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CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE

  • Constitutional avoidance
  • United States judicial doctrine

    Constitutional avoidance is a legal doctrine of judicial review in United States constitutional law that dictates that United States federal courts should

    Constitutional avoidance

    Constitutional avoidance

    Constitutional_avoidance

  • Ripeness
  • Readiness of a case for litigation in US law

    Commissioners of Emigration (1885), ripeness is one the seven rules of the constitutional avoidance doctrine established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority

    Ripeness

    Ripeness

    Ripeness

  • Marbury v. Madison
  • 1803 landmark U.S. Supreme Court case establishing judicial review

    follow the principle of "constitutional avoidance": if a certain interpretation of a law raises constitutional problems, they prefer to use alternative

    Marbury v. Madison

    Marbury_v._Madison

  • Jurisdiction
  • Authority granted to a legal body or political leader to deal with legal matters

    Jurisdiction draws its substance from international law, conflict of laws, constitutional law, and is often thought to include the powers of the executive and

    Jurisdiction

    Jurisdiction

  • Judicial minimalism
  • Philosophy in US constitutional law

    of Emigration (1885), minimalism is one the seven rules of the constitutional avoidance doctrine established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority

    Judicial minimalism

    Judicial_minimalism

  • Presumption of constitutionality
  • Legal principle favouring constitutionality of a law

    presumption of constitutionality is linked to the doctrine of constitutional avoidance (the doctrine that courts will not make rulings on constitutional issues

    Presumption of constitutionality

    Presumption_of_constitutionality

  • Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
  • 1936 United States Supreme Court case

    elaboration of the doctrine of "Constitutional avoidance". In Ashwander, the Supreme Court faced a challenge to the constitutionality of a congressional program

    Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority

    Ashwander_v._Tennessee_Valley_Authority

  • In rem jurisdiction
  • Legal power a court has over property

    law as it stood, the only way for the petitioner to challenge the constitutionality of the seizure was to name the search warrant itself as defendant

    In rem jurisdiction

    In_rem_jurisdiction

  • Supreme Court of the United States
  • Highest court of jurisdiction in the US

    canons of construction and doctrinal rules, such as the doctrine of constitutional avoidance, to minimize occurrences where the political branches or popular

    Supreme Court of the United States

    Supreme Court of the United States

    Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States

  • South African constitutional law
  • Legal interpretation and application of the Constitution

    principle of constitutional avoidance is a principle of decisional minimalism which implies a preference for declining to adjudicate constitutional questions

    South African constitutional law

    South_African_constitutional_law

  • Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump
  • 2023–24 U.S. legal and political dispute

    Constitutional avoidance canon: "When the validity of an act of the Congress is drawn in question, and even if a serious doubt of constitutionality is

    Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump

    Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump

    Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump

  • Zadvydas v. Davis
  • 2001 United States Supreme Court case

    term of the 90-day removal period. Breyer applied the doctrine of constitutional avoidance to interpret the statute as containing an implicit time limitation

    Zadvydas v. Davis

    Zadvydas_v._Davis

  • Allen v. Milligan
  • 2023 United States Supreme Court case

    to it." The courts did not decide the constitutional issue, applying the doctrine of constitutional avoidance. Alabama appealed the following day to

    Allen v. Milligan

    Allen_v._Milligan

  • Advisory opinion
  • Type of legal opinion

    legal case, but which merely legally advises on its opinion as to the constitutionality or interpretation of a law. The International Law Association is one

    Advisory opinion

    Advisory_opinion

  • Collusive lawsuit
  • Type of lawsuit

    (1892), the collusive lawsuit rule is one the seven rules of the constitutional avoidance doctrine established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority

    Collusive lawsuit

    Collusive_lawsuit

  • Standing (law)
  • Legal concept

    This is considered an aspect of administrative law, sometimes with a constitutional dimension, as when the litigant seeks to have legislation declared unconstitutional

    Standing (law)

    Standing_(law)

  • Justiciability
  • Whether a court can or cannot rule upon something

    Rules regarding justiciability can be of either a constitutional or prudential nature. The constitutional rules stem from express or implicit powers and

    Justiciability

    Justiciability

  • Statutory interpretation
  • Judicial interpretation of statutory law

    As such, this canon is no longer good law in the United States. Constitutional avoidance If a statute is susceptible to more than one reasonable construction

    Statutory interpretation

    Statutory_interpretation

  • Last resort rule
  • issue in some circumstances. It is one the seven rules of the constitutional avoidance doctrine established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority

    Last resort rule

    Last_resort_rule

  • Political question
  • Legal doctrine of political matters' justiciability

    Territory Case". Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan). 1993-11-26. Retrieved 2022-11-07. Odermatt, Jed (2018). "Patterns of avoidance: political questions

    Political question

    Political question

    Political_question

  • Brett Kavanaugh
  • US Supreme Court justice since 2018

    an interpretation that differs from the "best meaning", such as constitutional avoidance, legislative history, and Chevron deference. Kavanaugh and Ashley

    Brett Kavanaugh

    Brett Kavanaugh

    Brett_Kavanaugh

  • Supplemental jurisdiction
  • Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Supplemental jurisdiction

    Supplemental jurisdiction

    Supplemental_jurisdiction

  • Shelby County v. Holder
  • 2013 landmark United States Supreme Court case

    decision resolved the issue, the Court invoked constitutional avoidance and declined to address the constitutionality of Section 5. Justice Clarence Thomas dissented

    Shelby County v. Holder

    Shelby_County_v._Holder

  • Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder
  • 2009 United States Supreme Court case

    the Court declined to rule on the constitutionality of that provision, citing the principle of constitutional avoidance. The appellant, Northwest Austin

    Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder

    Northwest_Austin_Municipal_Utility_District_No._1_v._Holder

  • Case or Controversy Clause
  • Clause of the U.S. Constitution regarding judicial review

    410 U.S. 113 (1973). Therefore, the Supreme Court could rule on the constitutionality of an abortion law despite the issue being moot at the time of adjudication

    Case or Controversy Clause

    Case or Controversy Clause

    Case_or_Controversy_Clause

  • Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
  • United States government agency

    giving the president a new power to remove the director, citing constitutional avoidance. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

    Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

    Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

    Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau

  • Federal question jurisdiction
  • Type of U.S. court subject-matter jurisdiction

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Federal question jurisdiction

    Federal question jurisdiction

    Federal_question_jurisdiction

  • Textualism
  • Constitutional doctrine

    more venerable judicial canons of interpretation, such as the constitutional avoidance canon. The word "textualism" was first used by Mark Pattison in

    Textualism

    Textualism

  • Adequate and independent state ground
  • Legal doctrine in the United States

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Adequate and independent state ground

    Adequate and independent state ground

    Adequate_and_independent_state_ground

  • Baker v. Carr
  • 1962 United States Supreme Court case

    that are political in nature are marked by: "Textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department"; as an

    Baker v. Carr

    Baker_v._Carr

  • Sovereign immunity in the United States
  • Legal protection of federal, state and tribal governments

    stand not so much for what it says, but for the presupposition of our constitutional structure which it confirms: that the States entered the federal system

    Sovereign immunity in the United States

    Sovereign immunity in the United States

    Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States

  • Abstention doctrine
  • Doctrine prevalent in the American judiciary

    prudential and discretionary, concerned not so much with comity as with avoidance of waste from duplicate litigation. The classification of the doctrine

    Abstention doctrine

    Abstention doctrine

    Abstention_doctrine

  • In personam
  • Type of jurisdiction

    Ancient and Modern: And Including the Principal Terms of International, Constitutional, Ecclesiastical, and Commercial Law, and Medical Jurisprudence, with

    In personam

    In personam

    In_personam

  • Mootness
  • Legal term on the status of a matter

    dismissed because this is a constitutional bar, and there is no "case or controversy"; others have rejected the pure constitutional approach and adopted a

    Mootness

    Mootness

    Mootness

  • Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act
  • 2005 U.S. law limiting criminal liability

    to invoke constitutional avoidance and read the statute narrowly to exclude the instant case, as she believed the PLCAA raised constitutional questions

    Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act

    Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act

    Protection_of_Lawful_Commerce_in_Arms_Act

  • Subject-matter jurisdiction
  • Type of jurisdictional court authority

    territorial jurisdiction, and adequate notice are the three most fundamental constitutional requirements for a valid judgment. The subject matter jurisdiction of

    Subject-matter jurisdiction

    Subject-matter jurisdiction

    Subject-matter_jurisdiction

  • Feliciano v. Department of Transportation
  • 2025 US Supreme Court case

    during such events. The majority responded that the doctrine of constitutional avoidance would allow courts to limit excessive application of military law

    Feliciano v. Department of Transportation

    Feliciano_v._Department_of_Transportation

  • Erie doctrine
  • Doctrine in US federal civil procedure

    twin aims of Erie, which are the discouragement of forum-shopping and avoidance of inequitable administration of the laws. Under this rule, state procedural

    Erie doctrine

    Erie doctrine

    Erie_doctrine

  • United States magistrate judge
  • Judges appointed to assist at US federal district courts

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    United States magistrate judge

    United States magistrate judge

    United_States_magistrate_judge

  • Rule of avoidance
  • principle in United States constitutional law, and a cultural norm in some cultures that promotes exogamy. The rule of avoidance employed during the Han

    Rule of avoidance

    Rule_of_avoidance

  • Federal jurisdiction (United States)
  • Legal scope of the powers of the U.S. federal government

    defenses relating to alleged constitutional violation(s) by the government. If the non-governmental party loses, the constitutional issue may form part of the

    Federal jurisdiction (United States)

    Federal jurisdiction (United States)

    Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)

  • Personal jurisdiction
  • Court jurisdiction over the parties of a lawsuit

    exercise of personal jurisdiction by a court must both comply with Constitutional limitations, and be authorized by a statute. In the United Kingdom,

    Personal jurisdiction

    Personal_jurisdiction

  • Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
  • United States federal legislation

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Class Action Fairness Act of 2005

    Class Action Fairness Act of 2005

    Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005

  • Rooker–Feldman doctrine
  • American legal doctrine

    on the certiorari jurisdiction statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1257), and not constitutional, holding that it applies only in cases "brought by state-court losers

    Rooker–Feldman doctrine

    Rooker–Feldman doctrine

    Rooker–Feldman_doctrine

  • Amount in controversy
  • Term used in civil procedures in the US

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Amount in controversy

    Amount_in_controversy

  • Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
  • 2013 United States Supreme Court case

    that the canon of constitutional avoidance required the outcome reached by the majority. Contending that there was no constitutional authority for Congress

    Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl

    Adoptive_Couple_v._Baby_Girl

  • Constitutional Democratic Party
  • 1905–1917 Russian centrist political party

    The Constitutional Democratic Party (Russian: Конституцио́нно-демократи́ческая па́ртия, romanized: Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya, K-D), also

    Constitutional Democratic Party

    Constitutional Democratic Party

    Constitutional_Democratic_Party

  • Diversity jurisdiction
  • U.S. court jurisdiction over persons of different states or nationalities

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Diversity jurisdiction

    Diversity jurisdiction

    Diversity_jurisdiction

  • Jonathan F. Mitchell
  • American attorney (born 1976)

    Stare Decisis and Constitutional Text, 110 Mich. L. Rev. 1 (2011). Reconsidering Murdock: State-Law Reversals as Constitutional Avoidance, 77 U. Chi. L.

    Jonathan F. Mitchell

    Jonathan_F._Mitchell

  • Removal jurisdiction
  • Aspect of US law

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Removal jurisdiction

    Removal jurisdiction

    Removal_jurisdiction

  • Legality of the war on drugs
  • Amendments. As the Cooperative acknowledges, however, the canon of constitutional avoidance has no application in the absence of statutory ambiguity. Because

    Legality of the war on drugs

    Legality_of_the_war_on_drugs

  • Territorial jurisdiction (United States)
  • Territorial jurisdiction

    facitlies, etc. The Supreme Court of the United States has held that constitutional requirements of due process limit the exercise of subject or personal

    Territorial jurisdiction (United States)

    Territorial jurisdiction (United States)

    Territorial_jurisdiction_(United_States)

  • Federal enclave
  • Parcel of land which is within a state but under federal jurisdiction

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Federal enclave

    Federal enclave

    Federal_enclave

  • Minimum contacts
  • US legal term in court jurisdiction

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Minimum contacts

    Minimum contacts

    Minimum_contacts

  • Quasi in rem jurisdiction
  • Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Quasi in rem jurisdiction

    Quasi in rem jurisdiction

    Quasi_in_rem_jurisdiction

  • Dorsey v. United States
  • 2012 United States Supreme Court case

    reason that the Court should not apply it themselves. "The canon of constitutional avoidance [has] no application here," Scalia argued, "[for] although many

    Dorsey v. United States

    Dorsey_v._United_States

  • Abrogation doctrine
  • Legal doctrine

    The abrogation doctrine is a U.S. constitutional law doctrine expounding when and how the Congress may waive a state's sovereign immunity and subject it

    Abrogation doctrine

    Abrogation doctrine

    Abrogation_doctrine

  • Anti-Injunction Act
  • US federal statute

    state-law and federal constitutional questions if a state court could clarify the state-law question to make the constitutional ruling unnecessary. Under

    Anti-Injunction Act

    Anti-Injunction Act

    Anti-Injunction_Act

  • Johnson v. United States Congress
  • United States Supreme Court case

    "applied the canon of constitutional avoidance," ruling only that "district courts retained jurisdiction to hear facial constitutional challenges to veterans’

    Johnson v. United States Congress

    Johnson_v._United_States_Congress

  • Dennis Jacobs
  • American judge (born 1944)

    prosecutorial discretion. In 2010, the Supreme Court invoked the constitutional avoidance doctrine to narrow the scope of §1346 to cover only bribery and

    Dennis Jacobs

    Dennis_Jacobs

  • Rapanos v. United States
  • 2006 United States Supreme Court case

    commerce power", Scalia justified his selective interpretation under constitutional avoidance. The rest of his opinion attacks the other justices' arguments

    Rapanos v. United States

    Rapanos_v._United_States

  • Tax evasion
  • Financial crime

    classification of tax avoidance is disputable since avoidance is lawful in self-creating systems. Both tax evasion and tax avoidance can be practiced by

    Tax evasion

    Tax_evasion

  • Public Citizen v. Department of Justice
  • 1989 United States Supreme Court case

    legislative history, Justice Brennan relied on the doctrine of Constitutional avoidance to favor an interpretation of FACA that would not reach the ABA

    Public Citizen v. Department of Justice

    Public_Citizen_v._Department_of_Justice

  • Tax noncompliance
  • Range of legal and illegal activities that reduce tax paid

    that are unfavorable to a government's tax system. This may include tax avoidance, which is tax reduction by legal means, and tax evasion which is the illegal

    Tax noncompliance

    Tax_noncompliance

  • United States v. Lovett
  • 1946 United States Supreme Court case

    provision as a bill of attainder and, citing the principle of constitutional avoidance, avoided ruling the provision unconstitutional by concluding that

    United States v. Lovett

    United_States_v._Lovett

  • United States v. Hansen
  • 2023 United States Supreme Court case

    solicitation and facilitation. The court added that the canon of constitutional avoidance favored the narrower reading if it was at least "fairly possible"

    United States v. Hansen

    United_States_v._Hansen

  • William Irwin Grubb
  • American judge

    first elaborated his doctrine of constitutional avoidance: the court should limit its review of constitutional questions to when it is necessary to reach a

    William Irwin Grubb

    William_Irwin_Grubb

  • Axon Enterprise, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission
  • 2023 United States Supreme Court case

    premature review in the district court is ill-advised as a matter of constitutional avoidance. The government gave further premonition: allowing for mid-proceeding

    Axon Enterprise, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission

    Axon_Enterprise,_Inc._v._Federal_Trade_Commission

  • Clark v. Martinez
  • 2005 United States Supreme Court case

    "Clark v. Martinez: Limited Statutory Construction Required by Constitutional Avoidance Offers Fragile Protection for Inadmissible Immigrants from Indefinite

    Clark v. Martinez

    Clark_v._Martinez

  • Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
  • U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals case

    Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission

    Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission

    Scenic_Hudson_Preservation_Conference_v._Federal_Power_Commission

  • Constitution of the United States
  • Supreme law of the United States

    Founding Fathers, often referred to as its framing, was completed at the Constitutional Convention, which assembled at Independence Hall in Philadelphia between

    Constitution of the United States

    Constitution of the United States

    Constitution_of_the_United_States

  • South African constitutional litigation
  • of avoidance, articulated by the Constitutional Court in Zantsi v Council of State, Ciskei, holds that courts should not adjudicate constitutional questions

    South African constitutional litigation

    South_African_constitutional_litigation

  • Amazon tax avoidance
  • Avoidance of tax payment by Amazon

    report released by Fair Tax Mark in 2019, Amazon is the best actor of tax avoidance, having paid a 12% effective tax rate between 2010 and 2018, in contrast

    Amazon tax avoidance

    Amazon_tax_avoidance

  • Dan Neidle
  • British tax lawyer

    avoid tax, in favour of increased HMRC prosecution of aggressive tax avoidance and evasion, and in favour of windfall taxes on oil and gas producers

    Dan Neidle

    Dan Neidle

    Dan_Neidle

  • Jones v. United States (1999)
  • 1999 United States Supreme Court case

    no need to invoke the principle of constitutional avoidance as the majority did. In any event, the constitutional rule the Court articulated could too

    Jones v. United States (1999)

    Jones_v._United_States_(1999)

  • Change (manifesto)
  • Political manifesto published in 2024 by the British Labour Party

    week, during evenings and weekends, paid for by cracking down on tax avoidance and non-dom loopholes. Launch a new Border Security Command with hundreds

    Change (manifesto)

    Change_(manifesto)

  • Doctrines of civil procedure
  • Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Constitutional avoidance Jurisdiction Subject-matter Federal question Diversity Amount in

    Doctrines of civil procedure

    Doctrines of civil procedure

    Doctrines_of_civil_procedure

  • Garfield Barwick
  • 7th Chief Justice of Australia and politician (1903–1997)

    The decisions effectively nullified the anti-avoidance legislation and led to the proliferation of avoidance schemes in the 1970s, a result which drew much

    Garfield Barwick

    Garfield Barwick

    Garfield_Barwick

  • Continuismo
  • Presidential practice to ignore term limits and continue to rule beyond legal term

    Quarterly 2 (July 1940): 56-74/ Alexander Baturo, Continuismo in Comparison: Avoidance, Extension, and Removal of Presidential Term Limits, DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198837404

    Continuismo

    Continuismo

  • List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 297
  • Court case that provided the first elaboration of the doctrine of "Constitutional avoidance". Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at

    List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 297

    List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 297

    List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_297

  • Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
  • 1913 amendment establishing the direct election of senators

    the power of the federal government. Additionally, the longer terms and avoidance of popular election turned the Senate into a body that could counter the

    Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

    Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

    Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution

  • Balanced budget amendment
  • Constitutional provision

    A balanced budget amendment or debt brake is a constitutional rule requiring that a state cannot spend more than its income. It requires a balance between

    Balanced budget amendment

    Balanced budget amendment

    Balanced_budget_amendment

  • Union busting
  • Efforts to prevent or hinder unionization among workers

    described a long list of practices which he viewed as tangential to union avoidance activities but which his detractors have labeled as support operations

    Union busting

    Union busting

    Union_busting

  • 20th Congress of the Philippines
  • 41st legislative term of the Philippines

    more respectable than the Senate", and unfavorably compared the Senate's avoidance of an impeachment trial during the 20th Congress to the Senate that tackled

    20th Congress of the Philippines

    20th_Congress_of_the_Philippines

  • Singapore
  • Island country in Southeast Asia

    British rule, based on "communal loyalty, distrust of government, and avoidance of individual or collective responsibility for wider public interests"

    Singapore

    Singapore

    Singapore

  • Philippines
  • Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia

    Sarion (2014). Ethno-religious Identification and Intergroup Contact Avoidance: An Empirical Study on Christian-Muslim Relations in the Philippines.

    Philippines

    Philippines

    Philippines

  • Risk management
  • Identification, evaluation and control of risks

    the project. By choosing not to participate in high-risk ventures, the avoidance strategy avoids losses but also loses out on possibilities. Last but not

    Risk management

    Risk management

    Risk_management

  • PwC
  • Multinational professional services brand

    firm has on multiple occasions been implicated in tax evasion and tax avoidance practices. It has frequently been fined by regulators for performing audits

    PwC

    PwC

    PwC

  • Corporate tax in the United States
  • Form of taxation in the United States

    tax (20%) and accumulated earnings tax (20%) remain in force as anti-avoidance backstops. State corporate tax rates in 2026 range from a 2.0% flat rate

    Corporate tax in the United States

    Corporate tax in the United States

    Corporate_tax_in_the_United_States

  • Jay Bhattacharya
  • American physician-scientist and health economist (born 1968)

    Byung-Kwang; Kasajima, Megumi; Bhattacharya, Jay (February 2010). "Public Avoidance and the Epidemiology of novel H1N1 Influenza A". Working Paper. Working

    Jay Bhattacharya

    Jay Bhattacharya

    Jay_Bhattacharya

  • Nakba
  • Ethnic cleansing of Palestinians

    contextualized as an atypical incident that proves the rule of Jewish avoidance of civilian casualties during wartime."; Khalidi 2020, p. 74, "People

    Nakba

    Nakba

    Nakba

  • Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
  • 1993 United States Supreme Court case

    dissent imbued the avoidance doctrine with constitutional weight by relying on earlier Supreme Court precedent relating the avoidance doctrine to the case

    Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District

    Zobrest_v._Catalina_Foothills_School_District

  • Tax returns of Donald Trump
  • Trump engaged in tax avoidance to a far greater extent than most affluent Americans (the top 0.001% of tax filers). Due to this avoidance, Trump paid "about

    Tax returns of Donald Trump

    Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump

  • High Court of Australia
  • The decisions effectively nullified the anti-avoidance legislation and led to the proliferation of avoidance schemes in the 1970s, a result which drew much

    High Court of Australia

    High Court of Australia

    High_Court_of_Australia

  • John F. Manning
  • American legal academic (born 1961)

    Harvard Law School (HLS), where he is a scholar of administrative and constitutional law. From 2017 to 2024, he was the 13th dean of Harvard Law School.

    John F. Manning

    John F. Manning

    John_F._Manning

  • Political positions of Emmanuel Macron
  • Overview of Emmanuel Macron's political positions

    the policy to the Cuban taxation system. Macron supports stopping tax avoidance. On 8 June 2021, Macron was slapped in the face during a visit to the

    Political positions of Emmanuel Macron

    Political positions of Emmanuel Macron

    Political_positions_of_Emmanuel_Macron

  • Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan
  • Clause outlawing war to settle disputes

    October 2019 a senior U.S. military officer in Tokyo said that "Japan's avoidance of offensive weaponry under its constitution is no longer acceptable."

    Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

    Article_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Japan

  • List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi
  • International trips made by Narendra Modi while Prime Minister

    agreements signed included cooperation in outer space, double taxation avoidance, nano technology, improving cultural ties, youth and sports, higher education

    List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi

    List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi

    List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Narendra_Modi

  • Ex post facto law
  • Law with retroactive effect

    unethical means of tax avoidance were passed in the early 1980s by the Fraser government (see Bottom of the harbour tax avoidance). Similarly, legislation

    Ex post facto law

    Ex_post_facto_law

  • Charles III
  • King of the United Kingdom since 2022

    Revenue and Customs were asked in December 2012 to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall. The Duchy was named in the Paradise Papers,

    Charles III

    Charles III

    Charles_III

AI & ChatGPT searchs for online references containing CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE

AI search references containing CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE

  • Mason
  • Surname or Lastname

    English and Scottish

    Mason

    English and Scottish : occupational name for a stonemason, Middle English, Old French mas(s)on. Compare Machen. Stonemasonry was a hugely important craft in the Middle Ages.Italian (Veneto) : from a short form of Masone.French : from a regional variant of maison ‘house’.George Mason (1725–92), the American colonial statesman who framed the VA Bill of Rights and Constitution, which was used as a model by Thomas Jefferson when drafting the Declaration of Independence, was a VA planter, fourth in descent from George Mason (?1629–?86), a royalist soldier of the English Civil War who had received land grants in VA. As well as being prominent in the affairs of VA, the family also produced the first governor of MI.

    Mason

  • Sherman
  • Surname or Lastname

    English

    Sherman

    English : occupational name for a sheepshearer or someone who used shears to trim the surface of finished cloth and remove excess nap, from Middle English shereman ‘shearer’.Americanized spelling of German Schuermann.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name for a tailor, from Yiddish sher ‘scissors’ + man ‘man’.Roger Sherman (1722–93), the only man to sign all three documents at the foundation of the American republic (the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Constitution), was born in Newton, MA, a descendant of Capt. John Sherman, who had emigrated in about 1636 to MA from Dedham, Essex, England, where his father was a farmer, following his brother Edmund, who had emigrated two years earlier. A descendant of Edmund Sherman was the U.S. general William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–91), who led the Union march through GA. He was born in Lancaster, OH, the son of a judge; his middle name was bestowed in honor of a Shawnee chieftain.

    Sherman

  • Read
  • Surname or Lastname

    English

    Read

    English : nickname for a person with red hair or a ruddy complexion, from Middle English re(a)d ‘red’.English : topographic name for someone who lived in a clearing, from an unattested Old English rīed, r̄d ‘woodland clearing’.English : Read in Lancashire, the name of which is a contracted form of Old English rǣghēafod, from rǣge ‘female roe deer’, ‘she-goat’ + hēafod ‘head(land)’; Rede in Suffolk, so called from Old English hrēod ‘reeds’; or Reed in Hertfordshire, so called from an Old English ryhð ‘brushwood’.English : A family called Read were established in America in the early 18th century by John Read, who was born in Dublin, sixth in descent from Sir Thomas Read of Berkshire, England. His son, George Read (1733–98), was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and as a lawyer helped frame the Constitution.

    Read

  • Samividhan
  • Boy/Male

    Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi

    Samividhan

    Constitution

    Samividhan

  • Randolph
  • Surname or Lastname

    English and German

    Randolph

    English and German : classicized spelling of Randolf, a Germanic personal name composed of the elements rand ‘rim’ (of a shield), ‘shield’ + wolf ‘wolf’. This was introduced into England by Scandinavian settlers in the Old Norse form Rannúlfr, and was reinforced after the Norman Conquest by the Norman form Randolf.An American family bearing the surname Randolph are descended from William Randolph (?1651–1711), a planter and merchant, a member of a family that originally came from Sussex, England, who emigrated from Warwickshire to VA c.1673. He was a forebear of Thomas Jefferson and Robert E. Lee. Randolph had seven sons, each of whom inherited an estate, the name of which was sometimes added to their own, such as Sir John Randolph of Tazewell. His great-grandsons included Edmund Randolph (1753–1813), first attorney general of the U.S. and one of the framers of the U.S. Constitution, and the diplomat and statesman John Randolph of Roanoke (1773–1833), who served as U.S. minister to Russia.

    Randolph

  • Clymer
  • Surname or Lastname

    English

    Clymer

    English : from a pet form of Clement.George Clymer (1739–1813), a signer of the Declaration of Independence and of the Constitution, was a prosperous and well-connected Philadelphia merchant. His grandfather, Richard Clymer, came to Philadelphia in 1705 from Bristol, England.

    Clymer

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Online names & meanings

  • Cranston
  • Boy/Male

    English

    Cranston

    From the crane estate.

  • Jeskin
  • Girl/Female

    Indian

    Jeskin

    Honest; Brilliant; Full of Inspirtion

  • Haard
  • Boy/Male

    Gujarati, Hindu, Indian

    Haard

    Core; Centre; Heart's Feeling

  • Adi
  • Boy/Male

    Arabic, French, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Indonesian, Marathi, Muslim, Parsi, Romanian, Sanskrit, Swedish, Telugu

    Adi

    Winner; Jewel; Ornament; Myth Name; Beginning; First Born; Adornment; Superior; First; More; Extra; Companion of Prophet Muhammad; Sun's Name

  • Sukhliv
  • Boy/Male

    Indian, Punjabi, Sikh

    Sukhliv

    Absorbed in the Joy of God's Love

  • Hercules
  • Surname or Lastname

    English and Scottish

    Hercules

    English and Scottish : from a personal name of Greek origin, which was in use in Cornwall and elsewhere till the 19th century. Hercules is the Latin form of Greek Hēraklēs, meaning ‘glory of Hera’ (the queen of the gods). It was the name of a demigod in classical mythology, who was the son of Zeus, king of the gods, by a human woman. His outstanding quality was his superhuman strength.Scottish (Shetland) : from a personal name adopted as an Americanized form of Old Norse Hákon (see Haagensen).

  • Sriprad | ஷ்ரீப்ரத
  • Boy/Male

    Tamil

    Sriprad | ஷ்ரீப்ரத

    Lord Hanuman

  • Khair
  • Boy/Male

    Afghan, Arabic, Malaysian

    Khair

    Excellent; Benevolent

  • Sahilmeet
  • Boy/Male

    Sikh

    Sahilmeet

    Love for all

  • Sajila
  • Girl/Female

    Arabic, Muslim

    Sajila

    Determined

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Other words and meanings similar to

CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE

AI search in online dictionary sources & meanings containing CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AVOIDANCE

  • Constitutionally
  • adv.

    In accordance with the constitution or fundamental law; legally; as, he was not constitutionally appointed.

  • Complexionally
  • adv.

    Constitutionally.

  • Constitution
  • n.

    The aggregate of all one's inherited physical qualities; the aggregate of the vital powers of an individual, with reference to ability to endure hardship, resist disease, etc.; as, a robust constitution.

  • Anticonstitutional
  • a.

    Opposed to the constitution; unconstitutional.

  • Institutional
  • a.

    Elementary; rudimental.

  • Constitutional
  • a.

    Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitution; as, constitutional government; constitutional rights.

  • Constitutional
  • a.

    For the benefit or one's constitution or health; as, a constitutional walk.

  • Temperamental
  • a.

    Of or pertaining to temperament; constitutional.

  • Complexional
  • a.

    Of or pertaining to constitutional complexion.

  • Institutional
  • a.

    Instituted by authority.

  • Constitutional
  • a.

    In accordance with, or authorized by, the constitution of a state or a society; as, constitutional reforms.

  • Institutional
  • a.

    Pertaining to, or treating of, institutions; as, institutional legends.

  • Constitution
  • n.

    An authoritative ordinance, regulation or enactment; especially, one made by a Roman emperor, or one affecting ecclesiastical doctrine or discipline; as, the constitutions of Justinian.

  • Constitutionalism
  • n.

    The theory, principles, or authority of constitutional government; attachment or adherence to a constitution or constitutional government.

  • Constitutional
  • a.

    Relating to a constitution, or establishment form of government; as, a constitutional risis.

  • Constitutionally
  • adv.

    In accordance with the constitution or natural disposition of the mind or body; naturally; as, he was constitutionally timid.

  • Constitutional
  • a.

    Belonging to, or inherent in, the constitution, or in the structure of body or mind; as, a constitutional infirmity; constitutional ardor or dullness.

  • Unconstitutional
  • a.

    Not constitutional; not according to, or consistent with, the terms of a constitution of government; contrary to the constitution; as, an unconstitutional law, or act of an officer.

  • Constitutional
  • n.

    A walk or other exercise taken for one's health or constitution.

  • Constitution
  • n.

    The fundamental, organic law or principles of government of men, embodied in written documents, or implied in the institutions and usages of the country or society; also, a written instrument embodying such organic law, and laying down fundamental rules and principles for the conduct of affairs.