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Algorithmic Puzzles is a book of puzzles based on computational thinking. It was written by computer scientists Anany and Maria Levitin, and published
Algorithmic_Puzzles
Mathematical puzzle game
(m & -m)) % 3 to peg (m + (m & -m)) % 3. These hold for odd n puzzles. For even n puzzles, the output references to pegs 1 and 2 need to be reversed. Furthermore
Tower_of_Hanoi
Algorithm for solving a puzzle or game in the fewest possible moves
move. Well-known puzzles fitting this description are mechanical puzzles such as Rubik's Cube, the Tower of Hanoi, and the 15 puzzle. The one-person game
God's_algorithm
Mind sport
use of short variable names, etc.). Also, by offering only small algorithmic puzzles with relatively short solutions, programming contests like ICPC and
Competitive_programming
Algorithms to complete a sudoku
have developed computer programs that will solve Sudoku puzzles using a backtracking algorithm, which is a type of brute force search. Backtracking is
Sudoku_solving_algorithms
Sliding puzzle with fifteen pieces and one space
Combination puzzles Jeu de taquin, an operation on skew Young tableaux similar to the moves of the 15 puzzle Klotski Mechanical puzzles Pebble motion
15_puzzle
Allusional device that uses pictures to represent words or parts of words
quality generator due to the use of a special purpose Edit distance algorithm. rebus1.com. Collection of interesting Rebus Puzzles Reading Rebus Project
Rebus
Competitive algorithm for searching a problem space
better performance, solving sudoku puzzles, hyperparameter optimization, and causal inference. In a genetic algorithm, a population of candidate solutions
Genetic_algorithm
Sequence of operations for a task
aversion Algorithm engineering Algorithm characterizations Algorithmic bias Algorithmic composition Algorithmic entities Algorithmic synthesis Algorithmic technique
Algorithm
Method of executing orders
simple retail tools. Algorithmic trading is widely used in equities, futures, crypto, and foreign exchange markets. The term algorithmic trading is often
Algorithmic_trading
Logic puzzle
The Zebra Puzzle is a well-known logic puzzle. Many versions of the puzzle exist, including a version published in Life International magazine on December
Zebra_Puzzle
3D combination puzzle
and 6×6×6 versions of the puzzle. Puzzles like Rubik's Cube can be simulated by computer software to provide very large puzzles that are impractical to
Rubik's_Cube
Solving physical puzzles with speed
These events encompass a range of puzzles, including NxNxN puzzles of sizes varying from 2x2x2 to 7x7x7, and other puzzle forms such as the Pyraminx, Megaminx
Speedcubing
Logic-based number-placement puzzle
program to rapidly produce unique puzzles. Number puzzles appeared in newspapers in the late 19th century, when French puzzle setters began experimenting with
Sudoku
Combinatorial game with jumping pieces
arXiv:0804.0640. doi:10.37236/554. MR 2788684. S2CID 35020735. Levitin, Anany (2011). "Toads and Frogs". Algorithmic Puzzles. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
Toads_and_Frogs
Puzzles solved by mechanical manipulation
different combinations by a group of operations. Many such puzzles are mechanical puzzles of polyhedral shape, consisting of multiple layers of pieces
Combination_puzzle
Shape-shifting puzzle similar to Rubik's Cube
challenge and difficulty. The Super Square One, Square Zero, and Square Two puzzles have also been introduced. The Super Square One has two additional layers
Square-1_(puzzle)
Word game
hidden words is provided, but more challenging puzzles may not provide a list. Many word search puzzles have a theme to which all the hidden words are
Word_search
Variant of Rubik's Cube
visualization and "intuition" to solve the last four edges while algorithmic L4E uses algorithms. Algorithmic L4E is generally used more at higher levels, although
Pyraminx
Logic puzzle forming a picture in a grid
three picture grid puzzles in Japan under the name of "Window Art Puzzles". Ishida showed her puzzles to James Dalgety, a puzzle collector in the United
Nonogram
Logic puzzle
Retrieved 2025-07-18. Hegeman, Meili (2022). Generating Pipes puzzles using maze-generating algorithm (PDF) (Thesis). Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Pipes_(puzzle)
Mathematical puzzle
pouring puzzles (also called water jug problems, decanting problems, measuring puzzles, or Die Hard with a Vengeance puzzles) are a class of puzzle involving
Water_pouring_puzzle
Algorithmic paradigm for constraint satisfaction or enumeration problems
Examples where backtracking can be used to solve puzzles or problems include: Puzzles such as eight queens puzzle, crosswords, verbal arithmetic, Sudoku, and
Backtracking
is a partial list of notable puzzle video games, sorted by general category. Tile-matching video games are a type of puzzle video game where the player
List_of_puzzle_video_games
Mathematical problem set on a chessboard
S2CID 244478527. Uehara, Ryuhei (2019). "5.1 The Eight Queen Puzzle". First Course in Algorithms Through Puzzles. Springer Singapore. pp. 111–118. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3188-6
Eight_queens_puzzle
Logic puzzle
2021. "Sym-a-Pix techniques". Conceptis puzzles. Retrieved 19 August 2021. Friedman, Erich. "Spiral Galaxies Puzzles are NP-complete" (PDF). Retrieved 18
Tentai_Show
Form of entertainment in mathematics
Mathematical puzzles require mathematics in order to solve them. They have specific rules, as do multiplayer games, but mathematical puzzles do not usually
Recreational_mathematics
Oral puzzle guessing game
Situation puzzles, often referred to as minute mysteries, lateral thinking puzzles or yes/no puzzles, are puzzles in which other participants are to construct
Situation_puzzle
Simple mechanical puzzles using topology
Disentanglement puzzles (also called entanglement puzzles, tanglement puzzles, tavern puzzles or topological puzzles) are a type or group of mechanical puzzle that
Disentanglement_puzzle
Computer algorithm used in Internet communication
release about client puzzles Client Puzzles: A Cryptographic Countermeasure Against Connection Depletion Attacks New Client Puzzle Outsourcing Techniques
Client_Puzzle_Protocol
Geometric shape formed from five squares
reflected. The earliest puzzle containing a complete set of pentominoes appeared in Henry Dudeney's book The Canterbury Puzzles, published in 1907. The
Pentomino
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
system. Hash sequences Puzzles Diffie-Hellman–based puzzle Moderate Mbound Hokkaido Cuckoo Cycle Merkle tree–based Guided tour puzzle protocol partial match
Proof_of_work
Generalization of the Rubik's Cube in n-dimensions
of the three-dimensional sequential move puzzles. Over the years, many virtual implementations of this puzzle have been created in software. Extending
N-dimensional sequential move puzzle
N-dimensional_sequential_move_puzzle
Hungarian inventor (born 1944)
It Puzzles Anew". The New York Times, 25 April 2014. retrieved 6 May 2014 Matheson Whitney. "Forty years later, the Rubik's Cube still puzzles". USA
Ernő_Rubik
Puzzle
Selling Puzzles. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-805-0. "Number of Positions of Generalized Twisty Polyhedra". Notes on Twisty Puzzles. 27
Megaminx
Mathematical investigation of Sudoku
properties of unsolved puzzles (such as the minimum possible number of given clues) and analyzing the properties of solved puzzles. Initial analysis was
Mathematics_of_Sudoku
3D combination puzzle based on the Rubik's Cube
The Gear Cube is a 3-D combination puzzle designed and created by Dutch puzzle maker Oskar van Deventer based on an idea by Bram Cohen. It was initially
Gear_Cube
American word puzzle syndicated in daily newspapers
such anagrams may be used to solve puzzles or verify that a jumbled word is unique when creating puzzles. First algorithm: Begin Input: J, all the jumbled
Jumble
Class of logic puzzles
and the missionaries and cannibals problem. Well-known river-crossing puzzles include: The wolf, goat and cabbage problem, in which a wolf, goat and
River_crossing_puzzle
Logic puzzle
pure-logic puzzles, a unique solution is expected, and a grid containing random numbers is highly unlikely to provide a uniquely solvable Nurikabe puzzle. Nurikabe
Nurikabe_(puzzle)
Rubik's Cube configuration
Pochmann (2008-03-29), Analyzing Human Solving Methods for Rubik's Cube and similar Puzzles (PDF), pp. 16–17, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-09
Superflip
American scientific writer
2006 he edited The Colossal Book of Short Puzzles and Problems which collected all of Gardner's short puzzles in one volume. He wrote Gardner's obituary
Dana_S._Richards
Tiling puzzle
Edge-matching puzzles are known to be NP-complete, and adaptable for conversion to and from equivalent jigsaw puzzles and polyomino packing puzzle. The first
Edge-matching_puzzle
Casual games by ''The New York Times''
its newspaper online, and along with it the crossword puzzles, allowing readers to solve puzzles on their computers. This marked the beginning of a digital
The_New_York_Times_Games
This is a list of puzzles that cannot be solved. An impossible puzzle is a puzzle that cannot be resolved, either due to lack of sufficient information
List_of_impossible_puzzles
Programming technique on linked lists
an Exact Cover solver in C - uses Algorithm X and Dancing Links. Includes examples for sudoku and logic grid puzzles. DlxLib NuGet package - a C# class
Dancing_links
Murder mystery puzzle book
first reader to solve the puzzle. Cain's Jawbone has been described as "one of the hardest and most beguiling word puzzles ever published." The phrase
Cain's_Jawbone
Logic puzzle
turn the Lazy Susan is rotated through a random angle. The puzzle is to devise an algorithm which allows the blindfolded person to ensure that all glasses
Four_glasses_puzzle
Puzzle video game
solving these puzzles, requiring the player to identify the meaning of symbols in the puzzles. A central design element was how these puzzles are presented
The_Witness_(2016_video_game)
Mathematical puzzle of avoiding crossings
pairs of houses and wells or fountains, as in modern numberlink puzzles. Loyd's puzzle "The Quarrelsome Neighbors" similarly involves connecting three
Three_utilities_problem
3-D combination puzzle
of Rubik's puzzles, Rubik's 360 is a physical challenge requiring manual dexterity rather than learning and memorizing algorithms. The puzzle involves moving
Rubik's_360
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
key algorithms are considered vulnerable to attacks, and new quantum-resistant schemes are being developed to overcome the problem. Beyond algorithmic or
Public-key_cryptography
Any algorithm which solves the search problem
crossword puzzle In game theory and especially combinatorial game theory, choosing the best move to make next (such as with the minmax algorithm) Finding
Search_algorithm
Computer scientist (b. 1981)
American Art Museum. Retrieved September 18, 2022. A Lifetime of Puzzles: A Collection of Puzzles in Honor of Martin Gardner's 90th Birthday (AK Peters). ISBN 9781568812458
Erik_Demaine
British mathematician (1938–2023)
became the standard. Singmaster was both a puzzle historian and a composer of puzzles, and many of his puzzles were published in newspapers and magazines
David_Singmaster
Puzzle of reconstructing equations that have been enciphered into words
equation Mathematical puzzles Permutation Puzzles Sideways Arithmetic From Wayside School - A book whose plot revolves around these puzzles Cryptogram H. E
Verbal_arithmetic
2008 video game
puzzles are based on well-understood proteins. By analysing how humans intuitively approach these puzzles, researchers hope to improve the algorithms
Foldit
Logic puzzle
A balance puzzle or weighing puzzle is a logic puzzle about balancing items—often coins—to determine which one has different weight than the rest, by
Balance_puzzle
Problem solving method
it is also applied to Sudoku puzzles, to attempt values for as-yet-unsolved cells. The medium of the thread for puzzle-solving can vary widely, from
Ariadne's_thread_(logic)
Puzzle
Skilled puzzle solvers should require neither a code key form nor starter clue letters. While the cryptogram has remained popular, over time other puzzles similar
Cryptogram
Code-breaking game
name "Hit & Blow". Games #3 Games and Puzzles 1980 Games 100 in Games 1981 Games 100 in Games Games & Puzzles The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games
Mastermind_(board_game)
Puzzle computer game involving planar graphs
embedding in linear time. Therefore, any puzzle could be solved in linear time by a computer. However, these puzzles are not as straightforward for human
Planarity
2021 browser game
by requiring players to solve multiple puzzles at once, such as Quordle, which involves solving four puzzles simultaneously and was acquired by Merriam-Webster
Wordle
1995 electronic game
handheld game console in 1997, shipped free with the console. A number of new puzzles similar to Lights Out have been released, such as Lights Out 2000 (5×5
Lights_Out_(game)
Algorithms which recursively solve subproblems
In computer science, divide and conquer is an algorithm design paradigm. A divide-and-conquer algorithm recursively breaks down a problem into two or
Divide-and-conquer_algorithm
Mechanical puzzles
Octahedron, often abbreviated as FTO) is a combination and mechanical puzzle. Unlike cubic puzzles, the FTO is based on an octahedral geometry with eight triangular
Face_Turning_Octahedron
Problem-solving technique and algorithmic paradigm
as generate and test, is a very general problem-solving technique and algorithmic paradigm that consists of systematically checking all possible candidates
Brute-force_search
Lossless data compression algorithms
LZ77 and LZ78 are the two lossless data compression algorithms published in papers by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv in 1977 and 1978. They are also known
LZ77_and_LZ78
Algorithm to search the nodes of a graph
Depth-first search (DFS) is an algorithm for traversing or searching tree or graph data structures. The algorithm starts at the root node (selecting some
Depth-first_search
Method in speedcubing
(same color facing up) the top layer of the 3×3. This step is fully algorithmic. Doing this in one step is called Full OLL. There are 58 possible combinations
CFOP_method
System for dealing with email spam
"SIP Computational Puzzles". Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 13 October 2014. "Client Puzzles" (PDF). Retrieved 13 October 2014. "Client-puzzle patent filing".
Hashcash
Computer science pathfinding concept
In computer science, specifically in algorithms related to pathfinding, a heuristic function is said to be admissible if it never overestimates the cost
Admissible_heuristic
British puzzle designer
Tony Fisher is a British puzzle designer who specialises in creating custom rotational puzzles. He is acknowledged by cubing enthusiasts as a pioneer
Tony_Fisher_(puzzle_designer)
Dodecahedral combination puzzle
DE8707783U. In late 2007, due to requests by puzzle fans worldwide, Uwe Mèffert began manufacturing the puzzle. The puzzles were first shipped in February 2008
Pyraminx_Crystal
Problem optimization method
Dynamic programming (DP) is both a mathematical optimization method and an algorithmic paradigm. The method was developed by Richard Bellman in the 1950s and
Dynamic_programming
Early public-key cryptosystem
Merkle's puzzles do not provide the qualitative gap in difficulty that defines security in modern cryptography. Suppose Bob sends m puzzles and it takes
Merkle's_Puzzles
American puzzle designer (1939–2022)
School. He was best known for the invention of mechanical puzzles including 'The Nichols Cube Puzzle' (1972), patent US3655201. He lived with Karen, his wife
Larry_D._Nichols
Edge-matching puzzle
Source Eternity II puzzle solver Android app for Eternity II type edge matching puzzles. iPhone and iPad app for Eternity II type edge matching puzzles.
Eternity_II_puzzle
2x2x2 combination puzzle
the puzzle in one step. It requires knowing 128 algorithms, 42 of which are the CLL algorithms. Top-level speedcubers may also 1-look the puzzle, which
Pocket_Cube
Rubik's puzzle
Kai Yi on 7 January 2024. He completed the puzzle in 2.19 seconds. Combination puzzles Mechanical puzzles Nonplanar flexagons Fiore (1981), p. 7. Jensen
Rubik's_Snake
Puzzle
however, is not very commonly seen in Hashiwokakero puzzles. Determining whether a Hashiwokakero puzzle has a solution is NP-complete, by a reduction from
Hashiwokakero
Geometric shape formed from squares
Polyominoes: Puzzles, Patterns, Problems, and Packings. Princeton University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-691-02444-8. Etzion, Tuvi (2020-12-28), "Puzzles and Tilings
Polyomino
Dutch puzzle maker (born 1965)
Many of his combination puzzles are in mass production by Uwe Mèffert and WitEden. Oskar van Deventer has also designed puzzles for Hanayama. He was a
Oskar_van_Deventer
Type of logic puzzle
Transport puzzles are logistical puzzles, which often represent real-life transportation problems. The classic transport puzzle is the river crossing puzzle in
Transport_puzzle
Logic puzzle
Survo puzzles resemble Sudoku and Kakuro puzzles. However, numbers used in the solution are not restricted to 1, 2, ..., 9 and the size of puzzle grid
Survo_puzzle
Puzzle video game
these advances, some puzzles that humans can solve are beyond the reach of state-of-the-art solvers. Humans solve Sokoban puzzles by breaking them down
Sokoban
Mathematical algorithm
n=\max(M,N) . An O(N log N) algorithm for the inverse chirp Z-transform (ICZT) was described in 2003, and in 2019. Bluestein's algorithm expresses the CZT as
Chirp_Z-transform
Variation of the classical Tower of Hanoi puzzle
of analyzing the MToH puzzle (and other similar puzzles), suggested by Fred Lunnon and presented in his review of Tower puzzles variations, is a matrix
Magnetic_Tower_of_Hanoi
Methodic assignment of colors to elements of a graph
Seymour, and Thomas in 2002. Graph coloring has been studied as an algorithmic problem since the early 1970s: the chromatic number problem (see section
Graph_coloring
Algorithmic inference gathers new developments in the statistical inference methods made feasible by the powerful computing devices widely available to
Algorithmic_inference
Finding Another Solution and Its Application to Puzzles (PDF). International Symposium on Algorithms (SIGAL 1987). Archived from the original (PDF) on
List_of_NP-complete_problems
Games and apps subscription service
the service and according to Google, "will receive royalties based on algorithmic methods that incorporate signals which capture how users value all types
Google_Play_Pass
Mechanical puzzle created by Erno Rubik
Revenge Professor's Cube V-Cube 6 V-Cube 7 V-Cube 8 Combination puzzles Mechanical puzzles Jacob's ladder (toy) Official World Rankings "The Official Rubik's
Rubik's_Magic
Mechanical puzzle
beings and will not provoke a rash of how-to books". Combination puzzles Mechanical puzzles "Top 100 Games of 1981". Games. No. 26. November–December 1981
Missing_Link_(puzzle)
8×8×8 version of Rubik's Cube
keep records for this puzzle. Anyu Zhang claims the unofficial world record single with a time of 3:19.87. Combination puzzles Pocket Cube (2×2×2) Rubik's
V-Cube_8
Mathematical version of an order change
of science. In computer science, they are used for analyzing sorting algorithms; in quantum physics, for describing states of particles; and in biology
Permutation
Rubik's cube variant
a type of combination puzzle and shape modification of the standard 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube and was invented in 2006. The puzzle's internal mechanism is nearly
Mirror_Blocks
American artist and mathematician
National Library of Australia catalog entry for A lifetime of puzzles : a collection of puzzles in honor of Martin Gardner's 90th birthday (A K Peters, 2008
Martin_Demaine
Attempts to formalize the concept of algorithms
the algorithmic process may be, each step in the algorithm is sufficiently simple to be performed by a non-sentient, mechanical device. The algorithm does
Algorithm_characterizations
Set of objects whose state must satisfy limits
Kakuro (Cross Sums), Numbrix/Hidato, Zebra Puzzle, and many other logic puzzles These are often provided with tutorials of CP, ASP, Boolean SAT and SMT
Constraint satisfaction problem
Constraint_satisfaction_problem
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Collection of 8
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Australian, German, Hebrew
God is My Judge
Female
Czechoslovakian
, white.
Boy/Male
Indian
Of limitless attributes, A name of Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Smiling
Boy/Male
Tamil
Soham, I am
Male
Gypsy/Romani
 Probably a Romani form of Greek Symeon, SIMIONCE means "hearkening."
Girl/Female
Latin American
Angel; Like an angel. From angelicus meaning angelic. Famous bearer: Italian poet Ariosto's...
Girl/Female
Indian
Mountain; Goddess Parvathi / Durga; Fish :
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
n.
The art of calculating with any species of notation; as, the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc.
n.
The art of calculating by nine figures and zero.
n.
One who, or that which, puzzles or perplexes.
n.
One who, or that which, puzzles; a difficult or inexplicable question or fact.
n.
Alt. of Algorithm
n.
The domain of puzzles; puzzles, collectively.
n.
That which causes one to stick; that which puzzles or poses.