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The Cercado Formation is a geologic group in Dominican Republic. The formation comprises siltstones, limestones, claystones, sandstones and conglomerates
Cercado_Formation
Geologic formation in the Dominican Republic
reef environment. The formation, unconformably overlying the Tabera Formation and unconformably overlain by the Cercado Formation, preserves bivalve, gastropod
Baitoa_Formation
Parent; Alberto C. Garrido (2015). "The ammonite fauna of the La Manga Formation (Late Callovian-Early Oxfordian) of Vega de la Veranada, Neuquén Basin
2015_in_paleomalacology
org Gurabo Formation at Fossilworks.org Cercado Formation at Fossilworks.org Cerros de Sal Formation at Fossilworks.org Baitoa Formation at Fossilworks
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in the Caribbean
List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_the_Caribbean
Extinct species of gastropod
Mangeliidae. This extinct marine species has been found in strata of Cercado Formation of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Fossilworks: Kurtziella (Cryoturris)
Cryoturris_dominicensis
Jaisalmer Formation (India) by Ghosh et al. (2024). Fanai et al. (2024) reported the first occurrence of Otodus Megalodon from Bhuban Formation of Mizoram
2024_in_paleoichthyology
members of the genus Anodonta are described from the Pleistocene Nihewan Formation (China) by Li et al. (2016). Rakhi Dutta; Subhendu Bardhan (2016). "Systematics
2016_in_paleomalacology
Species of sea snail
Dominican Republic, specifically from the upper Miocene Cercado Formation and lower Pliocene Gurabo Formation, dating from approximately 6.6 to 4.8 million years
Conus_carlottae
Geologic formation in the Dominican Republic
stratigraphic units in the Dominican Republic La Toca Formation Baitoa Formation Cercado Formation El Mamey Formation at Fossilworks.org G. O. Poinar, Jr. and D
El_Mamey_Formation
Ordovician corals belonging to the genus Agetolites from the Xiazhen Formation (China), and on their implications for inferring phylogenetic relationships
2019_in_paleontology
genus Ptychodus recovered from the Lincoln Limestone of the Greenhorn Formation (Barton County, Kansas, USA) and its implications for the phylogenetic
2016_in_paleoichthyology
Overview of the events of 2012 in paleontology
Neuquén Basin, Argentina: A new heteromorph fauna from the uppermost Agrio Formation". Cretaceous Research. 35: 208–216. Bibcode:2012CrRes..35..208A. doi:10
2012 in molluscan paleontology
2012_in_molluscan_paleontology
early cephalopods is described from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Bonavista Formation (Canada) by Hildenbrand et al. (2021), who interpret this finding as possibly
2021_in_paleomalacology
President of Bolivia since 2025
by a diminished MIR as its candidate for Tarija in circumscription 46 (Cercado) for the 2005 general elections, in alliance with Social Democratic Power
Rodrigo_Paz
Peruvian presidential administration from 2022–2025
Bicentenario en El Agustino y Cercado de Lima" [We deliver the first two Bicentennial Schools in El Agustino and Cercado de Lima]. PEIP – Escuelas Bicentenario
Presidency_of_Dina_Boluarte
Island country in the Caribbean
Ocoa Rancho Arriba Sabana Larga San José de Ocoa San Juan Bohechío El Cercado Juan de Herrera Las Matas de Farfán San Juan de la Maguana Vallejuelo San
Dominican_Republic
Roman Catholic school in Iloilo City, Philippines
, 2021–present Ms. Susana Palces-Triunfante, 1978–1985 Rev. Fr. Ramon Cercado, O.P., 1985–1987 Rev. Fr. Jesse M. Lorete, O.P., 1987–1988 Rev. Fr. Roberto
Angelicum_School_Iloilo
City in Nuevo León, Mexico
(Horse Tail) waterfall, on the mountains near the towns of Santiago and El Cercado, about 35 km (22 mi) south. On the way to the Cola de Caballo waterfall
Monterrey
Tropical wetland in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay
slowly releases the water through the Paraguay River and tributaries. The formation is a result of the large, concave, pre-Andean depression of the Earth's
Pantanal
Canyon in Paraná, Brazil
features highland fields, small caves, sandstone formations, and ancient rock paintings. Tibagi é cercado por belezas naturais, Folha de Londrina. APA da
Igreja_Velha_Canyon
villages spread across 75 municipalities, many of which originated from the formation of quilombos. Villages are settlements located in the rural areas of municipalities
List_of_villages_in_Sergipe
Private secondary school in Cochabamba, Cercado, Bolivia
XXIII) is a private Catholic secondary school, located in Cochabamba, Cercado, Bolivia. The school was founded by Fr. Enrique Conraets in 1964 in La
John XXIII College, Cochabamba
John_XXIII_College,_Cochabamba
Independent component city in Cagayan Valley, Philippines
(formerly 4th Power, Cercado Sisters, Gollayan Sisters, and MICA), girl group consisting of sisters Almira, Irene, Mylene and Celina Cercado. Peter Musñgi,
Santiago,_Isabela
Argentine businessman and politician (born 1956)
Companies) led by El Trebol to exploit the Chañares Herrados and Puesto Pozo Cercado deposits in Tupungato (concessioned until 2017). The operation was carried
José_Luis_Manzano
Schools to assimilate Indigenous children
Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022. Cercado, Celso (June 15, 2022). "Years after release of TRC report, most Canadians
Canadian Indian residential school system
Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system
Municipality and city in Cundinamarca, Colombia
the plains" (Cercado fuerte al final de la llanura) although it has also been translated as "fenced fort outside the farming soil" (Cercado fuerte a las
Facatativá
Dominican revolutionary and politician (1817–1861)
de Óleo stood out. For this reason, he found no obstacles, crossed El Cercado and was able to advance to Vallejuelo with the intention of falling on
Francisco_del_Rosario_Sánchez
"Juzgado General de Indios del Perú o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima." Revista chilena de historia del derecho 6 (1970 The Tlaxcalan
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas
Genus of gastropods
Formation (early Pliocene) of the Dominican Republic Leucozonia striatula Vermeij, 1997, from the Cercado (late Miocene) and basal Gurabo Formations of
Leucozonia
(2025-03-11). "Sin ventanas y sin salida: así son los almacenes ilegales del Cercado de Lima que volarían con una chispa" (in Spanish). El Comercio. ISSN 1605-3052
Neoliberalism_in_Peru
Peruvian football club
(1): 2000 Liga Provincial de Lima: Winners (1): 2000 Liga Distrital de Cercado de Lima: Winners (3): 1984, 1999, 2000 List of football clubs in Peru Peruvian
Deportivo Universidad San Marcos
Deportivo_Universidad_San_Marcos
Private club and cultural heritage site in Lima, Peru
palace on Núñez street, owned by Mr. Ernesto Puccio, located within the Cercado de Lima. The move to this location meant a period of consolidation for
Club_Nacional_(Peru)
Place in Samaná, Dominican Republic
influential people of the city, the French have been in Las Terrenas since its formation becoming a stable community in the city/ French is the second language
Las_Terrenas
City in Peru
when 37,241 inhabitants were recorded in the central area known as the Cercado. The population was divided into 22,207 Spaniards, 5,929 Indians, 4,908
Arequipa
Municipality in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
beaches, Sosúa Beach, which is a crescent-shaped bay protected by coral formations. Sosúa's other beaches are Waterfront (Playa Alicia), Paradise beach (actually
Sosúa
Aspect of indigenous Colombian culture
goods existed throughout muisca territory, and markets were held in the cercados of chiefs, except in the territory of the Bogotá chiefdom. Chiefs participated
Muisca_economy
Place in San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic
Ingenios de Nigua (today San Cristóbal) during the Spanish colonial era. The formation of the town is credited to Miguel Díaz. Fleeing from the punishment that
San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic
San_Cristóbal,_Dominican_Republic
Period of political instability and crisis in Peru
2021). "Integrantes de La Resistencia agredieron a un equipo de prensa en Cercado de Lima". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 October 2021. LR, Redacción
Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)
Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016–present)
Protests against the government of Dina Boluarte and Fujimorism
20 December 2022. "Paro nacional de hoy EN VIVO: movilizaciones en el Cercado de Lima en rechazo al gobierno de Dina Boluarte". infobae (in European
Peruvian_protests_(2022–2023)
2021. "Integrantes de La Resistencia agredieron a un equipo de prensa en Cercado de Lima" [Members of La Resistencia attacked a press team in central Lima]
Presidency_of_Pedro_Castillo
Former Andean highlands confederations
confederation. Muisca settlements were organised around the cacique's enclosure or cercado. Roads were present to connect the settlements with each other and with
Muisca Confederations (political units)
Muisca_Confederations_(political_units)
Village in Ancash, Peru
julio de 1857). «Ley del 25 de julio de 1857: Erigiendo las provincias del Cercado de Huaráz y Huaylas en el departamento de Ancash». Lima. PERÚ, Empresa
Pampas_Grande
Peruvian presidential administration from 2016 to 2018
Marisol Pérez Tello (Áncash); Ana María Romero-Lozada (districts of Rímac, Cercado and San Juan de Lurigancho); Salvador del Solar (Huachipa and Carapongo);
Presidency of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Presidency_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski
Departmental and municipal elections in Bolivia
"Cochabamba tiene 9 candidatos a la Gobernación y 9 a la alcaldía de Cercado; todos son varones". Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 March 2021
2021 Bolivian regional elections
2021_Bolivian_regional_elections
Place in San Juan, Dominican Republic
Alberto Luciano, Lolo Durán, and the Beltre and Adames families. Before the formation of the municipality, the area's first settlers had named a mount in the
Bohechío
Season of the Peruvian Football League
Football, due to its lack of authority over the associated clubs. The formation of a new entity that controls sports activities, called the Asociación
1921_Liga_Peruana_de_Football
Gendarmerie body in Peru, 1873–1988
Ibáñez Avenue (Avenue of the Incas before) in the traditional district of Cercado, which was renovated days after the decree took effect. The academy officially
Civil_Guard_(Peru)
Dominican general and president (1816–1899)
the betrayal of Santiago de Óleo, one of the influential men in the El Cercado area, who set up an ambush with a view to reconciling with the Spanish
José_María_Cabral
Municipality in Iloilo, Philippines
Jesus of the Philippines in Valladolid, Spain.) "Fue habia un cementerio cercado de pequeña tapia a unos quinientos metros distante del caseo de población
Banate,_Iloilo
and de Cúellar was the official delegate. The congress announced the formation of the South American Teaching Committee. Retrospectively, a stated purpose
Baháʼí_Faith_in_Bolivia
CERCADO FORMATION
CERCADO FORMATION
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a merry person or an early riser, from Middle English lavero(c)k, lark (Old English lÄwerce). It was perhaps also a metonymic occupational name for someone who netted the birds and sold them for the cooking pot.English : from a medieval personal name, a byform of Lawrence, derived by back-formation from Larkin.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for an amiable person, also perhaps sometimes given in an ironical sense, from Middle English luvelich, loveli (Old English luflic). During the main period of surname formation the word was used in an active sense, ‘loving’, ‘kind’, ‘affectionate’, as well as the passive ‘lovable’, ‘worthy of love’. The meaning ‘attractive’, ‘beautiful’ is not clearly attested before the 14th century, and remained rare throughout the Middle Ages.New England Americanized form of French Lavallée (see Lavallee) or a similar name.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a Middle English personal name, which originated as a short form of any of various Old English personal names beginning with Cyne- ‘royal’.German : nickname for someone with a prominent chin, from Middle High German kinne ‘chin’, or from an Old High German personal name formed with the element kuoni ‘bold’ or chunni ‘race’, ‘people’. Compare Konrad.Norwegian : habitational name from any of several farmsteads named Kinn, from Old Norse kinn ‘chin’ with reference to the land formation.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English diche, dike ‘dike’, ‘earthwork’ + man ‘man’, hence an occupational name for a ditch digger or a topographic name for someone who lived by a ditch or dike. See also Dyke.English : occupational name meaning ‘servant (Middle English man) of Dick’.Dutch : elaborated form of Dyck.Americanized spelling of German Dickmann.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname meaning ‘fat man’, a noun formation from Dick 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Loveless. The spelling is apparently the result of folk etymology, which understood the word as a nickname for a dandy fond of lace. The modern sense of this word is, however, not attested until the 16th century and at the time of surname formation it meant only ‘cord’ or ‘shoelace’.
Boy/Male
Australian, German
Bold
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the New Testament Greek personal name Timotheos, from Greek timē ‘honor’ + theos ‘God’. This was the name of a companion of St. Paul who, according to tradition, was stoned to death for denouncing the worship of Diana in Ephesus. This was not in general use in England as a given name until Tudor times, so, insofar as it is an English surname at all, it is a late formation (e.g. in Wales, where surnames came into use only relatively recently). In America it also represents an adoption of the English given name in place of a cognate in Greek (Timotheou, Timotheopoulos) or any of various other European languages.Irish : adoption of the English personal name as an equivalent of Tumulty.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an agent derivative of Old English gangan ‘to walk’, hence possibly a nickname for someone with a peculiar gait; by the period of surname formation, however, the word had acquired the sense ‘go-between’ and it is likely that this meaning lies behind the surname in some instances.German (usually Gänger) : variant of Gengler.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a dyer of cloth, Middle English dyer (from Old English dēag ‘dye’; the verb is a back-formation from the agent noun). This surname also occurs in Scotland, but Lister is a more common equivalent there.Irish (Counties Sligo and Roscommon) : usually a short form of MacDyer, an Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Duibhir ‘son of Duibhir’, a short form of a personal name composed of the elements dubh ‘dark’, ‘black’ + odhar ‘sallow’, ‘tawny’.
Surname or Lastname
English, Welsh, German, etc.
English, Welsh, German, etc. : ultimately from the Hebrew personal name yÅÌ£hÄnÄn ‘Jehovah has favored (me with a son)’ or ‘may Jehovah favor (this child)’. This personal name was adopted into Latin (via Greek) as Johannes, and has enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe throughout the Christian era, being given in honor of St. John the Baptist, precursor of Christ, and of St. John the Evangelist, author of the fourth gospel, as well as others of the nearly one thousand other Christian saints of the name. Some of the principal forms of the personal name in other European languages are Welsh Ieuan, Evan, Siôn, and Ioan; Scottish Ia(i)n; Irish Séan; German Johann, Johannes, Hans; Dutch Jan; French Jean; Italian Giovanni, Gianni, Ianni; Spanish Juan; Portuguese João; Greek IÅannÄ“s (vernacular Yannis); Czech Jan; Russian Ivan. Polish has surnames both from the western Slavic form Jan and from the eastern Slavic form Iwan. There were a number of different forms of the name in Middle English, including Jan(e), a male name (see Jane); Jen (see Jenkin); Jon(e) (see Jones); and Han(n) (see Hann). There were also various Middle English feminine versions of this name (e.g. Joan, Jehan), and some of these were indistinguishable from masculine forms. The distinction on grounds of gender between John and Joan was not firmly established in English until the 17th century. It was even later that Jean and Jane were specialized as specifically feminine names in English; bearers of these surnames and their derivatives are more likely to derive them from a male ancestor than a female. As a surname in the British Isles, John is particularly frequent in Wales, where it is a late formation representing Welsh Siôn rather than the older form Ieuan (which gave rise to the surname Evan). As an American family name this form has absorbed various cognates from continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)
Surname or Lastname
English (also found in Wales)
English (also found in Wales) : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Jenk, a back-formation from Jenkin with the removal of the supposed Anglo-Norman French diminutive suffix -in.Joseph Jenks (1602–83), the descendant of an old Welsh family, was born in England and traveled to Saugus, near Lynn, MA, in 1642 to assist in the development of America’s first iron works. His son, Joseph Jenckes (sic), followed in 1650, founded Pawtucket, RI, and raised four sons who held places of respect and distinction in RI, including one who served as governor for five years.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old English personal name TÄta, possibly a short form of various compound names with the obscure first element tÄt, or else a nursery formation. This surname is common and widespread in Britain; the chief area of concentration is northeastern England, followed by northern Ireland.
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend
A knight.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Gloucestershire), Dutch, and German (also Türk)
English (mainly Gloucestershire), Dutch, and German (also Türk) : from Middle English, Old French turc, Middle High and Low German Turc ‘Turk’, from Turkish türk. In theory this could be an ethnic name but, both in England and northwest Europe, it is generally a nickname for a person with black hair and a swarthy complexion or a cruel, rowdy, or unruly person. The Dutch and German surname also represents a house name, derived from the use of a picture of a Turk as a house sign. It is also found as a nickname for someone who had taken part in the wars against the Turks.English : from a medieval personal name, a back-formation from Turkel, misanalyzed as containing the Old French diminutive suffix -el.Scottish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Tuirc, a patronymic from the byname Torc ‘boar’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : ethnic name denoting someone from Turkey or anywhere in the Ottoman Empire, or a nickname for someone thought to resemble a Turk.Americanized form of the Greek ethnic name Tourkos ‘Turk’. See also Turco.
Surname or Lastname
English (Northumberland and Durham)
English (Northumberland and Durham) : unexplained; just possibly a late formation from the plant name, although tulips were not introduced into western Europe until the 16th century.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the medieval female personal name Malin, a diminutive of Mall.French and Dutch : from the Germanic personal name Madalin, a short form of compound names with the initial element madal ‘council’.Serbian : patronymic from maly, Serbian mali ‘small’; compare Maly.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : metronymic from the Yiddish female personal name Male (a back-formation from Malka as if it contained the Slavic diminutive suffix -ke) + the Slavic metronymic suffix -in.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : habitational name from Malin, a place in Ukraine.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name from Middle English haw, haugh ‘enclosure’ (Old English haga), or a habitational name from a place named with this word such as The Haw in Tirley, Gloucestershire. Compare Haugh 2.English : from a Middle English personal name, probably a back-formation from Hawkin, (see Hawkins).Scottish : habitational name from an unidentified place in lowland Scotland.
Male
Italian
Italian form of German Conrad, CORRADO means "bold counsel."
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : status name or occupational name from Middle English, Old French maresc(h)al ‘marshal’. The term is of Germanic origin (compare Old High German marah ‘horse’, ‘mare’ + scalc ‘servant’). Originally it denoted a man who looked after horses, but by the heyday of medieval surname formation it denoted on the one hand one of the most important servants in a great household (in the royal household a high official of state, one with military responsibilities), and on the other a humble shoeing smith or farrier. It was also an occupational name for a medieval court officer responsible for the custody of prisoners. An even wider range of meanings is found in some other languages: compare for example Polish Marszałek (see Marszalek). The surname is also borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.As the fourth chief justice of the U.S., John Marshall (1755–1835) was the principal architect in consolidating and defining the powers of the Supreme Court. He was a descendant of John Marshall of Ireland, who settled in Culpeper Co., VA, sometime before 1655.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in a stretch of open country by a wood, or (as a later formation) someone who lived near a field by a wood, from Middle English wode ‘wood’ (Old English wudu) + feld ‘open country’, later with the modern meaning ‘field’.Scottish : habitational name from Woodfield, a place near Annan in Dumfriesshire. A certain Roger Wodyfelde is recorded as holding land in Dumfries in 1365.
CERCADO FORMATION
CERCADO FORMATION
Surname or Lastname
English
English : presumably a nickname for an habitual user of the expression ‘Go well’ (Old English gÄn ‘go’ + wel ‘well’), or possibly a nickname for a messenger.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Boy/Male
American, British, English
From the Town on the High Ground; Owner of a Rented Estate
Girl/Female
Indian
Brave; Intellectual
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived or worked at a particular large house, from Old English boðl, botl ‘dwelling house’, ‘hall’, or a habitational name for someone who came from a place named with this element, probably Bodle Street near Hailsham, Sussex.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sovereign. Monarch.
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Brave; Gem
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Colmáin ‘descendant of Colmán’. This was the name of an Irish missionary to Europe, generally known as St. Columban (c.540–615), who founded the monastery of Bobbio in northern Italy in 614. With his companion St. Gall, he enjoyed a considerable cult throughout central Europe, so that forms of his name were adopted as personal names in Italian (Columbano), French (Colombain), Czech (Kollman), and Hungarian (Kálmán). From all of these surnames are derived. In Irish and English, the name of this saint is identical with diminutives of the name of the 6th-century missionary known in English as St. Columba (521–97), who converted the Picts to Christianity, and who was known in Scandinavian languages as Kalman.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Clumháin ‘descendant of Clumhán’, a personal name from the diminutive of clúmh ‘down’, ‘feathers’.English : occupational name for a burner of charcoal or a gatherer of coal, Middle English coleman, from Old English col ‘(char)coal’ + mann ‘man’.English : occupational name for the servant of a man named Cole.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : Americanized form of Kalman.Americanized form of German Kohlmann or Kuhlmann.
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Bitter.
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian, Danish, French, Latin, Portuguese
Nest; Gracious
CERCADO FORMATION
CERCADO FORMATION
CERCADO FORMATION
CERCADO FORMATION
CERCADO FORMATION
n.
Specifically, a small body of cavalry, light horse, or dragoons, consisting usually of about sixty men, commanded by a captain; the unit of formation of cavalry, corresponding to the company in infantry. Formerly, also, a company of horse artillery; a battery.
n.
A group of beds of the same age or period; as, the Eocene formation.
n.
The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by license of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also, the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes.
n.
The formation and utterance of vocal sounds.
n. .
An artificial passage or archway for conducting canals or railroads under elevated ground, for the formation of roads under rivers or canals, and the construction of sewers, drains, and the like.
n.
Abnormal formation of flesh.
n.
Mineral deposits and rock masses designated with reference to their origin; as, the siliceous formation about geysers; alluvial formations; marine formations.
a.
Concerned in the development and formation of blood vessels and blood corpuscles; as, the vasoformative cells.
n.
Formation into, or multiplication of, vacuoles.
n.
The formation situated between the Permian and Lias, and so named by the Germans, because consisting of three series of strata, which are called in German the Bunter sandstein, Muschelkalk, and Keuper.
n.
The manner in which a thing is formed; structure; construction; conformation; form; as, the peculiar formation of the heart.
n.
Any fossil cephalopod shell of the genus Scaphites, belonging to the Ammonite family and having a chambered boat-shaped shell. Scaphites are found in the Cretaceous formation.
n.
One of the subdivisions into which the Upper Cretaceous formation of Europe is divided.
n.
The act or process of vaporizing, or the state of being converted into vapor; the artificial formation of vapor; specifically, the conversion of water into steam, as in a steam boiler.
n.
The Triassic formation.
n.
Beebread.
a.
Of or pertaining to the tail.
n.
A supposed collection of particles of very subtile matter, endowed with a rapid rotary motion around an axis which was also the axis of a sun or a planet. Descartes attempted to account for the formation of the universe, and the movements of the bodies composing it, by a theory of vortices.