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Indigenous languages of Greater Amazonia
Amazonian languages is the term used to refer to the indigenous languages of "Greater Amazonia." This area is significantly larger than the Amazon and
Amazonian_languages
Language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with other languages
ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3. Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter
Language_isolate
Indigenous South American language family
Alexandra Y. (1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Arawakan_languages
Constitution of Peru. In addition, Amazonian languages are spoken in the Amazon Basin and the Peruvian Sign Language is used by the Deaf community in Peru
Languages_of_Peru
Arawakan language of Brazil
Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University
Kaishana_language
Muran language
Frank et al. (2008). Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2
Pirahã_language
Language where one kind of inflection indicates multiple changes of aspect
Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use single
Fusional_language
Family of languages
The Upper Amazon Maipurean languages, a.k.a. North Amazonian or Inland Northern Maipuran, are Arawakan languages of the northern Amazon in Colombia, Venezuela
Upper Amazon Arawakan languages
Upper_Amazon_Arawakan_languages
Language that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers
these languages are often undergoing a process of revitalisation. Languages that have first-language speakers are known as living languages. Languages have
Extinct_language
American linguist and author (born 1951)
the direction of Aryon Rodrigues, one of the leading experts on Amazonian languages. It was completed in 1980. His PhD dissertation, "A Lingua Pirahã
Daniel_Everett
Latin letter I with dieresis
Proto-Mongolic is sometimes written ⟨ï⟩. In the transcription of Amazonian languages, ⟨ï⟩ is used to represent the high central vowel [ɨ]. It is also
Ï
Arawakan language of Peru
the Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian languages. Kaufman (1994) had made it a separate branch of Upper Amazonian. The language has been erroneously classified
Resígaro_language
speakers shift and languages die: An account of Language Death in Amazonian Bolivia" (PDF), Current Studies on South American Languages, Lenguas Indígenas
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
Romance language
Aymara 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% "Peru". Ethnologue. Archived
Spanish_language
Female bodyguards of Muammar Gaddafi
The Amazonian Guard (also the "Amazons") was an unofficial name given to an all-female elite cadre of bodyguards officially known as the Revolutionary
Amazonian_Guard
Highly inflected language with many morphemes per word
linguistic typology, polysynthetic languages, formerly holophrastic languages, are highly synthetic languages, i.e., languages in which words are composed of
Polysynthetic_language
Isolated language spoken in Peru
many other Amazonian languages, Urarina follows a polysynthetic, agglutinative word morphology in relating to verbs. Pano-Tacanan languages W. Adelaar
Urarina_language
Group of people indigenous to the Ecuadorian Amazon
contrast to other Quechuan languages. Ethnologue estimated 408,000 speakers of Amazonian Kichwa in 2011. In Ecuador, Amazonian Kichwa is spoken by around
Amazonian_Kichwas
Language of the Warao people
Retrieved 2018-03-20. Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Warao_language
Indigenous language spoken in parts of South America
(1999). The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521570213. Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical
Yanomaman_languages
Arawakan subfamily of northeastern Bolivia
subgroup of the Arawakan languages spoken by the Moxo people of the Llanos de Moxos in northeastern Bolivia. The two extant languages of the Moxo people, Trinitario
Moxo_languages
Language of Venezuela and Brazil
Geoffrey K.; Derbyshire, Desmond C. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Vol. 2. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011495-9
Sanöma_language
Arawakan language
displaced earlier languages of the Greater Antilles, except in westernmost Cuba and in pockets in Hispaniola. (See Indigenous languages of the Caribbean
Taíno_language
Language classification
most languages, it does occur as the unmarked or neutral order in a few Amazonian languages, including Xavante and Apurinã. In many other languages, OSV
Object–subject–verb word order
Object–subject–verb_word_order
Ethnic group in the Amazon Rainforest
Socioambiental do Brazil Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2
Pirahã_people
Arawakan language
co/introduccion-a-la-lengua-kurripako/ Dixon, R. M. W., ed. (1999). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge language surveys (1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Kurripako_language
Indigenous language family with two surviving dialects in Peru
University of Brasília. Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter
Harákmbut_language
Proposed language family
Macro-Arawakan is a proposed language family of South America and the Caribbean centered on the Arawakan languages and merged with Tupian languages. Sometimes, the
Macro-Arawakan_languages
Indigenous language of Brazil
"Pirahã (Apáitisí)". In Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev (eds.). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Mura_language
Pre-Columbian languages of subcontinent
French Guiana Languages of South America List of indigenous languages of South America Amazonian languages List of unclassified languages of South America
Indigenous languages of South America
Indigenous_languages_of_South_America
Maipurean language spoken in Peru
world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5 Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF)
Yine_language
Group of languages
The Cariban languages are a family of languages Indigenous to north-eastern South America. They are widespread across northernmost South America, from
Cariban_languages
Group of two related languages of Brazil
Linguistics, 76(4), pp. 517–570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/658056. Amazonian Languages of Rondônia and Bolivia Archived 2021-07-12 at the Wayback Machine
Yabutian_languages
Arawakan language spoken in South America
Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999. "Lokono". Endangered Languages Project. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06
Lokono_language
American missionary and linguist
Everett, "The acoustic correlates of stress in Piraha". Journal of Amazonian Languages vol.1 no.2, pp. 104–162. March 1998. Daniel L. Everett and Keren
Keren_Everett
Arawakan language
Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 225–439. doi:10.1515/9783110822120
Warekena_Velha_language
Extinct divergent language of Brazil
Moutoniway) is an extinct divergent Amazonian language isolate that may be distantly related to the Muran languages. It was originally spoken on the Castanha
Matanawi_language
1438–1533 empire in South America
Chachapoya, Catacao languages, Manta, Barbacoan languages, and Cañari–Puruhá as well as numerous Amazonian languages on the frontier regions. The exact linguistic
Inca_Empire
Indigenous people in Peru
classification in Machiguenga, an Arawakan language of the Peruvian Amazon", The Journal of Amazonian Languages 1:20–57 Shepard G (1997) "Monkey hunting
Matsigenka_people
Proposed language family of western Amazon
known languages of South America: the major western Amazonian language Ticuna, the poorly attested and extinct Yurí, and the scarcely known language of the
Ticuna–Yuri_languages
Consonants with a stop beginning and trill release
articulation. However, there is a rare exception in a few neighboring Amazonian languages, where a voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop, [t̪͡ʙ̥] (occasionally
Trilled_affricate
Arawakan language
Alexandra Y. (1999). "The Arawak language family". In Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, A. Y. (eds.). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge, England: Cambridge
Trinitario_language
Yurievna (Russia, 1957–), syntax, typology, Amazonian languages, Papuan languages, Hebrew language, Russian language Aitken, Adam Jack (UK, 1921–1998), lexicography
List_of_linguists
Large rainforest in South America
first-level administrative regions, and France uses the name "Guiana Amazonian Park" for French Guiana's protected rainforest area. The Amazon represents
Amazon_rainforest
Arawakan language spoken in Brazil and Venezuela
Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University
Baniwa_of_Guainía
Arawakan language of Brazil
Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (2006). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge language surveys (Digitally printed 1st pbk. version ed.). Cambridge;
Waraikú_language
Extinct language of Colombia
American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume
Pamigua_language
Extinct language formerly spoken on Peru's northwest coast
Mapudungun, Kanichana, and Kunza language families due to contact, also suggesting that similarities with Amazonian languages may be due to the early migration
Mochica_language
Extinct and unclassified language of Brazil
F. H.; Brijnen, Hélène B. (2015-07-10). "Johann Natterer and the Amazonian languages". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. 6 (2): 333–352
Cabixi_language
Arawakan language of Brazil
Gerais. Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). "The Arawak language family". In Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.). The Amazonian Languages. v t e
Terêna_language
Cahuapanan language spoken in Peru
Shawi (Chayahuita, Chayahuita: Kanpunan 'our language') is an endangered Amazonian language spoken by thousands of native Chayahuita people in the Amazon
Shawi_language
Tupi people of northern and eastern Brazil
(in Brazilian Portuguese). Epps, Patience; Lev, Michael (2023). Amazonian Languages: An International Handbook. pp. 6–8. Meade, Teresa A. (2009). "Land
Tupinambá_people
Language
September 2025. Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter
Guató_language
Endangered language of Colombia
Mundo (in Spanish). Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Tinigua_language
Peruvian rubber baron (1862–1897)
241. Gray 1996, p. 223-225. Van Linden, An (2019). "Harakmbut". Amazonian Languages, an International Handbook. 2: 2. Gray 1996, p. 225. Gray 1996, p
Carlos_Fitzcarrald
Geographic areas of indigenous languages
(Northeastern Amazonian) linguistic area includes mostly Cariban languages, some Arawakan languages, Sálivan languages, Tupí-Guaranían languages, and Taruma
Linguistic areas of the Americas
Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas
Extinct Arawakan language of Brazil
19: e019012. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655045. ISSN 2177-7160. Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999. v t e
Bahuana_language
Language
languages, London; New York: Routledge, p. 59, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5 Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (2006). The Amazonian languages
Canamaré_language
Basic unit of phonology
contain phonemes (or the spatial–gestural equivalent in sign languages), and all spoken languages include both consonant and vowel phonemes. Phonemes are studied
Phoneme
Proposed language family of Amazon
Puinave-Makú languages, together with the Tucano family, the Katukinan, Waorani and Ticuna languages in the Macro-Tukano trunk. Puinave-Maku and the language isolate
Puinave–Makú_languages
Poorly attested Arawakan language
In Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra (eds.). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge language surveys (1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Pasé_language
Language of the western Bolivian lowlands
143. pp. 157–317. Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter
Mosetén–Chimane_language
Arawan language spoken in Brazil
system is mostly preserved in the modern Arawan language Paumarí. In common with many other Amazonian languages, Madí has a very simple syllable structure
Madí_language
Type of grammatical voice
Australian languages, and also in some Amazonian languages (e.g. Cavineña, Kanamarí). Antipassive voice predominantly occurs in ergative languages where the
Antipassive_voice
Carib language spoken in Brazil
Retrieved 2024-12-15. Aikhenvald, A. & Dixon, R. (Eds.) (1999). The Amazonian Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-521-57021-2.{{cite book}}:
Hixkaryana_language
Extinct language of South America
the language. Duho languages Johann Natterer's Linguistic Heritage Archived 2020-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Johann Natterer and the Amazonian languages
Urequena_language
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
Busser (2015) Language Structure and Environment Social, p 80ff, 109. Desmond Derbyshire & Geoffrey Pullum (2010) Handbook Amazonian Languages Mary Swift
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
Arawakan language of Venezuela and Brazil
world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5 Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF)
Baré_language
American anthropologist
linguistics from Rice University. His doctoral dissertation focused on the Amazonian language Karitiâna. He later conducted post-doctoral research in linguistics
Caleb_Everett
Arauan language spoken in Brazil
stop consonants: similar contrasts are known only for a few other Amazonian languages. However, it has a very simple vowel system with only three contrastive
Paumarí_language
of English language words borrowed from Indigenous languages of the Americas, either directly or through intermediate European languages such as Spanish
List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas
List_of_English_words_from_Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas
Subfamily of the Tupian languages, indigenous to South America
widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The most widely
Tupi–Guarani_languages
Species of mammal
The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), commonly referred to as cowfish in Brazil, is a species of manatee that lives in the Amazon Basin in Brazil
Amazonian_manatee
Extinct Tupian language
speakers shift and languages die: An account of Language Death in Amazonian Bolivia" (PDF), Current Studies on South American Languages, Lenguas Indígenas
Jorá_language
American linguist
research project with Daniel Everett on information structure in Amazonian languages from 2003 to 2006. Currently, he is project director and co-project
Robert_Van_Valin_Jr.
The indigenous languages of the Americas are the languages that were used by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, before the arrival of Europeans.
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas
Extinct language of eastern Brazil
languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge language
Puri_language
Extinct Arawakan language of Trinidad
Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (2006). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge language surveys (Digitally printed 1st pbk. version ed.). Cambridge;
Shebayo_language
Language of Colombia
of Human History. Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter
Andoque_language
Language of Peru
Shiwilu (Jebero, Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) is a moribund Amazonian language spoken by the Shiwilu people of Jeberos, Peru. It is spoken by only a small
Shiwilu_language
Unclassified language spoken in Venezuela
Oklahoma Workshop in Native American Languages. Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra
Hodï_language
Indigenous language of northern Argentina
linguistics: studies in lowland South American languages. Texas linguistics series. Working conference on Amazonian languages. Austin (Tex.): University of Texas
Lule_language
Ethnic group
Mythology: Epic Tendencies in a New World Mythology. Dallas: Handbook of Amazonian languages, vol. 2, ed. by Desmond C. Derbyshire and Geoffrey Pullum. The Hague:
Yagua
Extinct Arawakan language formerly spoken in Venezuela
world's languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5. Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge
Mandahuaca_language
French national park in French Guiana
Guiana Amazonian Park (French: Parc amazonien de Guyane) is the largest national park of France, aiming at protecting part of the Amazonian forest located
Guiana_Amazonian_Park
Extinct language of Venezuela
documented language families in the world" (PDF). scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. p. 183. Dixon and Aikhenvald, 1999, The Amazonian Languages, p 343. Armellada
Sapé_language
Family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia
and Pukina language families due to contact. There are some 18 extant and 14 extinct Panoan languages. In the list of Panoan languages below adapted
Panoan_languages
Aspect of verb grammar
becoming the object O. All languages have ways to express causation but differ in the means. Most, if not all, languages have specific or lexical causative
Causative
1742–1752 rebellion in colonial Peru
by the indigenous people. His knowledge of the Quechua language and several Amazonian languages allowed Juan Santos to be readily understood by the indigenous
Juan_Santos_Rebellion
Extinct Arawakan language of Brazil
Indigenous language in Brazil, of the Arawakan (Maipurean) language family. Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF)
Yabaâna_language
Emperor as Sapa Inca of the Neo-Inca State
by the indigenous people. His knowledge of the Quechua language and several Amazonian languages allowed Juan Santos to be readily understood by the indigenous
Juan_Santos_Atahualpa
Extinct Arawakan language of Venezuela
"The Arawak language family". In Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge
Guinau_language
Tupi–Guarani dialect group of Brazil
Cheryl Jensen, 1999, "Tupí-Guaraní", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, The Amazonian Languages Nicholson, Velda (1978). Aspectos da língua Asuriní. Brasília: SIL
Akwáwa_language
Wikipedia appendix) Languages of South America Indigenous languages of South America Amazonian languages List of indigenous languages of Argentina List
List of Indigenous languages of South America
List_of_Indigenous_languages_of_South_America
Language isolate spoken in Peru
(subscription required) Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter
Candoshi-Shapra_language
Extinct language of South America
languages and people held in servitude in the Orinoco region. (See Maku (exonym) for a partial list.) While the stress of the word in other languages
Máku_language_of_Auari
Variety of Spanish language
with contact from Andean Spanish and the Spanish of Lima with the Amazonian languages. It has a distinctive tonal structure. Phonetically it is characterized
Peruvian_Spanish
Arawakan language of Peru
world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5 Dixon, R. M. W., ed. (1999). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge language surveys
Mashco_Piro_language
Extinct language of Venezuela
Resígaro, Yucuna, Achagua, Piapoco, and Cabiyari languages in the Colombian branch of the North Amazonian languages. According to Zamponi (2003), its closest
Maipure_language
Endangered language isolate of Brazil
fluent in languages of wider communication, and children are not learning it well. It is highly divergent from other South American languages, such as
Trumai_language
AMAZONIAN LANGUAGES
AMAZONIAN LANGUAGES
Surname or Lastname
English, Welsh, German, etc.
English, Welsh, German, etc. : ultimately from the Hebrew personal name yÅÌ£hÄnÄn ‘Jehovah has favored (me with a son)’ or ‘may Jehovah favor (this child)’. This personal name was adopted into Latin (via Greek) as Johannes, and has enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe throughout the Christian era, being given in honor of St. John the Baptist, precursor of Christ, and of St. John the Evangelist, author of the fourth gospel, as well as others of the nearly one thousand other Christian saints of the name. Some of the principal forms of the personal name in other European languages are Welsh Ieuan, Evan, Siôn, and Ioan; Scottish Ia(i)n; Irish Séan; German Johann, Johannes, Hans; Dutch Jan; French Jean; Italian Giovanni, Gianni, Ianni; Spanish Juan; Portuguese João; Greek IÅannÄ“s (vernacular Yannis); Czech Jan; Russian Ivan. Polish has surnames both from the western Slavic form Jan and from the eastern Slavic form Iwan. There were a number of different forms of the name in Middle English, including Jan(e), a male name (see Jane); Jen (see Jenkin); Jon(e) (see Jones); and Han(n) (see Hann). There were also various Middle English feminine versions of this name (e.g. Joan, Jehan), and some of these were indistinguishable from masculine forms. The distinction on grounds of gender between John and Joan was not firmly established in English until the 17th century. It was even later that Jean and Jane were specialized as specifically feminine names in English; bearers of these surnames and their derivatives are more likely to derive them from a male ancestor than a female. As a surname in the British Isles, John is particularly frequent in Wales, where it is a late formation representing Welsh Siôn rather than the older form Ieuan (which gave rise to the surname Evan). As an American family name this form has absorbed various cognates from continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)
Surname or Lastname
English, French, and German
English, French, and German : from the vernacular form of the Hebrew personal name Yehuda ‘Judah’ (of unknown meaning). In the Bible, this is the name of Jacob’s eldest son. It was not a popular name among Christians in medieval Europe, because of the associations it had with Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Christ for thirty pieces of silver. Among Jews, however, the Hebrew name and its reflexes in various Jewish languages (such as Yiddish Yude) have been popular for generations, and have given rise to many Jewish surnames.French : name for a Jew, Old French jude (Latin Iudaeus, Greek Ioudaios, from Hebrew Yehudi ‘member of the tribe of Judah’).English : from a pet form of Jordan.
Surname or Lastname
English and French (Léonard)
English and French (Léonard) : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements leo ‘lion’ (a late addition to the vocabulary of Germanic name elements, taken from Latin) + hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, which was taken to England by the Normans. A saint of this name, who is supposed to have lived in the 6th century, but about whom nothing is known except for a largely fictional life dating from half a millennium later, was popular throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages and was regarded as the patron of peasants and horses.Irish (Fermanagh) : adopted as an English equivalent of Gaelic Mac Giolla Fhionáin or of Langan.Americanized form of Italian Leonardo or cognate forms in other European languages.The French Léonard family were at Château Richer, Quebec, by 1698, having come from Maine, France.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from Latin Marcus, the personal name of St. Mark the Evangelist, author of the second Gospel. The name was borne also by a number of other early Christian saints. Marcus was an old Roman name, of uncertain (possibly non-Italic) etymology; it may have some connection with the name of the war god Mars. Compare Martin. The personal name was not as popular in England in the Middle Ages as it was on the Continent, especially in Italy, where the evangelist became the patron of Venice and the Venetian Republic, and was allegedly buried at Aquileia. As an American family name, this has absorbed cognate and similar names from other European languages, including Greek Markos and Slavic Marek.English, German, and Dutch (van der Mark) : topographic name for someone who lived on a boundary between two districts, from Middle English merke, Middle High German marc, Middle Dutch marke, merke, all meaning ‘borderland’. The German term also denotes an area of fenced-off land (see Marker 5) and, like the English word, is embodied in various place names which have given rise to habitational names.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Marck, Pas-de-Calais.German : from Marko, a short form of any of the Germanic compound personal names formed with mark ‘borderland’ as the first element, for example Markwardt.Americanization or shortened form of any of several like-sounding Jewish or Slavic surnames (see for example Markow, Markowitz, Markovich).Irish (northeastern Ulster) : probably a short form of Markey (when not of English origin).
Surname or Lastname
Scottish (of Norman origin)
Scottish (of Norman origin) : habitational name from any of various places in northern France named with Old Norse hagi ‘enclosure’, a word with cognates in most Germanic languages. Compare Hay.English : variant spelling of Haigh.Irish (County Cavan) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Thaidhg (see McCaig).
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a Germanic personal name composed of
the elements haim, heim ‘home’ + rīc ‘power’,
‘ruler’, introduced to England by the Normans in the form
Henri. During the Middle Ages this name became enormously
popular in England and was borne by eight kings. Continental forms of
the personal name were equally popular throughout Europe (German
Heinrich, French Henri, Italian Enrico and
Arrigo, Czech Jindřich, etc.). As an American family
name, the English form Henry has absorbed patronymics and many
other derivatives of this ancient name in continental European
languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.) In the period in
which the majority of English surnames were formed, a common English
vernacular form of the name was Harry, hence the surnames
Harris (southern) and Harrison (northern). Official
documents of the period normally used the Latinized form
Henricus. In medieval times, English Henry absorbed an
originally distinct Old English personal name that had hagan
‘hawthorn’. Compare Hain 2 as its first element, and there has
also been confusion with Amery.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hInnéirghe ‘descendant of
Innéirghe’, a byname based on éirghe
‘arising’.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac ÉinrÃ
or Mac Einri, patronymics from the personal names
ÉinrÃ, Einri, Irish forms of Henry. It is
also found as a variant of McEnery.Jewish (American) : Americanized form of various like-sounding Ashkenazic Jewish names.A bearer of the name from the Touraine region of France is
documented in Quebec city in 1667. Another (also called
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : patronymic from Jack 1. As an American surname this has absorbed other patronymics beginning with J- in various European languages.This extremely common British name was brought over by numerous different bearers in the 17th and 18th centuries. One forebear was the father and namesake of the seventh U.S. president, Andrew Jackson, who migrated to SC from Carrickfergus in the north of Ireland in 1765. The Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson came from VA, where his great-grandfather John, likewise of Scotch–Irish stock, had settled after emigrating to America in 1748.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Jacob. As an American surname this name has absorbed cognates from other languages, for example Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch Jacobsen and Swedish Jacobsson.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Matthew. In North America, this form has assimilated numerous vernacular derivatives in other languages of Latin Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus.Irish (Ulster and County Louth) : used as an Americanized form of McMahon.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the male personal name Manasseh, Hebrew Menashe ‘one who causes to forget’ (see Manasse), borne in the Middle Ages by Christians as well as by Jews. Hebrew Menashe and its reflexes in other Jewish languages have always been popular among Jews.English : occupational name for someone who made handles for agricultural and domestic implements, from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French mance ‘handle’ (Old French manche, Late Latin manicus, a derivative of manus ‘hand’).
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from the Middle English personal name Ma(t)thew, vernacular form of the Greek New Testament name Matthias, Matthaios, which is ultimately from the Hebrew personal name Matityahu ‘gift of God’. This was taken into Latin as Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus respectively, the former being used for the twelfth apostle (who replaced Judas Iscariot) and the latter for the author of the first Gospel. In many European languages this distinction is reflected in different surname forms. The commonest vernacular forms of the personal name, including English Matthew, Old French Matheu, Spanish Mateo, Italian Matteo, Portuguese Mateus, Catalan and Occitan Mateu are generally derived from the form Matthaeus. The American surname Matthew has also absorbed European cognates from other languages, including Greek Mathias and Mattheos.It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the U.S. is used as a family name among families from southern India.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a personal name that was popular throughout Christendom in the Middle Ages. The Greek original, Grēgorios, is a derivative of grēgorein ‘to be awake’, ‘to be watchful’. However, the Latin form, Gregorius, came to be associated by folk etymology with grex, gregis, ‘flock’, ‘herd’, under the influence of the Christian image of the good shepherd. The Greek name was borne in the early Christian centuries by two fathers of the Orthodox Church, St. Gregory Nazianzene (c. 325–390) and St. Gregory of Nyssa (c. 331–395), and later by sixteen popes, starting with Gregory the Great (c. 540–604). It was also the name of 3rd- and 4th-century apostles of Armenia. In North America the English form of the name has absorbed many cognates from other European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German : from a short form of the personal name Matthias (see Matthew) or any of its many cognates, for example Norman French Maheu.English, French, Dutch, and German : from a nickname or personal name taken from the month of May (Middle English, Old French mai, Middle High German meie, from Latin Maius (mensis), from Maia, a minor Roman goddess of fertility). This name was sometimes bestowed on someone born or baptized in the month of May; it was also used to refer to someone of a sunny disposition, or who had some anecdotal connection with the month of May, such as owing a feudal obligation then.English : nickname from Middle English may ‘young man or woman’.Irish (Connacht and Midlands) : when not of English origin (see 1–3 above), this is an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Miadhaigh ‘descendant of Miadhach’, a personal name or byname meaning ‘honorable’, ‘proud’.French : habitational name from any of various places called May or Le May.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : habitational name from Mayen, a place in western Germany.Americanized spelling of cognates of 1 in various European languages, for example Swedish Ma(i)j.Chinese : possibly a variant of Mei 1, although this spelling occurs more often for the given name than for the surname.Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, is named after the Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the female personal name Elizabeth. Compare Hibbs 2.English : nickname for someone with very fair hair or skin, from Middle English, Old English lilie ‘lily’ (Latin lilium). The Italian equivalent Giglio was used as a personal name in the Middle Ages. In English and other languages there has also been some confusion with forms of Giles.English : habitational name from places called Lilley, in Hertfordshire and Berkshire. The Hertfordshire place was named in Old English as ‘flax-glade’, from līn ‘flax’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’. The Berkshire name is from Old English Lillinglēah ‘wood associated with Lilla’, an Old English personal name.
Surname or Lastname
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás)
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás) : from a medieval personal name, which comes from the Hebrew male personal name Yona, meaning ‘dove’. In the book of the Bible which bears his name, Jonah was appointed by God to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh, but tried to flee instead to Tarshish. On the voyage to Tarshish, a great storm blew up, and Jonah was thrown overboard by his shipmates to appease God’s wrath, swallowed by a great fish, and delivered by it on the shores of Nineveh. This story exercised a powerful hold on the popular imagination in medieval Europe, and the personal name was a relatively common choice. The Hebrew name and its reflexes in other languages (for example Yiddish Yoyne) have been popular Jewish personal names for generations. There are also saints, martyrs, and bishops called Jonas venerated in the Orthodox Church. Ionas is found as a Greek family name.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : respelling of Yonis, with Yiddish possessive -s.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc.
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc. : from the Latin personal name Lucas (Greek Loukas) ‘man from Lucania’. Lucania is a region of southern Italy thought to have been named in ancient times with a word meaning ‘bright’ or ‘shining’. Compare Lucio. The Christian name owed its enormous popularity throughout Europe in the Middle Ages to St. Luke the Evangelist, hence the development of this surname and many vernacular derivatives in most of the languages of Europe. Compare Luke. This is also found as an Americanized form of Greek Loukas.Scottish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Lùcais (see McLucas).As a French name Lucas has been recorded in Canada since 1653, taken to Trois Rivières, Quebec, by one Lucas-Lépine from Normandy.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : patronymic from the personal name John. As an American family name, Johnson has absorbed patronymics and many other derivatives of this name in continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)Johnson is the second most frequent surname in the U.S. It was brought independently to North America by many different bearers from the 17th and 18th centuries onward.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English : habitational name from Ludwick Hall in Bishops Hatfield, Hertfordshire, probably named from the Old English personal name Luda + Old English wÄ«c ‘outlying (dairy) farm’.
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Jon(e) (see John). The surname is especially common in Wales and southern central England. In North America this name has absorbed various cognate and like-sounding surnames from other languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : status name or occupational name from Middle English, Old French maresc(h)al ‘marshal’. The term is of Germanic origin (compare Old High German marah ‘horse’, ‘mare’ + scalc ‘servant’). Originally it denoted a man who looked after horses, but by the heyday of medieval surname formation it denoted on the one hand one of the most important servants in a great household (in the royal household a high official of state, one with military responsibilities), and on the other a humble shoeing smith or farrier. It was also an occupational name for a medieval court officer responsible for the custody of prisoners. An even wider range of meanings is found in some other languages: compare for example Polish Marszałek (see Marszalek). The surname is also borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.As the fourth chief justice of the U.S., John Marshall (1755–1835) was the principal architect in consolidating and defining the powers of the Supreme Court. He was a descendant of John Marshall of Ireland, who settled in Culpeper Co., VA, sometime before 1655.
AMAZONIAN LANGUAGES
AMAZONIAN LANGUAGES
Boy/Male
German American Celtic English Gaelic
Friend.
Boy/Male
Welsh
From the river bank.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu
Exciting
Girl/Female
Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Minor Deity; Goddess
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit, Tamil
Rich in Gifts
Boy/Male
Hindu
Blessed, Virile, An arrow of Kaama, Another name for Vishnu, Another name for Vishnu
Boy/Male
Indian
Sing of Love Shining in Sky
Girl/Female
French American Greek
noble.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Earth
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nishkain | நீஷà¯à®•à¯ˆà®¨
Selfless
AMAZONIAN LANGUAGES
AMAZONIAN LANGUAGES
AMAZONIAN LANGUAGES
AMAZONIAN LANGUAGES
AMAZONIAN LANGUAGES
superl.
Applied to forms in Anglo-Saxon, etc., which retain the old declensional endings. In the Teutonic languages the vowel stems have held the original endings most firmly, and are called strong; the stems in -n are called weak other constant stems conform, or are irregular.
n.
The language of the ancient Germans; the Teutonic languages, collectively.
n.
The Tamil language, the most important of the Dravidian languages. See Dravidian, a.
n.
Same as Tsetse. U () the twenty-first letter of the English alphabet, is a cursive form of the letter V, with which it was formerly used interchangeably, both letters being then used both as vowels and consonants. U and V are now, however, differentiated, U being used only as a vowel or semivowel, and V only as a consonant. The true primary vowel sound of U, in Anglo-Saxon, was the sound which it still retains in most of the languages of Europe, that of long oo, as in tool, and short oo, as in wood, answering to the French ou in tour. Etymologically U is most closely related to o, y (vowel), w, and v; as in two, duet, dyad, twice; top, tuft; sop, sup; auspice, aviary. See V, also O and Y.
a.
Pertaining to or resembling an Amazon; of masculine manners; warlike.
n.
Of or pertaining to any or all of the various languages which, during the Middle Ages, sprung out of the old Roman, or popular form of Latin, as the Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, etc.
n.
A sound, of consonantal character, made with a rapid succession of partial or entire intermissions, by the vibration of some one part of the organs in the mouth -- tongue, uvula, epiglottis, or lip -- against another part; as, the r is a trill in most languages.
a.
Containing, or consisting of, three languages; expressed in three languages.
n.
The languages, or rather the several dialects, which were originally forms of popular or vulgar Latin, and have now developed into Italian. Spanish, French, etc. (called the Romanic languages).
n.
A table of syllables; more especially, a table of the indivisible syllabic symbols used in certain languages, as the Japanese and Cherokee, instead of letters.
a.
Of or pertaining to the Urals and the Altai; as the Ural-Altaic, or Turanian, languages.
n.
One of the three surd mutes /, /, /; -- so called in relation to their respective middle letters, or medials, /, /, /, and their aspirates, /, /, /. The term is also applied to the corresponding letters and articulate elements in other languages.
n.
The ancient language of the Hindoos, long since obsolete in vernacular use, but preserved to the present day as the literary and sacred dialect of India. It is nearly allied to the Persian, and to the principal languages of Europe, classical and modern, and by its more perfect preservation of the roots and forms of the primitive language from which they are all descended, is a most important assistance in determining their history and relations. Cf. Prakrit, and Veda.
a.
Amatory.
a.
Of or pertaining to any of the Teutonic languages, or the peoples who speak these languages.
a.
Of or pertaining to the river Amazon in South America, or to its valley.
n.
A change of the natural order of words in a sentence; as, the Latin and Greek languages admit transposition, without inconvenience, to a much greater extent than the English.
n.
Alt. of Amazon stone
a.
Of, pertaining to, or designating, an extensive family of languages of simple structure and low grade (called also Altaic, Ural-Altaic, and Scythian), spoken in the northern parts of Europe and Asia and Central Asia; of pertaining to, or designating, the people who speak these languages.
sing.
A Bible consisting of four different Greek versions arranged in four columns by Origen; hence, any version in four languages or four columns.