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Questions of law appealed to higher courts
certified question is a formal request from one court to another court, usually but not always in another jurisdiction, for an opinion on a question of
Certified_question
UK House of Lords case
ruled that consent was no defence. The House of Lords considered this certified question: Where A wounds or assaults B occasioning him actual bodily harm in
R_v_Brown
Highest judicial court in France
law" (former un pourvoi dans l'intérêt de la loi), i.e., appeal to certify a question of general public importance. The Chief Prosecutor may do so sua sponte
Court_of_Cassation_(France)
2022 promotional single by Taylor Swift
"Question...?" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift from her tenth studio album, Midnights (2022). Written and produced by Swift and
Question...?
controlled drug but snuff or some similar harmless vegetable matter. The certified question from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) was "Does a person commit
R_v_Shivpuri
2021 Supreme Court of the United Kingdom case
convictions of the appellants be set aside. In answering the first certified question, the Supreme Court held that section 137(1) of the 1980 Act must be
DPP_v_Ziegler
Microsoft certification
Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP), Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer (MCSD), Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE) and Microsoft Certified Solutions
Microsoft Certified Professional
Microsoft_Certified_Professional
Highest judicial body of the United States territory of Guam
of Guam and exercises original jurisdiction only in cases where a certified question is submitted to it by a U.S. federal court, the Governor of Guam,
Supreme_Court_of_Guam
American nonprofit organization
officials charged with that duty refuse to do so. The Ninth Circuit certified the question because it "require[d] such an authoritative determination" of California
American Foundation for Equal Rights
American_Foundation_for_Equal_Rights
US judicial document; source of appellate jurisdiction
attempted to certify a question in 2009 (also a rare occurrence), the Supreme Court summarily declined to consider the case. Certified questions are also
Certificate_of_division
Intermediate appellate courts of Texas
jurisdiction to answer questions of state law certified from a federal appellate court."); TEX. R. APP. P. 58 (certified questions of law). COA Activity
Texas_Courts_of_Appeals
Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1,
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 283
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_283
Verified copy of a primary document
document. It does not certify that the primary document is genuine, only that it is a true copy of the primary document. A certified copy is often used in
Certified_copy
they claim are often crafted by special interest groups. Topics of certified questions include a limit on lot size requirements to allow for single-family
2026 Massachusetts ballot measures
2026_Massachusetts_ballot_measures
Type of legal opinion
abandoned the practice. Advisory opinions should not be confused with certified questions by one court to another, which are permissible. U.S. federal courts
Advisory_opinion
Post-1891 U.S. appellate circuit courts
U.S. 220 (2005) Aaron Nielson, "The Death of the Supreme Court's Certified Question Jurisdiction", 59 Cath. U. L. Rev. 483 (2010). "US v. Penaranda, 375
United States courts of appeals
United_States_courts_of_appeals
Professional credential
Management Accountants (USA) and the Institute of Certified Management Accountants (Australia). Since Certified Management Accountants of Canada merged with
Certified Management Accountant
Certified_Management_Accountant
Veto that takes effect without explicit action
For example, when the California Supreme Court was answering the certified question of intervenor standing in the case of Perry v. Brown (known as the
Pocket_veto
districts, or when specifically authorized in a particular statute. By a certified question or proposition of law from one of the United States Courts of Appeals
Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States
Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
Murder of two Dartmouth College professors in Etna, New Hampshire, United States
2024. In April 2025, the Court declined to review the trial court's certified questions regarding life sentences without parole for juvenile offenders under
2001 Dartmouth College murders
2001_Dartmouth_College_murders
Judge's written explanation of case judgment
opinion being appealed to be worthy of comment. An advisory opinion or certified question are those issued by a court or administrative body or panel that do
Judicial_opinion
Federal criminal case in the United States
to Take Certified Question for Only Fifth Time in Six-Plus Decades". The National Law Journal. Retrieved 2009-08-03. Order certifying a question to the
United_States_v._Seale
Professional certification
credentials: Oracle Certified Junior Associate (OCJA), Oracle Certified Associate (OCA), Oracle Certified Professional (OCP), Oracle Certified Master (OCM),
Oracle_Certification_Program
2022 referendums
which were held on November 8, 2022. In addition to the 4 which were certified, 24 measures failed to meet the requirements to be on the ballot. In Massachusetts
2022 Massachusetts ballot measures
2022_Massachusetts_ballot_measures
Elections in the US state
record number of ballot questions could be on the ballot. William F. Galvin, the Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth, certified 11 ballot measures
2026_Massachusetts_elections
American legal scholar and lawyer (born 1980)
Nielson, Aaron (Winter 2010). "The Death of the Supreme Court's Certified Question Jurisdiction". Catholic University Law Review. 59 (2): 483–492. Nielson
Aaron_Nielson
Professional certification
The Certified Financial Planner (CFP) certification is a professional certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner
Certified_Financial_Planner
2005 single by System of a Down
"Question!" is a song by American heavy metal band System of a Down, released in July 2005 as the second single from their fourth studio album, Mezmerize
Question!
Highest court in the U.S. state of Mississippi
bond issues, election disputes, judicial disciplinary affairs, certified questions from federal courts, and laws found unconstitutional in lower courts
Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi
1935 United States Supreme Court case
While adjudicating the lawsuit, the Court of Claims issued two certified questions to the U.S. Supreme Court: "Do the provisions of section 1 of the
Humphrey's Executor v. United States
Humphrey's_Executor_v._United_States
prevail in the interim and that the Supreme Court would not decide the certified question of law until the circuit court entered a final decision in the matter
Criminal law in the Chase Court
Criminal_law_in_the_Chase_Court
Medical malpractice case in Wisconsin
Appeals certified the first three legal questions to the Wisconsin Supreme Court. The state supreme court agreed to consider only the question of whether
Nowatske_v._Osterloh
Legal procedure
Court of the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. Certified question, a similar process to consultative case stated in American law. Preliminary
Case_stated
Professional certification
certification (Business) Chartered Manager (disambiguation) Certified Business Manager (CBM) Certified Management Consultant The website was www.certifiedmba
Certified_MBA
Social and environmental certification of for-profit companies
company that uses the "Certified B Corporation" trademark (also B Corporation or B Corp) is a for-profit corporation certified for its social impact by
B_Corporation_(certification)
American judge
The first formal opinion from Davis was a dissenting opinion in Certified Question (Waeschle v Oakland Co Med Examiner), a case that involved whether
Alton_Davis
New York Court of Appeals case
reversed, with costs in this court and in the Appellate Division, the certified question answered in the negative and the order of the Supreme Court, Richmond
Walkovszky_v._Carlton
Computer security qualification
Exam Guide: Learn About the Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) Certification". EC-Council. Retrieved 2023-10-13. "Certified Ethical Hacking (CEH) — What
Certified_ethical_hacker
Lake in Nevada, United States
granted the motion for a hearing. In 2018, the Ninth Circuit court certified questions to the Nevada Supreme Court, including [1] Does the public trust
Walker_Lake_(Nevada)
A certified paralegal or certified legal assistant is the title of paralegals in the United States who have met certain education and work experience requirements
Certified_paralegal
Legal term on the status of a matter
heard by the courts of that state. Some U.S. states also accept certified questions from the federal courts or the courts of other states. Under these
Mootness
Process to demonstrate mastery of basic knowledge
certified to receive privileges. The commonly used acronym BE/BC (board eligible/board certified) refers to a doctor who is eligible or is certified to
Board_certification
Series of U.S. federal court cases that reinstated same-sex marriage in California
2011, in the appeal by the defendant-intervenors, the Ninth Circuit certified a question to the California Supreme Court. Because California officials had
Hollingsworth_v._Perry
British legal case
6–1 majority, the court allowed the Crown's appeal, answered the certified question in the affirmative, and restored Gnango's conviction for the murder
R_v_Gnango
determined independently. While even Lord Hutton agreed that the certified question should be decided in the affirmative (differing only on if it was
R_v_Hinks
Certification: Certified Mortgage Consultant or CMC, Certified Residential Mortgage Specialist or CRMS and General Mortgage Associate or GMA. NAMB certified mortgage
Certified_mortgage_consultant
Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1,
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 282
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_282
Certification for hotel management
Certified Hotel Administrator (CHA) is the highest certification from the American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute. To be eligible, individuals
Certified_Hotel_Administrator
1868 United States Supreme Court case
Act of Congress," was certified to the US Supreme Court. Mr. Justice Field, for a unanimous court, answered the certified question in the negative by applying
United_States_v._Kirby
1867 United States Supreme Court case
placed in their possession. The first certified question was therefore answered in the affirmative. On the second question, the Court examined the 1866 Act
United_States_v._Hartwell
American judge (born 1948)
New York, the Eastern District of Texas, the Second Circuit, and a certified question to the Supreme Court of Texas in Computer Assocs. Int'l, Inc. v. Altai
Susan_G._Braden
International professional association focused on IT
certification programs, including Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA), Certified Information Security Manager (CISM), and Certified in Risk and Information
ISACA
Certified Quality Engineer, often abbreviated CQE, is a certification given by the American Society for Quality (ASQ). These engineers are professionally
Certified_Quality_Engineer
Security certification scheme for the Internet of things
standards for IoT security. The PSA Certified assurance scheme launched two years later in 2019. Governance of the PSA Certified scheme was transferred from Arm
PSA_Certified
Formal attestation of certain characteristics of an object, person, or organization
Qualifications Board Certified Tester by the International Software Testing Qualifications Board or Certified Software Tester by QAI or Certified Software Quality
Certification
Doctrine in US federal civil procedure
Not Certify Questions of State Law to State Courts,"" (PDF). The George Washington University Law School; B.A., Politi-Cal Science 85. 1. “Certified Questions
Erie_doctrine
v. Smith, 534 U.S. 157 (2001), the Court granted certiorari and certified a question to the Supreme Court of Arizona; see later opinion at 536 U.S. 856
2001 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States
2001_term_per_curiam_opinions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
1856 United States Supreme Court case
some question as to whether the statute that produced the distress warrant proceeding was constitutional. This action arose from a certified question from
Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co.
Murray's_Lessee_v._Hoboken_Land_&_Improvement_Co.
Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1,
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 281
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_281
Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1,
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 293
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_293
American video hosting service
correction of view counts raised questions about the accuracy of Vevo's metrics. In June 2012, Vevo launched its Certified awards to honor artists whose
Vevo
1995 single by Sarah Brightman
Pale" US single featured all of the "A Question of Honour" remixes from the remix CD. In 2011 the song was certified by the Recording Industry Association
A_Question_of_Honour_(song)
that a significant federal question raised in a lawsuit can give jurisdiction to federal courts; even if the federal question is rejected on the merits
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 289
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_289
1897 US Supreme Court administrative law case
and Texas Pacific Railway into compliance. The Sixth Circuit sent a certified question to the US Supreme Court, asking: Had the interstate commerce commission
Interstate Commerce Commission v. Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Railway Co.
Interstate_Commerce_Commission_v._Cincinnati,_New_Orleans_&_Texas_Pacific_Railway_Co.
Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1,
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 294
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_294
Chartered Management Institute Canadian Institute of Management Certified MBA (CMBA) Certified Management Consultant "Can You Ace This Test?". Fast Company
Certified_Business_Manager
Presidential Republic; United States territory
Guam and is subject to original jurisdiction only in cases where a certified question is submitted to it by a U.S. federal court, the Governor of Guam,
Government_of_Guam
2026 referendum
Nevada Question 7, officially the Voter Identification Initiative, is an initiated constitutional amendment that will appear on the ballot in the U.S.
2026_Nevada_Question_7
Certified Health Physicist is an official title granted by the American Board of Health Physics, the certification board for health physicists in the
Certified_health_physicist
1953 United States Supreme Court case
v. State, 79 R. I. 16, 83 A. 2d 67, an earlier opinion answering certified questions and holding the ordinance valid. Davis v. Massachusetts, decided
Fowler_v._Rhode_Island
A Certified Respiratory Therapist (CRT), formerly Certified Respiratory Therapy Technician (CRTT), is a therapist who has graduated from a respiratory
Certified respiratory therapist
Certified_respiratory_therapist
2026 referendum
Nevada Question 6, officially the Right to Abortion Initiative, is an initiated constitutional amendment that will appear on the ballot in the U.S. state
2026_Nevada_Question_6
Proposed amendment to the Nevada Constitution
to be approved in two even-numbered election years, so this question has been certified for the 2026 ballot. "Voter ID requirement amendment qualifies
2024_Nevada_Question_7
Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1,
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 295
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_295
Canadian federal trial court
21, 2025. "Certified Questions (Immigration/Citizenship)". Federal Court. Retrieved June 21, 2025. Meurrens, Steven. "Certified Questions and the Federal
Federal_Court_(Canada)
Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1,
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 280
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_280
Courthouse in Paris, France
appeal in these cases. It has jurisdiction to review the law, and to certify questions of law, to determine miscarriages of justice. Though the old Conciergerie
Palais_de_Justice,_Paris
Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1,
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 286
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_286
2020 United States Supreme Court case
Mckesson could be liable under Louisiana tort law, and that question should be certified to the Louisiana Supreme Court. A federal court like the Fifth
Mckesson_v._Doe
Vendor-neutral professional certification
Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) is a vendor-neutral professional certification in software engineering developed by the IEEE Computer
Certified software development professional
Certified_software_development_professional
A Certified Tissue Bank Specialist (CTBS) designation is a professional certification mark for Tissue Banking Professionals conferred by the American
Certified Tissue Bank Specialist
Certified_Tissue_Bank_Specialist
1938 U.S. Supreme Court case on diversity jurisdiction
"guessed" case would not be reopened. Alternatively, federal courts can certify questions to a state supreme court, so long as the state itself has a procedure
Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins
Third constitutional branch of government
courts, whether on issues of federal law or state law (when the question was not certified to a state court), are persuasive but not binding authority in
Federal judiciary of the United States
Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States
6th episode of the 3rd season of The Leftovers
Review: Certified". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2023. Brennan, Matt (May 21, 2017). ""Certified" Is The
Certified_(The_Leftovers)
Canadian certification
A certified health executive (CHE) is a person who has met the requirements established by the Canadian College of Health Leaders (CCHL). The certification
Certified_health_executive
Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal case
permission to appeal to the Court of Final Appeal on the following certified questions of law: Does the exclusion of same-sex couples from the institution
Sham Tsz Kit v Secretary for Justice
Sham_Tsz_Kit_v_Secretary_for_Justice
American singer
the EP Willfully Blind. In May 2025, McNown released the single "Same Questions". He married Sallie Kate Goff on October 25, 2025. She has starred alongside
Max_McNown
A certified flight paramedic (FP-C) is a person who has met the advanced certification requirements for flight paramedics established for this designation
Certified_flight_paramedic
1935 United States Supreme Court case
the loss of the dollar against gold. That court submitted three certified questions to the Supreme Court, the first of which asked whether the plaintiff
Gold_Clause_Cases
Certification programs made by Apple Inc
certification came in the combination of Apple Certified Desktop Technician (ACDT) and Apple Certified Portable Technician (ACPT), but has been combined
Apple_certification_programs
Coin certification company
"Frequently Asked Questions". CACcoin.com. Certified Acceptance Corporation. Retrieved 5 September 2016. [Question:] 5. I noticed that CAC uses the term "premium
Certified Acceptance Corporation
Certified_Acceptance_Corporation
Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1,
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 284
List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_284
2013 US District Court case
or to videos that Vimeos interacted with. 3) Finally, the court certified questions raised by the defendant, which means that : "(a) Whether the DMCA's
Capitol Records, LLC v Vimeo, LLC
Capitol_Records,_LLC_v_Vimeo,_LLC
Improper use of patent rights
from Windsurfing in Senza-Gel Corp. v. Seiffhart. In response to a certified question, the court recognized that "as the Supreme Court has said, the patentee's
Patent_misuse
Advanced practice nurse who provides mid-level nursing and midwifery care
control. Certified Nurse-Midwives are recognized by the International Confederation of Midwives as a type of midwife in the U.S. A Certified Nurse Midwife
Certified_nurse-midwife
National Standards Institute or the National Commission for Certifying Agencies. The Certified Futures and Options Analyst (CFOA) is a professional certification
Professional certification in financial services
Professional_certification_in_financial_services
Highest judicial court in the U.S. state of California
special attention to a staff-recommended "A list" as well as to certified questions from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The
Supreme_Court_of_California
irrelevant, arguably obiter as the certified questions for the consecutive appeals were limited to duress — leave for such a question was denied from the senior
R_v_Steane
Certified Property Manager (CPM) is a real estate professional designation awarded by the Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM) and recognized by
Certified_Property_Manager
Recall election in US state
petition was certified, or within 180 days if a regularly scheduled statewide election came within that time. Had the petition been certified at the deadline
2003 California gubernatorial recall election
2003_California_gubernatorial_recall_election
CERTIFIED QUESTION
CERTIFIED QUESTION
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French
Fortified Hill; From the Fortified Settlement
Boy/Male
African, American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, German, Jamaican, Latin
Fortified Place; From Leicester
Boy/Male
Australian, Christian, French, Jamaican
From the Fortified Farm
Boy/Male
English German American
Spear-fortified town.
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Fortified Town
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French, German, Teutonic
Fortified Hill; From the Fortified Settlement; Castle
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Fortified Keep
Boy/Male
American, British, Dutch, English
Fortified
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, French, Indian
From the Fortified Town; Place Name; Bright Settlement; Fortified Enclosure; Fortress
Biblical
fortified; raised
Boy/Male
English American French
Fortified. See also Berlyn.
Boy/Male
English
Fortified. See also Berlyn.
Boy/Male
German English
Spear-fortified town.
Boy/Male
English American Italian Latin Spanish
Fortified hill.
Boy/Male
American, British, English, French
Fortified; Reddish
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Fortified Town
Boy/Male
British, English, Irish
Woods; Fortified Place; Bright; Radiant
Boy/Male
English American
From the fortified town.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Fortified, raised.
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English
Place Name; The Fortified Tower
CERTIFIED QUESTION
CERTIFIED QUESTION
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Beloved of the Sun
Boy/Male
French German
Lion-bold.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Intelligent
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Krishna blue skin
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit, Telugu
Always at High Position
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Success
Girl/Female
Hindu
Goddess Durga
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Younger; Daughter
Girl/Female
Tamil
Aartis best wishes, Blessing
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, English
Poet; English and American Place Name
CERTIFIED QUESTION
CERTIFIED QUESTION
CERTIFIED QUESTION
CERTIFIED QUESTION
CERTIFIED QUESTION
imp. & p. p.
of Terrify
a.
Pertaining to written evidence; contained or certified in writing.
a.
Beatified.
imp. & p. p.
of Testify
imp. & p. p.
of Mortify
imp. & p. p.
of Petrify
a.
Affected with gangrene; mortified.
imp. & p. p.
of Rectify
imp. & p. p.
of Fortify
n.
Petrified wood.
a.
Converted into horn; horny.
a.
Capable of being fortified.
imp. & p. p.
of Certify
imp. & p. p.
of Versify
n.
A fortified town.
a.
Fortified with a fraise.
imp. & p. p.
of Beatify
imp. & p. p.
of Acetify
n.
One who certifies or assures.