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A 4Pi microscope is a laser scanning fluorescence microscope with an improved axial resolution. With it the typical range of the axial resolution of 500–700 nm
4Pi_microscope
Topics referred to by the same term
4Pi may refer to: IBM System/4 Pi, a family of avionics computers 4Pi microscope, a microscope that uses interference and fluorescence computers 4×π =
4Pi
Optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence
detection. However, the first experimental demonstration of the 4pi microscope took place in 1994. 4Pi microscopy maximizes the amount of available focusing directions
Fluorescence_microscope
Series of techniques in optical microscopy
pixel reassignment (e.g. re-scan microscopy, pixel reassignment), the 4Pi microscope, and structured-illumination microscopy technologies such as SIM and
Super-resolution_microscopy
Romanian-German physicist (born 1962)
resolution in confocal microscopy, which became later known as the 4Pi microscope. Resolution is the possibility to separate two similar objects in close
Stefan_Hell
The 4Pi-STED-microscope is the result of combining the two unrelated concepts of Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and 4Pi-microscopy. Here
4Pi_STED_microscopy
Optical imaging technique
is wide. This limits the axial resolution of the microscope. One technique of overcoming this is 4Pi microscopy where incident and or emitted light are
Confocal_microscopy
Optical system with resolution performance at the instrument's theoretical limit
In optics, any optical instrument or system – a microscope, telescope, or camera – has a principal limit to its resolution due to the physics of diffraction
Diffraction-limited_system
Ability of any image-forming device to distinguish small details of an object
optical near-fields (Near-field scanning optical microscope) or a diffraction technique called 4Pi STED microscopy. Objects as small as 30 nm have been
Angular_resolution
German physicist
hologram-based laser scanning 4Pi microscope. The basic idea was to focus laser light from all sides (space angle 4Pi) in a spot with a diameter smaller
Christoph_Cremer
Rayleigh scattering Fourier domain mode locking 4Pi microscope, a laser scanning fluorescence microscope Frame-dragging Fraunhofer diffraction Free-electron
List_of_laser_articles
Viewing of objects which are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Theoretical basis of super resolution 4Pi microscopy & design of a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope Willis, Randall C. (2007). "Portraits
Microscopy
Conference in Physics 3-j symbol 331 model 3D ultrasound 46° halo 4GLS 4Pi Microscope 4Pi STED microscopy 4 pi laser 5 dimensional warped geometry theory 6-j
Index of physics articles (0–9)
Index_of_physics_articles_(0–9)
particularity of this technology, compared with focusing techniques, such as 4Pi microscopy is the wide field exposures which allow entire cells to be depicted
Vertico spatially modulated illumination
Vertico_spatially_modulated_illumination
stimulated emission or ground state depletion (some W/cm2). In combination with 4Pi microscopy images with isotropic resolution below 40 nm have been taken of
RESOLFT
Software platform for 3D and 4D data visualization
Berková, Z.; Saudek, F.; Lessard, M.; Bewersdorf, J.; Jezek, P. (2010). "4Pi microscopy reveals an impaired three-dimensional mitochondrial network of
Amira_(software)
ships its first System/4Pi computer, designed to meet U.S. Department of Defense and NASA requirements. More than 9000 units of the 4Pi systems are delivered
History_of_IBM
4PI MICROSCOPE
4PI MICROSCOPE
Surname or Lastname
Welsh
Welsh : variant of Pugh.English : nickname from Old French pi, pis, piu ‘pious’.
Male
Egyptian
, the father of Pi-hor.
Girl/Female
Biblical
The mouth, the pass of Hiroth.
Male
Egyptian
, an Egyptian deity.
Female
Egyptian
, a royal lady of the XXVIth dynasty.
Male
Egyptian
, a son (?) of Amenemap.
Biblical
the mouth; the pass of Hiroth
Girl/Female
Biblical
Abode of the goddess Bahest or Bast.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an agent derivative of Middle English (e)spi(en) ‘to watch’, hence an occupational name for a lookout or watchman, or a nickname for a nosy person.Scottish : variant spelling of Spear.German : nickname for a small person, from Middle Low German spīr ‘trifle’, ‘small piece’.German : habitational name from any of several places named Spier, notably the city in the Palatinate, now spelled Speyer (see Speyer, Spiering).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Spiro.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly southern), Dutch, and North German
English (mainly southern), Dutch, and North German : occupational name for a player on the pipes, Middle English pipere, Middle Dutch pi(j)per, Middle Low German piper.Translation of German Pfeiffer, or of the French secondary surname Lefifre.
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Norwegian
Motion
Boy/Male
Australian, Finnish, Indian, Sanskrit
Father in Rejoicing; Friend; Ally; Acquaintance
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Midlands), Dutch, and German
English (mainly East Midlands), Dutch, and German : from Middle English pi(c)k, Middle Dutch picke, Middle High German bicke ‘pick’, ‘pickaxe’, hence a metonymic occupational name for someone who made pickaxes or used them as an agricultural or excavating tool.North German : metonymic occupational name for a pitch-burner, from Low German pick ‘pitch’.English : possibly from Middle English pike ‘pike’ (the fish), applied as a metonymic occupational name for a fisherman or seller of these fish, or as a descriptive nickname for someone thought to resemple a pike in some way.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : possibly from the Old Norse personal name Tópi, Túpi, a short form of a personal name formed with þórr, name of the Norse god of thunder (see Thor) + a second element with initial b-, for example björn ‘bear’, ‘warrior’. On the other hand, the name is found mainly in Dorset and Devon, which are far from areas of Scandinavian settlement.
Biblical
abode of the goddess Bahest or Bast
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly West Midlands)
English (mainly West Midlands) : from a diminutive of Pick.English and Scottish : from the Anglo-Norman French personal name Picon, Pi(c)quin, a pet form of Pic.German : probably a variant of Pick 1 or 2.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for someone who used a pick, from Middle English pi(c)k ‘pick’ (see Pick) + the agent suffix -er.English : occupational name for someone who caught or sold pike, from Middle English pike ‘pike’ + the agent suffix -er.English : topographic name for someone who lived on a pointed hill (see Pike 1), the -er suffix denoting an inhabitant.German : occupational name for someone who used a pick or pickaxe, from an agent derivative of Middle High German bicken ‘to prick or stab’.Dutch : occupational name for a stonemason or for a reaper or mower, from Middle Dutch picker, pecker.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : nickname for a big eater or a glutton, from Yiddish pikn ‘to eat’ with the noun suffix -er.
4PI MICROSCOPE
4PI MICROSCOPE
Female
German
German form of Russian Sonya, SONJE means "wisdom."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Italian, Kannada, Punjabi
Take Revenge
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil
Goddess of Beauty; Lovely Woman
Surname or Lastname
English
English : apparently a habitational name from an unidentified place. There is a place called Colleymore Farm in Oxfordshire, but it is not clear whether this is the source of the surname. See also Collamore, Cullimore, Gallimore.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Telugu
Lovable
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidvathi | விதà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€
Scholar
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Christian, English
From the Hedged Forest
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
More Generous
Female
Persian/Iranian
 Variant form of Persian Zulaikha, ZULEIKA means "brilliant beauty."Â
Boy/Male
Tamil
God dutta
4PI MICROSCOPE
4PI MICROSCOPE
4PI MICROSCOPE
4PI MICROSCOPE
4PI MICROSCOPE
n.
A genus of diatoms of elongated elliptical shape, but having the sides slightly curved in the form of a letter S. Pleurosigma angulatum has very fine striations, and is a favorite object for testing the high powers of microscopes.
n.
The arrangement of the red blood corpuscles in rouleaux, like piles of coins, as when a drop of human blood is examined under the microscope.
n.
A mass of type confusedly mixed or unsorted.
n.
A plate or slip of glass on which is a picture or delineation to be exhibited by means of a magic lantern, stereopticon, or the like; a plate on which is an object to be examined with a microscope.
n.
The platform of a microscope, upon which an object is placed to be viewed. See Illust. of Microscope.
n.
A concave metallic mirror attached to the object-glass end of a microscope, to throw down light on opaque objects; a reflector.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Pi
n.
The degree to which a lens, mirror, or any optical instrument, magnifies; in the telescope, and usually in the microscope, the number of times it multiplies, or augments, the apparent diameter of an object; sometimes, in microscopes, the number of times it multiplies the apparent surface.
n.
Type confusedly mixed. See Pi.
n.
A surface, as that afforded by a curtain, sheet, wall, etc., upon which an image, as a picture, is thrown by a magic lantern, solar microscope, etc.
imp. & p. p.
of Pi
n.
The long-tailed pangolin (Manis tetradactyla); -- called also ipi.
v. t.
To put into a mixed and disordered condition, as type; to mix and disarrange the type of; as, to pi a form.
v. t.
See Pi.
n.
The eyepiece of an optical instrument, as of a telescope or microscope.
v. t.
To make great, or greater; to increase the dimensions of; to amplify; to enlarge, either in fact or in appearance; as, the microscope magnifies the object by a thousand diameters.