led spying", questioning Swiss neutrality. In
Swiss_intelligence_agencies
Royal Air Force station in Singapore
Indonesia had used sabotaged cypher machines supplied by the Swiss company Crypto AG which had built-in back doors for GCHQ and the CIA, allowing them to decode
RAF_Chia_Keng
City in Switzerland
such as Siemens Building Technologies, and Nord Stream AG. Zug has also been referred to as Crypto Valley because of the large number of companies engaged
Zug
Swiss entrepreneur
he joined the boards of Falcon Private Bank, CfC St. Moritz, and Crypto Finance AG. He became a founding board member of the Swiss Blockchain Federation
Marc_P._Bernegger
German online brokerage and financial technology company
PRE.IPO AG, founded in 1999. Its Flatex online brokerage platform was launched in 2006. In 2015, the company acquired a majority stake in XCOM AG. In 2019
Flatexdegiro
machine encipherment. His company, AB Cryptograph, was a predecessor of Crypto AG. René Malaise (1892–1978) was a Swedish entomologist, explorer and art
List_of_Swedish_inventors
Activities by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in occupied and post-occupation Japan
Mongoose Phoenix Program Operation Rubicon (Intelligence operations using Crypto AG compromised devices) United States intervention in Chile Operation Cyclone
CIA_activities_in_Japan
Geman financial technology company
copy trading, and physical crypto wallets. NAGA Group AG develops a social investing platform (with 1 million users), crypto platform and a mobile banking
NAGA_Group
after his death — moved to Switzerland and is still in existence, as Crypto AG. By September 1922 Hebern started construction of the Hebern Building
Edward_Hebern
Welsh politician (born 1940)
would dry up. Argentine embassies used the same, top of the line, Swiss Crypto AG machine systems as their armed forces, so this was the precise equivalent
Ted_Rowlands,_Baron_Rowlands
US-based cryptocurrency exchange
Rooney, Kate (18 September 2018). "Crypto exchanges are ripe for manipulation and aren't doing much to stop it, New York AG says". CNBC. Retrieved 20 September
Kraken (cryptocurrency exchange)
Kraken_(cryptocurrency_exchange)
British entrepreneur, investor, and podcaster (born 1992)
startup at $160 million. The funding was led by Katie Haun's $1.5 billion crypto fund, with participation from investors including Coinbase Ventures, Shopify
Steven_Bartlett_(businessman)
other individuals were raided that night, later being referred to as "the Crypto Six." While the FBI's main justification for this raid was that scammers
List_of_FBI_controversies
German Signal Intelligence Agency
World War II. OKW/Chi, within the formal order of battle hierarchy OKW/WFsT/Ag WNV/Chi, dealt with the cryptanalysis and deciphering of enemy and neutral
Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht
Cipher_Department_of_the_High_Command_of_the_Wehrmacht
Cryptex • Cryptico • Crypto AG • Crypto-anarchism • Crypto API (Linux) • Microsoft CryptoAPI • CryptoBuddy • Cryptochannel • CRYPTO (conference) • Cryptogram
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Multinational technology company headquartered in Germany
Northern Data AG is a multinational technology company headquartered in Germany. It provides GPU infrastructure on demand for high-performance computing
Northern_Data
Digital currency exchange and custodian
2023). "New York AG accuses crypto firms of deceiving investors in $1 billion fraud". CNN Business. Retrieved October 21, 2023. "Top crypto firms named in
Gemini (cryptocurrency exchange)
Gemini_(cryptocurrency_exchange)
Cryptocurrency pegged to the United States dollar
deposits and that no contract was ever signed with Crypto Capital. The prosecution speculated that Crypto Capital Corp had lost or stolen the money, and executives
Tether_(cryptocurrency)
American cryptocurrency-based prediction market
Polymarket and Crypto.com Prediction Markets Kicked Out of Another State Over Sports Betting". Finance Magnates. Retrieved January 31, 2026. "AG Campbell Secures
Polymarket
Swiss company
Leonteq AG is a Swiss company founded in 2007 and headquartered in Zürich. It is specialized in structured financial products and in insurance products
Leonteq
Privacy-focused cryptocurrency
fungible, and decentralized. The protocol is open source and based on CryptoNote v2, a concept described in a 2013 white paper authored by Nicolas van
Monero
German semiconductor manufacturing company
Infineon Technologies AG is a German company which designs and manufactures semiconductor devices. It provides parts for automotive, power and security
Infineon_Technologies
Financial technology company
privately owned (under parent company iFinex Inc., which also owns the crypto exchange Bitfinex) and has grown into one of the most valuable fintech companies;
Tether_Limited
American banker
planned crypto exchange public". CNBC. Retrieved February 2, 2026. Macheel, Tanaya (August 13, 2025). "Shares of Bullish soar in NYSE debut after crypto exchange
Thomas_W._Farley
Chinese-American entrepreneur (born 1998)
Blockchain Week, Permissionless, Messari Mainnet, Singh, Medha (March 9, 2023). "Crypto stocks slide after Silvergate decides to shut down". Reuters. Retrieved
Eric_Chen
German online bank
BANK WAS RIPPLE CRYPTO OUT OF SAN FRANCISCO 1ST CRYPTO BANK PARTNER. https://ripple.com/ripple-press/ripple-labs-announces-fidor-bank-ag
Fidor_Bank
American attorney (born 1974)
"Top DOJ Official Shut Down Enforcement Against Crypto Companies While Holding More Than $150,000 in Crypto Investments". ProPublica. Retrieved February
Todd_Blanche
Malicious software used in ransom demands
previous year. CryptoLocker was particularly successful, procuring an estimated US$3 million before it was taken down by authorities, and CryptoWall was estimated
Ransomware
Swiss cryptographer
discrete logarithms. In: Advances in Cryptology – Crypto '94. Springer-Verlag, 1994, S. 271−281. Tamedia AG Medienmitteilung 23. April 2008: Jahresabschluss
Ueli_Maurer_(cryptographer)
against embattled NY AG Letitia James". New York Post. Retrieved December 1, 2025. Campanile, Carl (November 20, 2025). "Crypto lawyer seeks run for NY
2026 New York Attorney General election
2026_New_York_Attorney_General_election
Distributed data store for digital transactions
tracking services, making crypto exchanges, law-enforcement and banks more aware of what is happening with crypto funds and fiat-crypto exchanges. The development
Blockchain
US bill to address treatment of digital assets
authority and specified transactions on registered entities." Markets in Crypto-Assets GENIUS Act Details of the bill (H.R. 4763) on congress.gov Klar,
Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act
Financial_Innovation_and_Technology_for_the_21st_Century_Act
Egyptian businessman and computer engineer (born 1990)
give stock-like buying options for crypto investors" TechCrunch. "Swiss Fintech Wins Prominent Backers" Finews. "Crypto firm 21.co raises $25 million to
Hany_Rashwan
Business Meet". The Numbers. Retrieved April 2, 2026. Billington, Alex. "Crypto Thriller + Wacky Modern Comedy '$POSITIONS' Official Trailer". First Showing
List of American films of 2026
List_of_American_films_of_2026
German entrepreneur and investor
"Billionaire crypto investor leaves London for Switzerland over tax fears". The Standard. Yakowicz, Will (3 August 2024). "Meet the crypto-pioneering,
Christian_Angermayer
Swiss domain registrar
Freename, also known as Freename AG, is a domain registrar based in Zurich, Switzerland. It was founded by Davide Vicini and Mattia Martone in 2021 and
Freename
American entrepreneur and business executive (born 1965)
Trump, Saylor expressed a willingness to advise on crypto policy, potentially serving on a crypto advisory council for the Trump administration. MicroStrategy
Michael_J._Saylor
Office skyscraper in Singapore
Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank AG, Societe Generale Private Banking and UBS, headquarters of cryptocurrency exchange crypto.com as well as professional services
One_Raffles_Quay
Swiss motorsport engineering company
Sauber Motorsport AG was a Swiss motorsport engineering company and race team. Founded by Peter Sauber as PP Sauber AG in 1970, the team produced sports
Sauber_Motorsport
Government watchdog
four companies hold fintech banking licenses: Bivial AG, Relio AG, SR Saphirstein AG and Yapeal AG. On 19 February 2009, the US government filed suit against
Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority
Swiss_Financial_Market_Supervisory_Authority
Austrian precious metals company
philoro launched a 31.103-gram Phygital Asset Coin with an NFC chip called Crypto Vreneli, which functions as both a gold vreneli and an NFT. Since October
Philoro
Swiss banking group
growth in fee and trading income, while crypto income remained almost unchanged at CHF 85.7 million despite lower crypto trading volume. From January 2015 to
Swissquote
Cloud storage and file synchronization service
for account security. Zero-knowledge encryption, where files placed in a Crypto folder remain inaccessible even to pCloud, is an optional paid add-on. In
PCloud
Dutch online brokerage platform
group Flatex AG agreed to acquire Degiro B.V. for about €250 million. In 2021, Degiro B.V. was legally merged into Flatexdegiro Bank AG, becoming the
Degiro
Kurdish entrepreneur
company’s FMA licence as a key asset. In April 2025, Crowdli AG was acquired by Finexity AG. Yousuf later outlined the “Arcadia Initiative”, a proposed
Dadvan_Yousuf
Stock exchange located in Vienna, Austria
The Wiener Börse AG (also known as the Vienna Stock Exchange) is a bourse situated in Vienna, Austria. The exchange owns and operates the Prague Stock
Wiener_Börse
American entrepreneur and venture capitalist (born 1967)
Beteiligungsholding [de] (which will be renamed as SQD.AI Strategies AG), the first dedicated German crypto holding treasury, through the firm. Thiel is associated
Peter_Thiel
Wealth of President of the United States
income from crypto, golf, licensing fees". CNN Business. June 14, 2025. Retrieved June 14, 2025. "Most of Trump's Net Worth Comes From 'Crypto Empire': Report
Wealth_of_Donald_Trump
2025 music award ceremony
members of the Recording Academy, on February 2, 2025. In its 22nd year at Crypto.com Arena in Los Angeles, the main ceremony was broadcast on CBS and available
67th_Annual_Grammy_Awards
Denmark) is the CEO of Blockchain security company KEYCHAINX AG which is developing a keyless crypto wallet and have an American patent with the USPTO and Japan
Robert_Rhodin
Stock exchange in Germany
digital assets. Börse Stuttgart Digital Custody holds the licence as a crypto custodian since March 2023 and the EU-wide MiCAR license since January 2025
Börse_Stuttgart
Singaporean state-owned conglomerate
2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022. "Temasek to Lead $100 Million Funding for Crypto Landlord Animoca". Bloomberg.com. 30 August 2022. Archived from the original
Temasek_Holdings
2026. Garrity, Kelly (October 9, 2025). "Galvin wades into congressional crypto fight". Politico. Retrieved October 12, 2025. "Markey notches endorsements
2026 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
2026_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts
Entertainment complex located in downtown Los Angeles, California, US
Park District of downtown Los Angeles, California. It is adjacent to the Crypto.com Arena and the Los Angeles Convention Center. L.A. Live was developed
L.A._Live
American social networking service
value is that of the U.S. dollar. Users can also hold their earnings in crypto wallets, and then exchange them into other cryptocurrencies. In 2014, Twitter
X_(social_network)
and more compact for military field operations. Crypto Museum (August 23, 2024). "Enigma-Probemaschine". Crypto Museum. Retrieved 16 July 2026. v t e
Reflector_(cipher_machine)
Israeli-American businessman (born 1965)
April 2022. Goswami, Rohan (5 January 2023). "New York AG accuses Celsius ex-CEO of defrauding crypto investors". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2023-01-05
Alex_Mashinsky
Blockchain software technology company
founded by Joseph Lubin and based in Fort Worth. Joseph Lubin founded ConsenSys AG in early 2015 as a software foundry to develop decentralized software services
Consensys
American technology company
"Microstrategy said it would face a margin call and be forced to sell some of its crypto if bitcoin falls to $21,000". Markets Insider. Retrieved 2022-05-06. Westbrook
MicroStrategy
Accredited Registrars". ICANN.org. 1 August 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025. "A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live". MIT Technology
List of Internet top-level domains
List_of_Internet_top-level_domains
Jones, Blake; Gardiner, Dustin (September 25, 2025). "Can Calderon ride crypto to contention?". Politico. Retrieved September 26, 2025. Rosenhall, Laurel
2026 California gubernatorial election
2026_California_gubernatorial_election
American businessman (born 1959)
2026). "With Millions in Donations From the Industry, Ramaswamy Backs Ohio Crypto Gamble". The American Prospect. Retrieved April 13, 2026. Slyomovics, Nettanel
Jeff_Yass
U.S. presidential administration since 2025
$57mn earnings from crypto venture". Financial Times. Lubin, Rhian (June 15, 2025). "Trump's made over $50 million from stake in crypto firm". The Independent
Second presidency of Donald Trump
Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump
Security-focused, Android-based mobile operating system
"Vitalik Buterin Embraces GrapheneOS: What Is It and Why It's Trending?". The Crypto Times. Retrieved 28 May 2026. Palmer, Jordan (13 August 2022). "I tried
GrapheneOS
Banking crisis beginning in March 2023
crypto?". Quartz. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023. Julian, Mark; Gerrit, De Vynck (December 17, 2022). "'Crypto
2023 United States banking crisis
2023_United_States_banking_crisis
has "the right to grow out of his stupidity" and is not going to be a "crypto-Fetterman". On February 26, 2026, Platner quote-tweeted a clip from Donald
2026 United States Senate election in Maine
2026_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine
Neighborhood in the US
Mall Santee Alley Other California Club California Hospital Medical Center Crypto.com Arena Indian Alley L.A. Live Los Angeles Convention Center Los Angeles
Skid_Row,_Los_Angeles
American financial investor and businessman (born 1983)
new Web3-crypto 'drug discovery' business". Archived from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved February 29, 2024. "Pharma Bro crypto crash raises
Martin_Shkreli
CRYPTO AG
CRYPTO AG
CRYPTO AG
CRYPTO AG
CRYPTO AG
CRYPTO AG
CRYPTO AG
CRYPTO AG
CRYPTO AG