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Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is an evolutionary algorithm (EA) that optimizes a function by stochastically and iteratively improving candidate
Biogeography-based optimization
Biogeography-based_optimization
Study of distribution of species
Bergmann's rule Biogeographic realm Bibliography of biology Biogeography-based optimization Center of origin Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography
Biogeography
Iterative simulation method
Scanning by Wavelet Entropy and Hybridization of Biogeography-based Optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization". Progress in Electromagnetics Research. 152:
Particle_swarm_optimization
Overview of and topical guide to machine learning
Binary classification Bing Predicts Bio-inspired computing Biogeography-based optimization Biplot Bondy's theorem Bongard problem Bradley–Terry model
Outline_of_machine_learning
Chronological table of metaheuristic algorithms
2528/PIER07082403. ISSN 1070-4698. Simon, Dan (December 2008). "Biogeography-Based Optimization". IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 12 (6): 702–713
Table_of_metaheuristics
Particle Swarm Optimization and it is an array of values of a candidate solution of optimization problem. The cost function of the optimization problem determines
List of metaphor-based metaheuristics
List_of_metaphor-based_metaheuristics
Evolutionary process
this genetic variation. One example is that the first pathways of enzyme-based metabolism at the very origin of life on Earth may have been co-opted components
Adaptation
Khambampati, A. K., Kim, S., and Kim, K. Y. (2011). "An oppositional biogeography-based optimization technique to reconstruct organ boundaries in human thorax using
Boundary_estimation_in_EIT
Scientific discipline
Eulerian approach. Examples include ant colony optimization, self-propelled particles and particle swarm optimization. On cellular levels, individual organisms
Theoretical_ecology
Type of animal group activity
migration Swarm algorithms Agent-based models Ant colony optimization Boids Crowd simulation Particle swarm optimization Swarm intelligence Swarm (simulation)
Feeding_frenzy
Model used to visualise relationship between genotypes and reproductive success
importance in evolutionary optimization methods such as genetic algorithms or evolution strategies. In evolutionary optimization, one tries to solve real-world
Fitness_landscape
Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
tb00160.x. Soares, Antonio; Râbelo, Ricardo; Delbem, Alexandre (2017). "Optimization based on phylogram analysis". Expert Systems with Applications. 78: 32–50
Phylogenetic_tree
Class of ecological models
the MacArthur consumer resource model (MCRM), MacArthur introduced an optimization principle to identify the uninvadable steady state of the model (i.e
Consumer-resource_model
(crop vegetation control, crop yield forecasting, management decisions optimization); business owners (business prospects estimates, making reasonable decisions
Satellite_crop_monitoring
Family of gastropods
brackish-water nudibranch mollusc provides new insights for phylogeny and biogeography and reveals paedomorphosis-driven evolution; PLOS|ONE, March 14, 2018
Cuthonidae
Self-replicating computer program that mutates and evolves
Artificial life Evolutionary computation Genetic algorithms Combinatorial optimization Cellular automaton List of digital organism simulators Evolution@Home
Digital_organism
American geographer and cartographer
Jenks Natural Breaks optimization method. Jenks made a breakthrough with the development of the "Jenks Natural Breaks Optimization Algorithm," commonly
George_F._Jenks
Mechanism of evolution by differential reproduction
modelled by r/K selection theory, which is based on Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson's work on island biogeography. In this theory, selective pressures drive
Natural_selection
Equations modelling predator–prey cycles
point. The largest value of the constant K is obtained by solving the optimization problem y α e − β y x γ e − δ x = y α x γ e δ x + β y ⟶ max x , y > 0
Lotka–Volterra_equations
Average uncertainty in variable's states
2013). The Cross-Entropy Method: A Unified Approach to Combinatorial Optimization, Monte-Carlo Simulation and Machine Learning. Springer Science & Business
Entropy_(information_theory)
North American language family
M. (2014). "Historical Linguistics as a Sequence Optimization Problem: the Evolution and Biogeography of Uto-Aztecan Languages". Cladistics: 1–13. doi:10
Uto-Aztecan_languages
Family of fruit bats
Megachiroptera Based on Ribosomal DNA". Systematic Biology. 44 (2): 209–220. doi:10.1093/sysbio/44.2.209. Bergmans, W. (1997). "Taxonomy and biogeography of African
Megabat
Philosophical problem-solving principle
protease amino acid sequences using sparse models created by convex optimization". Bioinformatics. 22 (5): 541–549. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btk011
Occam's_razor
Diagnostic plot of binary classifier ability
2008-11-20. Calders, Toon; Jaroszewicz, Szymon (2007). "Efficient AUC Optimization for Classification". In Kok, Joost N.; Koronacki, Jacek; Lopez de Mantaras
Receiver operating characteristic
Receiver_operating_characteristic
Fine grained natural soil
Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131547283. Boylu, Feridun (1 April 2011). "Optimization of foundry sand characteristics of soda-activated calcium bentonite"
Clay
Ratio of animal feed to desired product
and to minimize harmful contents, as well as optimizing milk output. In the US, the price of milk is based on the protein and fat content, so the FCR is
Feed_conversion_ratio
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
developmental processes Genetics – Science of genes, heredity and variation Biogeography – Study of distribution of species Ecological genetics – Study of genetics
Outline_of_evolution
Agricultural technique of Indigenous people in the Americas
Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize. Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp
Three_Sisters_(agriculture)
Works that re-shape the earth's surface
haul planning is to determine these amounts and the goal of mass haul optimization is to minimize either or both. Now they can be performed with a computer
Earthworks_(engineering)
Set of geospatial design concepts and methods
Urban Music Transport Social Tourism Tropical Physical geography Fields Biogeography Ecology Phytogeography Zoogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology /
Geodesign
International ecological preservation initiative
8% of marine areas are protected. Including OECM's (Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures) the percent of protected areas are 18.4% of terrestrial
30_by_30
Adaptive behavior by microscopic organisms including bacteria and protists
intracellular calcium. Bacterial colony optimization is an algorithm used in evolutionary computing. The algorithm is based on a lifecycle model that simulates
Microbial_intelligence
Movement of fishes from one part of a water body to another on a regular basis
Atlantic Ocean wahoo, a large circumtropical pelagic fish". Journal of Biogeography. 48 (8): 2053–2067. doi:10.1111/jbi.14135. hdl:11343/298583. ISSN 0305-0270
Fish_migration
Biological interaction
form a foraging cycle. The predator must decide where to look for prey based on its geographical distribution; and once it has located prey, it must
Predation
Mathematical model of animal foraging behavior
Parker, G. A. and R. A. Stuart (1976) “Animal Behavior as a Strategy Optimizer: Evolution of Resource Assessment Strategies and Optimal Emigration Thresholds”
Marginal_value_theorem
Use of geographic information in marketing activities
becomes automated and based on scientific procedures that saves both time and money. Geomarketing uses key facts, a good base map, Whois data layers
Geomarketing
Field of ecology
Wilson, Edward O.; MacArthur, Robert H. (2016). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8137-6. JSTOR j.ctt19cc1t2
Population_ecology
Organism that uses light for energy but needs nutrients from elsewhere
ways: they use a bacteriochlorophyll-based reaction center, or they use a bacteriorhodopsin. The chlorophyll-based mechanism is similar to that used in
Photoheterotroph
Diverse group of extinct sloth species
(ed.). "Bayesian Total-Evidence Dating Revisits Sloth Phylogeny and Biogeography: A Cautionary Tale on Morphological Clock Analyses". Systematic Biology
Ground_sloth
Interdisciplinary study of cognitive science and geography
geographic knowledge differently from different sources, for example, text-based, map-based, or any real-world experience. A typical study in Cognitive Geography
Cognitive_geography
Anatomy Anthropogeny Anthropology Astrobiology Bacteriology Biochemistry Biogeography Biogeology Bioinformatics Biological engineering Biomathematics Biomechanics
List of research methods in biology
List_of_research_methods_in_biology
Theory concerning metabolism and observed patterns in ecology
3⁄4 scaling factor are based on resource transport network models, where the limiting resources are distributed via some optimized network to all resource
Metabolic_theory_of_ecology
of endothermy. Upchurch & Chiarenza (2024) review the studies of the biogeography of non-avian dinosaurs. Qvarnström et al. (2024) reconstruct food webs
2024 in archosaur paleontology
2024_in_archosaur_paleontology
Reconstructed ancestor of the Uto-Aztecan languages
M. (2014). "Historical linguistics as a sequence optimization problem: the evolution and biogeography of Uto-Aztecan languages" (PDF). Cladistics. 31 (2):
Proto-Uto-Aztecan_language
Ecological concept
the interpretation of animal choice behavior: the case for constrained optimization", in Hughes, Roger N (ed.), Behavioural Mechanisms of Food Selection
Prey_switching
Hypothesis on normative mate selection
267, 273, 281. ISBN 978-0-19-854215-5. Williams, George C. (1992). "Optimization and related concepts". In: Natural Selection: Domains, Levels and Challenges
Koinophilia
Multivariate statistical technique
analysis while allowing for spatial autocorrelation considerations. Biogeography: To identify historical dispersal routes, and barriers to gene flow,
Spatial Analysis of Principal Components
Spatial_Analysis_of_Principal_Components
Study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures
Human behavioral ecology Life history theory Marginal value theorem Optimization Mating effort Parental effort Phylogenetic comparative methods Selection
Behavioral_ecology
Highest level of animal sociality a species can attain
Reciprocity (social psychology) Stigmergy Ant colony optimization (ACO) Bee colony optimization Task allocation and partitioning of social insects Crespi
Eusociality
Edible plant in the family Amaranthaceae
could be descendants of cultivated plants. Over the last 5,000 years the biogeography of Ch. quinoa has changed greatly, mainly by human influence, convenience
Quinoa
Searching for wild food resources
Such a forager has perfect knowledge of how to optimize energy intake per unit of feeding time, based on the assumption that natural selection shapes
Foraging
Web-based database of zooxanthellate Scleractinia (stony corals)
comprehensive and up-to-date reference on the subjects of coral taxonomy, biogeography and identification. It is focused only on the group of zooxanthellate
Corals_of_the_World_(website)
Analysis of terrain
Analysis in Geomorphology. Methuen and Co Ltd, UK Klimánek, M. (2006). "Optimization of digital terrain model for its application in forestry". Journal of
Geomorphometry
Clade of reptiles
archosaurs yields insights into early pseudosuchian phylogeny and the biogeography of the archosaur radiation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 128. Bibcode:2014BMCEE
Suchia
Family of insects
(1998). "A review of Bahamian ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) biogeography". Journal of Biogeography. 25 (3): 561–571. Bibcode:1998JBiog..25..561M. doi:10.1046/j
Ant
Large brown seaweeds in the order Laminariales
Pittermann, Jarmila (2015-10-07). "Convergent evolution of vascular optimization in kelp (Laminariales)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological
Kelp
System to capture, manage, and present geographic data
shape of the surface of the earth, such as hydrology, earthworks, and biogeography. Thus, terrain data is often a core dataset in a GIS, usually in the
Geographic_information_system
Extinct genus of invertebrates
and was thought to have conducted feeding in the water column. Modeling based on fossil specimens show that the frill possessed an "upturned bell" shape
Ernietta
South American true parrot
success of invasive ring-necked and monk parakeets in Europe". Journal of Biogeography. 36 (12): 2264–2278. Bibcode:2009JBiog..36.2264S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699
Monk_parakeet
practitioners to derive meaningful patterns and relationships from location-based information. Currently, there are several software packages, ranging from
List of spatial analysis software
List_of_spatial_analysis_software
Family of birds
J, Witt C, Altshuler D, et al. (2007). "Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned
Hummingbird
Group of genes from one parent
Richard Ladle. Wiley-Blackwell, 2016. ISBN 978-1-118-96858-1 p106. Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach Editorial Board, V&S Publishers
Haplotype
"Dispersal, Vicariance, and the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Land Mammal Biogeography from South America to Australia". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 3 (2):
Mammals_of_Australia
two-band or three-band relations – slope-based, distance-based on soil line or optimized (slope-based and distance-based concepts combined) – no approach deals
Moment_distance_index
Class of arthropods
de Guadarrama National Park (Madrid and Segovia, Spain): taxonomy and biogeography". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 285 (12): 81–96. Bibcode:2020ZooAn.285...81J
Springtail
Species of amphibian
Ecogeographical Patterns in Two Widespread Frog Radiations". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 34 (8). doi:10.1111/geb.70109. ISSN 1466-822X. Knapp, W. W. (2008-05-28)
American_bullfrog
Evolutionary psychology theories
to have evolved in order to enhance survival and reproductive success. Based on this theory, things like color preference, preferred mate body ratios
Evolutionary_aesthetics
Species of large cat
S2CID 246693903. Kitchener, A. & Yamaguchi, N. (2009). "What is a Tiger? Biogeography, Morphology, and Taxonomy" in Tilson & Nyhus 2010, pp. 53–84 Sun, X.;
Tiger
Small, shrimp-like crustaceans; order of crustaceans
Oliveira; Peter R. Teske; Mark J. Gibbons (2008). "Molecular dating and biogeography of the neritic krill Nyctiphanes" (PDF). Marine Biology. 155 (2): 243–247
Krill
Clade of primates endemic to the island of Madagascar
Late Cretaceous Vertebrates of Madagascar: A Window into Gondwanan Biogeography at the End of the Age of Dinosaurs. pp. 40–47. Burney, D.A. (2003). Madagascar's
Lemur
Statistical method for molecular phylogenetics
radiation of Cuban toads (Bufonidae: Peltophryne) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (3): 434–51. Bibcode:2012JBiog..39..434A
Bayesian inference in phylogeny
Bayesian_inference_in_phylogeny
Functional relationship between two quantities
2012. Bibliography Albert, J. S.; Reis, R. E., eds. (2011). Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. Berkeley: University of California
Power_law
Substance added to soil to enhance plant growth
Zhiyang; Chi, Lihang; Xu, Guocheng; Yue, Daran (4 December 2021). "Optimization of organic mulches thickness improves soil moisture retention under controlled
Fertilizer
Study of the evolution of nervous systems
was based on the principles of natural selection and variation, Lamarckism was based on the passing down of acquired traits, Orthogenesis was based on
Evolutionary_neuroscience
Extinct clade of dinosaurs
animal was examined under several conditions to estimate the muscular optimization of different postures as a proxy for inferring potential in-life behaviors
Eudromaeosauria
Genus of large bats
of megachiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes". Cladistics
Pteropus
Largest species of deer
shifts of moose (Alces alces) during the Late Quaternary". Journal of Biogeography. 47 (10): 2223–2234. Bibcode:2020JBiog..47.2223M. doi:10.1111/jbi.13935
Moose
Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products
cost-effective products with nature-friendly features by using bio-based production instead of fossil-based. Synthetic biology can be used to engineer model microorganisms
Biotechnology
2004). "Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution". Paleobiology. 30 (2): 203–221. Bibcode:2004Pbio...30
History_of_life
Order of gastropods
"The endless forms are the most differentiated—how taxonomic pseudo-optimization masked natural diversity and evolution: the nudibranch case". Zoological
Nudibranch
Genocidal massacres of Native Americans
Impacts on Fire Regimes of the California Coastal Ranges". Journal of Biogeography. 29 (3): 303–320. Bibcode:2002JBiog..29..303K. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699
California_genocide
Wildland-ocean interface
"Vegetation-microclimate feedbacks in woodland-grassland ecotones". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 22 (4): 364–379. Bibcode:2013GloEB..22..364D. doi:10.1111/geb.12000
Marine_coastal_ecosystem
Family of arachnids
themselves appear as sister groups in Bayesian analysis, but not in direct optimization parsimony analyses. The family Pettalidae contains the following genera
Pettalidae
American biologist (1932–2026)
resources. Along with Dr. Gretchen Daily, he performed work in countryside biogeography; that is, the study of making human-disturbed areas hospitable to biodiversity
Paul_R._Ehrlich
Study of language comparison using quantitative methods
M. (2015). "Historical linguistics as a sequence optimization problem: The evolution and biogeography of Uto-Aztecan languages" (PDF). Cladistics. 31 (2):
Quantitative comparative linguistics
Quantitative_comparative_linguistics
Research institute in Russia
Researching the development and optimization of regional types of nature management, including coastal-marine, based on geoinformation technologies, development
Pacific Institute of Geography
Pacific_Institute_of_Geography
Genus of flowering plants
comparison of native and exotic woodlands in California". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 11 (1): 49–57. Bibcode:2002GloEB..11...49S. doi:10.1046/j.1466-822X
Eucalyptus
Academic fields of study or professions
Dynamic programming Inventory theory Linear programming Mathematical optimization Optimal maintenance Real options analysis Scheduling Stochastic processes
Outline of academic disciplines
Outline_of_academic_disciplines
Nutrient within the soil
Léo Simon; Nunan, Naoise; Chenu, Claire (February 2011). "Microbial biogeography at the soil pore scale". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43 (2): 280–6
Plant_nutrients_in_soil
Genus of bats
2004). "Ecological zoogeography of the bats of Paraguay". Journal of Biogeography. 31 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.00940.x. S2CID 83482459
Histiotus
Study of humans and their environment
1007/s10745-005-2435-7. JSTOR 4603569. S2CID 154454141. Stallin, J. A. (2007). "The biogeography of geographers: A content visualization of journal publications" (PDF)
Human_ecology
Compilation of software used to produce phylogenetic trees
fast alignment-free bioinformatics procedure to infer accurate distance-based phylogenetic trees from genome assemblies". Research Ideas and Outcomes
List of phylogenetics software
List_of_phylogenetics_software
and fluctuations in landscape patterns is one of the many problems in biogeography and conservation biology. Patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem functions
Landscape_connectivity
Family of gastropods
"The endless forms are the most differentiated—how taxonomic pseudo-optimization masked natural diversity and evolution: the nudibranch case". Zoological
Arminidae
Microscopic algae
decrease the usage of synthetic fertilizers, improve soil fertility, and optimize nutrients. The use of microalgae in cosmetic products is also becoming
Microalgae
Large permanent human settlement
Ecology and Special Features of Urban Ecosystems". Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters. 4 (6): 173–187. doi:10.2307/2997649. JSTOR 2997649. Herbert
City
DNA sampled from the environment rather than directly from an individual organism
Jinsong; Wang, Yuxiang; Zhao, Jianfu (1 December 2016). "Characterization, optimization, and validation of environmental DNA (eDNA) markers to detect an endangered
Environmental_DNA
Sequence composition-based ("parametric") methods search for deviations from the genomic average whereas evolutionary history-based ("phylogenetic") approaches
Inferring horizontal gene transfer
Inferring_horizontal_gene_transfer
Tishkoff, Sarah A.; Kidd, Kenneth K. (November 2004). "Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine". Nature Genetics. 36 (11):
Cystic_fibrosis_and_race
Heterotrophic protistan or metazoan members of the plankton ecosystem
feeding strategies and mortality. One of the oldest manifestations of the biogeography of traits was proposed over 170 years ago, namely Bergmann's rule, in
Zooplankton
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED-OPTIMIZATION
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED-OPTIMIZATION
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian
Smiling
Girl/Female
American, British, English
God is Gracious; Modern Name Based on Jane or Jean; Based on Janai
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English, Hebrew, Indian
God is Gracious; Modern Name Based on Jane or Jean; Based on Janai
Boy/Male
Indian
Base
Boy/Male
Arabic, French, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim, Sindhi
Joy; Solved; Based
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Brave
Male
Egyptian
, the father of Hor-imhotep.
Girl/Female
English American
Based on Natasha meaning birthday.
Boy/Male
English
Phonetic name based on initials.
Boy/Male
English
Phonetic name based on initials.
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Phonetic Name Based on Initials
Girl/Female
American, British, English
God is Gracious; Modern Name Based on Jane or Jean; Based on Janai
Boy/Male
Afghan, African, Arabic, Australian, Chinese, Greek, Indian, Muslim
Brave
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English
God is Gracious; Modern Name Based on Jane or Jean; Based on Janai
Boy/Male
Muslim
Smiling
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Smiling
Girl/Female
British, English
Based
Girl/Female
American, British, English
God is Gracious; Modern Name Based on Jane or Jean; Based on Janai
Boy/Male
Tamil
Base
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Phonetic Name Based on Initials
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED-OPTIMIZATION
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED-OPTIMIZATION
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Saintly
Boy/Male
German English Scottish
Of high quality; pure. Also variant of a name given pre-medieval refiners of silver meaning...
Girl/Female
Arabic, French
Sharp; Intellectual; Pure; Pious
Boy/Male
Hawaiian
Wealthy protector.
Male
Gaelic
Gaelic form of Latin Alexandrus, ALEISTER means "defender of mankind."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Anantha | அநஂதா, அநஂதயா
Infinite, Endless, Eternal
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Telugu
Light Climate; Goddess Lakshmi
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, Finnish, French, Latin, Netherlands
Steadfastness; Form of Constance; To be Knowledgeable; Brave Counsel
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Ecstasy
Biblical
flowing with honey; the land of destruction;honey-sweet;corpulent;
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED-OPTIMIZATION
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED-OPTIMIZATION
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED-OPTIMIZATION
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED-OPTIMIZATION
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED-OPTIMIZATION
n.
Wearing, or protected by, bases.
a.
Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin; base bullion.
imp. & p. p.
of Base
n.
A pie; baked food.
a.
Not held by honorable service; as, a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant.
a.
Of little, or less than the usual, height; of low growth; as, base shrubs.
a.
Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based.
a.
Deep or grave in sound; as, the base tone of a violin.
n.
A rustic play; -- called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars.
a.
Imperfectly baked; hence, not brought to perfection; unfinished; also, of weak or dull understanding.
a.
Reduced; lowered; restrained; as, to speak with bated breath.
n.
The lowest member of a base when divided horizontally, or of a baseboard, pedestal, or the like.
n.
To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; -- used with on or upon.
a.
Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as, a base fellow; base motives; base occupations.
n.
The number from which a mathematical table is constructed; as, the base of a system of logarithms.
a.
Cased or covered with iron, as a vessel; ironclad.
n.
The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or that on which something rests for support; the foundation; as, the base of a statue.
n.
A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part; the deepest male voice. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, base.
n.
Same as Prison base.
n.
The study or description of the geographical distribution of animals.