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Algorithmic Puzzles is a book of puzzles based on computational thinking. It was written by computer scientists Anany and Maria Levitin, and published
Algorithmic_Puzzles
Mathematical puzzle game
(m & -m)) % 3 to peg (m + (m & -m)) % 3. These hold for odd n puzzles. For even n puzzles, the output references to pegs 1 and 2 need to be reversed. Furthermore
Tower_of_Hanoi
Algorithm for solving a puzzle or game in the fewest possible moves
move. Well-known puzzles fitting this description are mechanical puzzles such as Rubik's Cube, the Tower of Hanoi, and the 15 puzzle. The one-person game
God's_algorithm
Mind sport
use of short variable names, etc.). Also, by offering only small algorithmic puzzles with relatively short solutions, programming contests like ICPC and
Competitive_programming
Algorithms to complete a sudoku
have developed computer programs that will solve Sudoku puzzles using a backtracking algorithm, which is a type of brute force search. Backtracking is
Sudoku_solving_algorithms
Sliding puzzle with fifteen pieces and one space
Combination puzzles Jeu de taquin, an operation on skew Young tableaux similar to the moves of the 15 puzzle Klotski Mechanical puzzles Pebble motion
15_puzzle
Competitive algorithm for searching a problem space
better performance, solving sudoku puzzles, hyperparameter optimization, and causal inference. In a genetic algorithm, a population of candidate solutions
Genetic_algorithm
Sequence of operations for a task
aversion Algorithm engineering Algorithm characterizations Algorithmic bias Algorithmic composition Algorithmic entities Algorithmic synthesis Algorithmic technique
Algorithm
Method of executing orders
simple retail tools. Algorithmic trading is widely used in equities, futures, crypto, and foreign exchange markets. The term algorithmic trading is often
Algorithmic_trading
Logic puzzle
The Zebra Puzzle is a well-known logic puzzle. Many versions of the puzzle exist, including a version published in Life International magazine on December
Zebra_Puzzle
3D combination puzzle
and 6×6×6 versions of the puzzle. Puzzles like Rubik's Cube can be simulated by computer software to provide very large puzzles that are impractical to
Rubik's_Cube
Solving physical puzzles with speed
These events encompass a range of puzzles, including NxNxN puzzles of sizes varying from 2x2x2 to 7x7x7, and other puzzle forms such as the Pyraminx, Megaminx
Speedcubing
Logic-based number-placement puzzle
program to rapidly produce unique puzzles. Number puzzles appeared in newspapers in the late 19th century, when French puzzle setters began experimenting with
Sudoku
Combinatorial game with jumping pieces
arXiv:0804.0640. doi:10.37236/554. MR 2788684. S2CID 35020735. Levitin, Anany (2011). "Toads and Frogs". Algorithmic Puzzles. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
Toads_and_Frogs
Allusional device that uses pictures to represent words or parts of words
during the 1970s and the 1980s. These puzzle caps are also called "crown ticklers". Narragansett Beer uses rebus puzzles on their bottle caps, and bar coasters
Rebus
Word game
hidden words is provided, but more challenging puzzles may not provide a list. Many word search puzzles have a theme to which all the hidden words are
Word_search
Logic puzzle forming a picture in a grid
three picture grid puzzles in Japan under the name of "Window Art Puzzles". Ishida showed her puzzles to James Dalgety, a puzzle collector in the United
Nonogram
Variant of Rubik's Cube
"intuition" to solve the last four edges while algorithmic L4E uses a set of algorithms. Algorithmic L4E is generally used more at higher levels, although
Pyraminx
Shape-shifting puzzle similar to Rubik's Cube
challenge and difficulty. The Super Square One, Square Zero, and Square Two puzzles have also been introduced. The Super Square One has two additional layers
Square-1_(puzzle)
Puzzles solved by mechanical manipulation
different combinations by a group of operations. Many such puzzles are mechanical puzzles of polyhedral shape, consisting of multiple layers of pieces
Combination_puzzle
Mathematical problem set on a chessboard
ISSN 1930-5338. Uehara, Ryuhei (2019). "5.1 The Eight Queen Puzzle". First Course in Algorithms Through Puzzles. Springer Singapore. pp. 111–118. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3188-6
Eight_queens_puzzle
Logic puzzle
Retrieved 2025-07-18. Hegeman, Meili (2022). Generating Pipes puzzles using maze-generating algorithm (PDF) (Thesis). Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science
Pipes_(puzzle)
Algorithmic paradigm for constraint satisfaction or enumeration problems
Examples where backtracking can be used to solve puzzles or problems include: Puzzles such as eight queens puzzle, crosswords, verbal arithmetic, Sudoku, and
Backtracking
Mathematical puzzle
pouring puzzles (also called water jug problems, decanting problems, measuring puzzles, or Die Hard with a Vengeance puzzles) are a class of puzzle involving
Water_pouring_puzzle
Oral puzzle guessing game
Situation puzzles, often referred to as minute mysteries, lateral thinking puzzles or yes/no puzzles, are puzzles in which other participants are to construct
Situation_puzzle
is a partial list of notable puzzle video games, sorted by general category. Tile-matching video games are a type of puzzle video game where the player
List_of_puzzle_video_games
Logic puzzle
2021. "Sym-a-Pix techniques". Conceptis puzzles. Retrieved 19 August 2021. Friedman, Erich. "Spiral Galaxies Puzzles are NP-complete" (PDF). Retrieved 18
Tentai_Show
Simple mechanical puzzles using topology
Disentanglement puzzles (also called entanglement puzzles, tanglement puzzles, tavern puzzles or topological puzzles) are a type or group of mechanical puzzle that
Disentanglement_puzzle
Computer algorithm used in Internet communication
release about client puzzles Client Puzzles: A Cryptographic Countermeasure Against Connection Depletion Attacks New Client Puzzle Outsourcing Techniques
Client_Puzzle_Protocol
Geometric shape formed from five squares
reflected. The earliest puzzle containing a complete set of pentominoes appeared in Henry Dudeney's book The Canterbury Puzzles, published in 1907. The
Pentomino
Form of entertainment in mathematics
Mathematical puzzles require mathematics in order to solve them. They have specific rules, as do multiplayer games, but mathematical puzzles do not usually
Recreational_mathematics
Logic puzzle
pure-logic puzzles, a unique solution is expected, and a grid containing random numbers is highly unlikely to provide a uniquely solvable Nurikabe puzzle. Nurikabe
Nurikabe_(puzzle)
Generalization of the Rubik's Cube in n-dimensions
of the three-dimensional sequential move puzzles. Over the years, many virtual implementations of this puzzle have been created in software. Extending
N-dimensional sequential move puzzle
N-dimensional_sequential_move_puzzle
3D combination puzzle based on the Rubik's Cube
The Gear Cube is a 3-D combination puzzle designed and created by Dutch puzzle maker Oskar van Deventer based on an idea by Bram Cohen. It was initially
Gear_Cube
Class of logic puzzles
and the missionaries and cannibals problem. Well-known river-crossing puzzles include: The wolf, goat and cabbage problem, in which a wolf, goat and
River_crossing_puzzle
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
system. Hash sequences Puzzles Diffie-Hellman–based puzzle Moderate Mbound Hokkaido Cuckoo Cycle Merkle tree–based Guided tour puzzle protocol partial match
Proof_of_work
This is a list of puzzles that cannot be solved. An impossible puzzle is a puzzle that cannot be resolved, either due to lack of sufficient information
List_of_impossible_puzzles
American word puzzle syndicated in daily newspapers
such anagrams may be used to solve puzzles or verify that a jumbled word is unique when creating puzzles. First algorithm: Begin Input: J, all the jumbled
Jumble
Rubik's Cube configuration
Pochmann (2008-03-29), Analyzing Human Solving Methods for Rubik's Cube and similar Puzzles (PDF), pp. 16–17, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-09
Superflip
Hungarian inventor (born 1944)
It Puzzles Anew". The New York Times, 25 April 2014. retrieved 6 May 2014 Matheson Whitney. "Forty years later, the Rubik's Cube still puzzles". USA
Ernő_Rubik
Casual games by The New York Times
its newspaper online, and along with it the crossword puzzles, allowing readers to solve puzzles on their computers. This marked the beginning of a digital
The_New_York_Times_Games
Tiling puzzle
Edge-matching puzzles are known to be NP-complete, and adaptable for conversion to and from equivalent jigsaw puzzles and polyomino packing puzzle. The first
Edge-matching_puzzle
Logic puzzle
turn the Lazy Susan is rotated through a random angle. The puzzle is to devise an algorithm which allows the blindfolded person to ensure that all glasses
Four_glasses_puzzle
Puzzle
than the 6-color version. The objective of the puzzle, similar to that of a Rubik's Cube or related puzzles, is to scramble the colors, and then restore
Megaminx
American scientific writer
2006 he edited The Colossal Book of Short Puzzles and Problems which collected all of Gardner's short puzzles in one volume. He wrote Gardner's obituary
Dana_S._Richards
Any algorithm which solves the search problem
crossword puzzle In game theory and especially combinatorial game theory, choosing the best move to make next (such as with the minmax algorithm) Finding
Search_algorithm
Puzzle video game
solving these puzzles, requiring the player to identify the meaning of symbols in the puzzles. A central design element was how these puzzles are presented
The_Witness_(2016_video_game)
Programming technique on linked lists
an Exact Cover solver in C - uses Algorithm X and Dancing Links. Includes examples for sudoku and logic grid puzzles. DlxLib NuGet package - a C# class
Dancing_links
Problem solving method
it is also applied to Sudoku puzzles, to attempt values for as-yet-unsolved cells. The medium of the thread for puzzle-solving can vary widely, from
Ariadne's_thread_(logic)
British mathematician (1938–2023)
became the standard. Singmaster was both a puzzle historian and a composer of puzzles, and many of his puzzles were published in newspapers and magazines
David_Singmaster
Mathematical puzzle of avoiding crossings
pairs of houses and wells or fountains, as in modern numberlink puzzles. Loyd's puzzle "The Quarrelsome Neighbors" similarly involves connecting three
Three_utilities_problem
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
key algorithms are considered vulnerable to attacks, and new quantum-resistant schemes are being developed to overcome the problem. Beyond algorithmic or
Public-key_cryptography
Type of logic puzzle
Transport puzzles are logistical puzzles, which often represent real-life transportation problems. The classic transport puzzle is the river crossing puzzle in
Transport_puzzle
Code-breaking game
name "Hit & Blow". Games #3 Games and Puzzles 1980 Games 100 in Games 1981 Games 100 in Games Games & Puzzles The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games
Mastermind_(board_game)
Computer science pathfinding concept
In computer science, specifically in algorithms related to pathfinding, a heuristic function is said to be admissible if it never overestimates the cost
Admissible_heuristic
Dodecahedral combination puzzle
DE8707783U. In late 2007, due to requests by puzzle fans worldwide, Uwe Mèffert began manufacturing the puzzle. The puzzles were first shipped in February 2008
Pyraminx_Crystal
2008 video game
puzzles are based on well-understood proteins. By analysing how humans intuitively approach these puzzles, researchers hope to improve the algorithms
Foldit
Early public-key cryptosystem
Merkle's puzzles do not provide the qualitative gap in difficulty that defines security in modern cryptography. Suppose Bob sends m puzzles and it takes
Merkle's_Puzzles
Murder mystery puzzle book
first reader to solve the puzzle. Cain's Jawbone has been described as "one of the hardest and most beguiling word puzzles ever published." The phrase
Cain's_Jawbone
1995 electronic game
handheld game console in 1997, shipped free with the console. A number of new puzzles similar to Lights Out have been released, such as Lights Out 2000 (5×5
Lights_Out_(game)
Puzzle of reconstructing equations that have been enciphered into words
equation Mathematical puzzles Permutation Puzzles Sideways Arithmetic From Wayside School - A book whose plot revolves around these puzzles Cryptogram H. E
Verbal_arithmetic
2021 browser game
by requiring players to solve multiple puzzles at once, such as Quordle, which involves solving four puzzles simultaneously and was acquired by Merriam-Webster
Wordle
Puzzle
Skilled puzzle solvers should require neither a code key form nor starter clue letters. While the cryptogram has remained popular, over time other puzzles similar
Cryptogram
Puzzle
however, is not very commonly seen in Hashiwokakero puzzles. Determining whether a Hashiwokakero puzzle has a solution is NP-complete, by a reduction from
Hashiwokakero
Mathematical investigation of Sudoku
properties of unsolved puzzles (such as the minimum possible number of given clues) and analyzing the properties of solved puzzles. Initial analysis was
Mathematics_of_Sudoku
3-D combination puzzle
of Rubik's puzzles, Rubik's 360 is a physical challenge requiring manual dexterity rather than learning and memorizing algorithms. The puzzle involves moving
Rubik's_360
2x2x2 combination puzzle
the puzzle in one step. It requires knowing 128 algorithms, 42 of which are the CLL algorithms. Top-level speedcubers may also 1-look the puzzle, which
Pocket_Cube
Puzzle computer game involving planar graphs
embedding in linear time. Therefore, any puzzle could be solved in linear time by a computer. However, these puzzles are not as straightforward for human
Planarity
Twelve-sided combination puzzle
3^{6}}{4}}=100,776,960.} Skewb Diamond Combination puzzles Mechanical puzzles "Skewb Ultimate - Online 3D Puzzle - Grubiks". www.grubiks.com. Retrieved 2025-12-05
Skewb_Ultimate
Algorithms which recursively solve subproblems
In computer science, divide and conquer is an algorithm design paradigm. A divide-and-conquer algorithm recursively breaks down a problem into two or
Divide-and-conquer_algorithm
Algorithmic inference gathers new developments in the statistical inference methods made feasible by the powerful computing devices widely available to
Algorithmic_inference
British puzzle designer
Tony Fisher is a British puzzle designer who specialises in creating custom rotational puzzles. He is acknowledged by cubing enthusiasts as a pioneer
Tony_Fisher_(puzzle_designer)
American puzzle designer (1939–2022)
School. He was best known for the invention of mechanical puzzles including 'The Nichols Cube Puzzle' (1972), patent US3655201. He lived with Karen, his wife
Larry_D._Nichols
Problem-solving technique and algorithmic paradigm
as generate and test, is a very general problem-solving technique and algorithmic paradigm that consists of systematically checking all possible candidates
Brute-force_search
System for dealing with email spam
"SIP Computational Puzzles". Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 13 October 2014. "Client Puzzles" (PDF). Retrieved 13 October 2014. "Client-puzzle patent filing".
Hashcash
Logic puzzle
A balance puzzle or weighing puzzle is a logic puzzle about balancing items—often coins—to determine which one has different weight than the rest, by
Balance_puzzle
Tetrahedral puzzle similar to the Rubik's Cube
5062877383753728000. Skewb Diamond Skewb Ultimate Combination puzzles Mechanical puzzles "Meffert's Puzzles and Novelties". "About the Bar-6". Angelfire. Archived
Pyramorphix
Rubik's puzzle
Kai Yi on 7 January 2024. He completed the puzzle in 2.19 seconds. Combination puzzles Mechanical puzzles Nonplanar flexagons Fiore (1981), p. 7. Jensen
Rubik's_Snake
Mechanical puzzle
beings and will not provoke a rash of how-to books". Combination puzzles Mechanical puzzles "Top 100 Games of 1981". Games. No. 26. November–December 1981
Missing_Link_(puzzle)
Method in speedcubing
(same color facing up) the top layer of the 3×3. This step is fully algorithmic. Doing this in one step is called Full OLL. There are 58 possible combinations
CFOP_method
Geometric shape formed from squares
Polyominoes: Puzzles, Patterns, Problems, and Packings. Princeton University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-691-02444-8. Etzion, Tuvi (2020-12-28), "Puzzles and Tilings
Polyomino
Lossless data compression algorithms
LZ77 and LZ78 are the two lossless data compression algorithms published in papers by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv in 1977 and 1978. They are also known
LZ77_and_LZ78
Algorithm to search the nodes of a graph
species or another in a phylogenetic tree. Planarity testing. Solving puzzles with only one solution, such as mazes. (DFS can be adapted to find all
Depth-first_search
Dutch puzzle maker (born 1965)
Many of his combination puzzles are in mass production by Uwe Mèffert and WitEden. Oskar van Deventer has also designed puzzles for Hanayama. He was a
Oskar_van_Deventer
Edge-matching puzzle
Source Eternity II puzzle solver Android app for Eternity II type edge matching puzzles. iPhone and iPad app for Eternity II type edge matching puzzles.
Eternity_II_puzzle
Greek inventor
6x6x6 puzzles and 7x7x7 twisty puzzles. He is also known for founding the company V-Cube. He has also worked on new designs of every Twisty Puzzle from
Panagiotis_Verdes
Mathematical algorithm
n=\max(M,N) . An O(N log N) algorithm for the inverse chirp Z-transform (ICZT) was described in 2003, and in 2019. Bluestein's algorithm expresses the CZT as
Chirp_Z-transform
Puzzle video game
these advances, some puzzles that humans can solve are beyond the reach of state-of-the-art solvers. Humans solve Sokoban puzzles by breaking them down
Sokoban
Variation of the classical Tower of Hanoi puzzle
of analyzing the MToH puzzle (and other similar puzzles), suggested by Fred Lunnon and presented in his review of Tower puzzles variations, is a matrix
Magnetic_Tower_of_Hanoi
Attempts to formalize the concept of algorithms
the algorithmic process may be, each step in the algorithm is sufficiently simple to be performed by a non-sentient, mechanical device. The algorithm does
Algorithm_characterizations
Computer scientist (b. 1981)
American Art Museum. Retrieved September 18, 2022. A Lifetime of Puzzles: A Collection of Puzzles in Honor of Martin Gardner's 90th Birthday (AK Peters). ISBN 9781568812458
Erik_Demaine
Finding Another Solution and Its Application to Puzzles (PDF). International Symposium on Algorithms (SIGAL 1987). Archived from the original (PDF) on
List_of_NP-complete_problems
Puzzle game
typically fixed, but puzzles in which the walls and paths can change during the game are also categorised as mazes or tour puzzles. Mazes have been built
Maze
Logic puzzle
Survo puzzles resemble Sudoku and Kakuro puzzles. However, numbers used in the solution are not restricted to 1, 2, ..., 9 and the size of puzzle grid
Survo_puzzle
2025 point-and-click video game
Retrieved October 13, 2025. "Éalú — A Hand Animated Stop-Motion Puzzle Adventure About Algorithmic Danger, Care and Escape". Games Press. Retrieved 2026-04-06
Éalú
Games and apps subscription service
the service and according to Google, "will receive royalties based on algorithmic methods that incorporate signals which capture how users value all types
Google_Play_Pass
Puzzle in Douglas Hofstadter's book "Gödel, Escher, Bach"
The MU puzzle is a puzzle stated by Douglas Hofstadter and found in Gödel, Escher, Bach involving a simple formal system called "MIU". Hofstadter's motivation
MU_puzzle
A picture maze is a maze puzzle designed to resemble something visually, or one where the solution traces out a particular picture. Picture mazes were
Picture_maze
Reconfiguration problem in combinatorics and computational complexity theory
sliding puzzles, which are in fact a variant of this problem, often restricted to rectangular grid graphs with no holes. The most famous such puzzle, the
Token_reconfiguration
Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables ask players to locate the hidden objects based on a set of clue cells and their neighbors marked as variables
Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables
Board_puzzles_with_algebra_of_binary_variables
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
Girl/Female
Tamil
Perfect, Goddess, Flower
Female
Arthurian
, daughter of king Pellinore.
Boy/Male
Indian
Heir, Inheritor, Successor
Boy/Male
Tamil
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Welsh
Son of Harry.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Kavishree | கவிஷà¯à®°à¯€
Lyricists
Boy/Male
Hindu
Perceiver
Boy/Male
Hindu
Very rich king, A Raga
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hebrew
Rocket
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
ALGORITHMIC PUZZLES
n.
That which causes one to stick; that which puzzles or poses.
n.
Alt. of Algorithm
n.
The art of calculating with any species of notation; as, the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc.
n.
The art of calculating by nine figures and zero.
n.
The domain of puzzles; puzzles, collectively.
n.
One who, or that which, puzzles; a difficult or inexplicable question or fact.
n.
One who, or that which, puzzles or perplexes.