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Mathematical theorem
In mathematics, the transfinite recursion theorem says a function can be defined using a recursion over a well-ordered set; for example, N {\displaystyle
Transfinite_recursion_theorem
Mathematical concept
chosen. More formally, we can state the Transfinite Recursion Theorem as follows: Transfinite Recursion Theorem (version 1). Given a class function G:
Transfinite_induction
Generalization of "n-th" to infinite cases
α. Transfinite induction can be used not only to prove theorems but also to define functions on ordinals. This is known as transfinite recursion. Formally
Ordinal_number
Mathematical proposition equivalent to the axiom of choice
more directly using transfinite recursion, still assuming the axiom of choice. For that, see for example Transfinite recursion theorem § Example: a basis
Zorn's_lemma
Theorem that every set can be well-ordered
prove the well-ordering theorem. One can conclude from the well-ordering theorem that every set is susceptible to transfinite induction, which is considered
Well-ordering_theorem
Well-quasi-ordering of finite trees
form of arithmetical transfinite recursion). In 2004, the result was generalized from trees to graphs as the Robertson–Seymour theorem, a result that has
Kruskal's_tree_theorem
Branch of mathematical logic
WKL0 results in WKL, etc. Over RCA0, Π1 1 transfinite recursion, ∆0 2 determinacy, and the ∆1 1 Ramsey theorem are all equivalent to each other. Over RCA0
Reverse_mathematics
Mathematical result or axiom on order relations
required to satisfy the above recursive condition, then the transfinite recursion theorem ensures this defines the function f {\displaystyle f} uniquely
Hausdorff_maximal_principle
Operations on ordinals that extend classical arithmetic
well-ordered set that represents the result of the operation or by using transfinite recursion. In addition to these standard operations for ordinals, there are
Ordinal_arithmetic
Type of binary relation
well-founded relations also support construction of objects by transfinite recursion. Let (X, R) be a set-like well-founded relation and F a function
Well-founded_relation
Fixed-point theorem
x_{n}=g(x_{n-1})} . For arbitrary A {\displaystyle A} , we use transfinite recursion or transfinite induction to construct the sequences in a similar way. Now
Bourbaki–Witt_theorem
Theorem in set theory
was sollen die Zahlen? 1895 Cantor states the theorem in his first paper on set theory and transfinite numbers. He obtains it as an easy consequence of
Schröder–Bernstein_theorem
Type of transfinite numbers
or epsilon zero), which can be viewed as the "limit" obtained by transfinite recursion from a sequence of smaller limit ordinals: ε 0 = ω ω ω ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = sup
Epsilon_number
Mathematical system
theory in the language of second-order arithmetic each axiom of which is a theorem of full second-order arithmetic (Z2). Such subsystems are essential to
Second-order_arithmetic
Set theory concept
there is one set Vα for each ordinal number α. Vα may be defined by transfinite recursion as follows: Let V0 be the empty set: V 0 := ∅ . {\displaystyle V_{0}:=\varnothing
Von_Neumann_universe
Class of mathematical orderings
below. Initial segments are also used in the statement of the transfinite recursion theorem. Properties of initial segments include: A well-ordered set
Well-order
Kind of transfinite induction
the axiom schema of set induction. The principle implies transfinite induction and recursion. It may also be studied in a general context of induction
Epsilon-induction
Every set is smaller than its power set
question marks, boxes, or other symbols. In mathematical set theory, Cantor's theorem is a fundamental result which states that, for any set A {\displaystyle
Cantor's_theorem
Axiomatic set theories based on the principles of mathematical constructivism
{\displaystyle g(Sn)=f(g(n))} . This iteration- or recursion principle is akin to the transfinite recursion theorem, except it is restricted to set functions and
Constructive_set_theory
Form of mathematical proof
class), is called transfinite induction. It is an important proof technique in set theory, topology and other fields. Proofs by transfinite induction typically
Mathematical_induction
Paradox in set theory
models can be described as the universe of a cumulative TT in which transfinite types are allowed. (Once an impredicative standpoint is adopted, abandoning
Russell's_paradox
calculus Church–Rosser theorem Calculus of constructions Combinatory logic Post correspondence problem Kleene's recursion theorem Recursively enumerable
List of mathematical logic topics
List_of_mathematical_logic_topics
Branch of mathematical logic
well-foundedness of a certain transfinite ordinal implies the consistency of T. Gödel's second incompleteness theorem implies that the well-foundedness
Proof_theory
Branch of mathematics that studies sets
infinite set; this result soon became known as Cantor's theorem. Cantor developed a theory of transfinite numbers, called cardinals and ordinals, which extended
Set_theory
Mathematical technique used in proof theory
elimination). ACA0, arithmetical comprehension. ATR0, arithmetical transfinite recursion. Martin-Löf type theory with arbitrarily many finite level universes
Ordinal_analysis
Weak form of the axiom of choice
is required to show the existence of a sequence constructed by transfinite recursion of countable length, if it is necessary to make a choice at each
Axiom_of_dependent_choice
Thesis on the nature of computability
machine, or λ-function, or carefully invoke recursion axioms, or at best, cleverly invoke various theorems of computability theory. But because the computability
Church–Turing_thesis
Subfield of mathematics
Gödel's incompleteness theorem marks not only a milestone in recursion theory and proof theory, but has also led to Löb's theorem in modal logic. The method
Mathematical_logic
Particular class of sets which can be described entirely in terms of simpler sets
\ldots ,z_{n}\in X{\Bigr \}}.} L {\displaystyle L} is defined by transfinite recursion as follows: L 0 := ∅ . {\textstyle L_{0}:=\varnothing .} L α + 1
Constructible_universe
Mathematical logic concept
recursive arithmetic with the additional principle of quantifier-free transfinite induction up to the ordinal ε0", is neither weaker nor stronger than
Gentzen's_consistency_proof
Infinite Cardinal number
_{\alpha +1}=2^{\beth _{\alpha }},} , and it follows by Cantor's theorem and transfinite induction that the sequence of beth numbers is strictly increasing
Beth_number
Topological concept for collections of sets
i\in I} . The original proof uses Zorn's lemma, while Willard uses transfinite recursion. Willard 2012, p. 145–152. Willard, Stephen (2012), General Topology
Point-finite_collection
Defining elements of a set in terms of other elements in the set
starting from n = 0 and proceeding onwards with n = 1, 2, 3 etc. The recursion theorem states that such a definition indeed defines a function that is unique
Recursive_definition
Generalization of addition, multiplication, exponentiation, tetration, etc.
copies of }}a},\quad n\geq 2} It may also be defined according to the recursion rule part of the definition, as in Knuth's up-arrow version of the Ackermann
Hyperoperation
Generalization of the real numbers
cardinal, or by using a form of set theory in which constructions by transfinite recursion stop at some countable ordinal such as epsilon nought. The set of
Surreal_number
iterations of a loop before it terminates. However, a loop variant may be transfinite, and thus is not necessarily restricted to integer values. A well-founded
Loop_variant
Theorem equivalent to the Axiom of Choice
In mathematics, Tarski's theorem, proved by Alfred Tarski (1924), states that in ZF the statement "For every infinite set A {\displaystyle A} , there
Tarski's_theorem_about_choice
Area of mathematical logic
dimension notion for definable sets S within a model. It is defined by transfinite induction: The Morley rank is at least 0 if S is non-empty. For α a successor
Model_theory
Smallest normal subgroup by which the quotient is commutative
can continue it to infinite ordinal numbers via transfinite recursion, thereby obtaining the transfinite derived series, which eventually terminates at
Commutator_subgroup
Ordinals in mathematics and set theory
fact, transfinite induction on ε0 proves the consistency of Peano's axioms (a theorem by Gentzen), so by Gödel's second incompleteness theorem, Peano's
Large_countable_ordinal
German mathematician (1862–1943)
proof theory). He adopted and defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers. In 1900, he presented a collection of problems that set a course
David_Hilbert
Mathematical set containing no elements
Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory
Empty_set
1938 doctoral thesis by Alan Turing
to the original theory, and even goes one step further in using transfinite recursion to go "past infinity", yielding a set of new theories Gα, one for
Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals
Systems_of_Logic_Based_on_Ordinals
Infinite cardinal number
etc. The process involves defining, for each countable ordinal, via transfinite induction, a set by "throwing in" all possible countable unions and complements
Aleph_number
Proof in set theory
intuitionists do not accept this relation to constitute a hierarchy of transfinite sizes. When the axiom of powerset is not adopted, in a constructive framework
Cantor's_diagonal_argument
Set theory concept
set theory, a large cardinal property is a certain kind of property of transfinite cardinal numbers. Cardinals with such properties are, as the name suggests
Large_cardinal
Consistency of the axioms of arithmetic
the proof, with each of these ordinals less than ε0. He then proves by transfinite induction on these ordinals that no proof can conclude in a contradiction
Hilbert's_second_problem
Proposition in mathematical logic
influenced later ideas in recursion theory. In 1906, Kőnig revised part of his attempted CH disproof and established Kőnig's theorem, which by using the concept
Continuum_hypothesis
Standard system of axiomatic set theory
1996. Wolchover 2013. Abian, Alexander (1965). The Theory of Sets and Transfinite Arithmetic. W B Saunders. ———; LaMacchia, Samuel (1978). "On the Consistency
Zermelo–Fraenkel_set_theory
Size of a possibly infinite set
well-orderable (by the well-ordering theorem), and thus all infinite cardinal numbers are aleph numbers, i.e., this transfinite sequence is in fact the list of
Cardinal_number
Hinman, Recursion-Theoretic Hierarchies (1978), pp.419--420. Perspectives in Mathematical Logic, ISBN 3-540-07904-1. Kripke, Saul (1967). Transfinite Recursion
Admissible_ordinal
Set of all limit points of a set
defined by repeatedly applying the derived set operation using transfinite recursion as follows: X 0 = X {\displaystyle \displaystyle X^{0}=X} X α +
Derived_set_(mathematics)
Possible axiom for set theory
used during each game sequence. We create the counterexample A by transfinite recursion on α: Consider the strategy s1(α) of the first player. Apply this
Axiom_of_determinacy
Collection of mathematical objects
P(m))\implies P(n).} Transfinite induction is the same, replacing natural numbers by the elements of a well-ordered set. Often, a proof by transfinite induction
Set_(mathematics)
Mathematical set formed from two given sets
Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory
Cartesian_product
recursive formula for producing a series, one can define a transfinite series by transfinite recursion by defining the series at limit ordinals by A λ := ⋃
Subgroup_series
Mathematical logic hierarchy
of the Borel hierarchy is to prove facts about the Borel sets using transfinite induction on rank. Properties of sets of small finite ranks are important
Borel_hierarchy
Normal series of subgroups which indicate almost-commutativity
continue the lower central series to infinite ordinal numbers via transfinite recursion: for a limit ordinal λ, define G λ = ⋂ { G α : α < λ } {\displaystyle
Central_series
Proof by Alan Turing
to the Entscheidungsproblem". It was the second proof (after Church's theorem) of the negation of Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem; that is, the conjecture
Turing's_proof
Result in mathematics and set theory
the Shepherdson–Mostowski collapse, is a theorem of set theory introduced by Andrzej Mostowski (1949, theorem 3) and John Shepherdson (1953). Suppose that
Mostowski_collapse_lemma
All-encompassing set or class
superstructure process above reveals itself to be merely the beginning of a transfinite recursion. Going back to X = {}, the empty set, and introducing the (standard)
Universe_(mathematics)
System of mathematical set theory
finitely axiomatizable, while ZFC and MK are not. A key theorem of NBG is the class existence theorem, which states that for every formula whose quantifiers
Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory
Von_Neumann–Bernays–Gödel_set_theory
Size of a set in mathematics
of these "too large" sets "Absolute infinite", separating it from the transfinite. The former he characterized by its "inconsistency", causing paradoxes
Cardinality
Arithmetic operation
his 1947 paper Transfinite Ordinals in Recursive Number Theory (generalizing the recursive base-representation used in Goodstein's theorem to use higher
Tetration
Ordered listing of items in collection
generalized version extends the aforementioned definition to encompass transfinite listings. Under this definition, the first uncountable ordinal ω 1 {\displaystyle
Enumeration
Axiom of set theory
by Ernst Zermelo in order to formalize his proof of the well-ordering theorem. In many cases, a set created by choosing elements can be made without
Axiom_of_choice
Logical principle
of excluded middle is true … Brouwer showed that in the case of such transfinite judgments the principle of excluded middle cannot be considered obvious
Law_of_excluded_middle
Diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a collection of sets
Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory
Venn_diagram
First article on transfinite set theory
Georg Cantor's first theorems of transfinite set theory, which studies infinite sets and their properties. One of these theorems is his "revolutionary
Cantor's first set theory article
Cantor's_first_set_theory_article
One-to-one correspondence
its inverse is the positive square root function. By Schröder–Bernstein theorem, given any two sets X and Y, and two injective functions f: X → Y and g:
Bijection
Foundational controversy in twentieth-century mathematics
axiom. Rather, his recursion steps through integers assigned to variable k (cf his (2) on page 602). His skeleton-proof of Theorem V, however, "use(s)
Brouwer–Hilbert_controversy
3-volume treatise on mathematics, 1910–1913
set theory, cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers, and real numbers. Deeper theorems from real analysis were not included, but by the end of the third volume
Principia_Mathematica
Statement of infinite regress
De Morgan Teleological argument – Argument for the existence of God Transfinite induction – Mathematical concept Turtle Island (Native American folklore) –
Turtles_all_the_way_down
System of mathematical set theory
Logic: 237. doi:10.2307/2273185. JSTOR 2273185. Kripke, S. (1964), "Transfinite recursion on admissible ordinals", Journal of Symbolic Logic, 29: 161–162
Kripke–Platek_set_theory
Possible axiom of set theory
in ZFC by using the cumulative hierarchy Vα, which is defined by transfinite recursion: V0 = ∅. Vα+1 = Vα ∪ P(Vα). That is, the union of Vα and its power
Axiom_of_limitation_of_size
Mathematical concept for comparing objects
the following three connected theorems hold: ~ partitions A into equivalence classes. (This is the Fundamental Theorem of Equivalence Relations, mentioned
Equivalence_relation
Functions in computability theory
g_{m}({\bar {u}}))} is as well); and the results of limited (primitive) recursion applied to functions in the set, (if g, h and j are in E n {\displaystyle
Grzegorczyk_hierarchy
Mathematical function on ordinals
}+\phi (t)\land (D_{\phi }(t)\leq \rho _{\beta }<\phi (s)))\}} via transfinite recursion. This sequence may be longer than ω, but that is unavoidable since
Veblen_function
Set of elements common to all of some sets
Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory
Intersection_(set_theory)
Mathematical construction
include very elegant proofs of the compactness theorem and the completeness theorem, Keisler's ultrapower theorem, which gives an algebraic characterization
Ultraproduct
transfinite 1. An infinite ordinal or cardinal number (see Transfinite number) 2. Transfinite induction is induction over ordinals 3. Transfinite recursion
Glossary_of_set_theory
Mathematical set of all subsets of a set
power set must be larger than the original set). In particular, Cantor's theorem shows that the power set of a countably infinite set is uncountably infinite
Power_set
Notion of self-reference in mathematics and philosophy
modern paradox appeared with Cesare Burali-Forti's 1897 A question on transfinite numbers and would become known as the Burali-Forti paradox. Georg Cantor
Impredicativity
Pair of mathematical objects
Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory
Ordered_pair
Set that is not a finite set
Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory
Infinite_set
Informal set theories
transfiniten Mengenlehre" [Contributions to the founding of the theory of transfinite numbers] (PDF). Mathematische Annalen (in German). 46 (4). Leipzig, Germany:
Naive_set_theory
Technique invented by Paul Cohen for proving consistency and independence results
interpretations, and x ˇ {\displaystyle {\check {x}}} may be defined by transfinite recursion. With ∅ {\displaystyle \varnothing } the empty set, α + 1 {\displaystyle
Forcing_(mathematics)
Mathematical set that can be enumerated
written in natural numbers then the same logic is applied to prove the theorem. Theorem—The Cartesian product of finitely many countable sets is countable
Countable_set
Formalization of the natural numbers
arithmetic. PRA's proof theoretic ordinal is ωω, where ω is the smallest transfinite ordinal. PRA is sometimes called Skolem arithmetic, although that has
Primitive recursive arithmetic
Primitive_recursive_arithmetic
Orthonormalization of a set of vectors
the original inputs. A variant of the Gram–Schmidt process using transfinite recursion applied to a (possibly uncountably) infinite sequence of vectors
Gram–Schmidt_process
Infinite set that is not countable
Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory
Uncountable_set
Axioms for the natural numbers
Gerhard Gentzen gave a proof of the consistency of Peano's axioms, using transfinite induction up to an ordinal called ε0. Gentzen explained: "The aim of
Peano_axioms
Set of elements in any of some sets
Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781475716450. "MathCS.org - Real Analysis: Theorem 1.1.4: De Morgan's Laws". mathcs.org. Archived from the original on 2024-11-10
Union_(set_theory)
Logic concept
true". The main tools to prove this result are ordinary and transfinite induction, recursion methods, and ZF set theory (cf. and ). Pluralist theory of
Truth_predicate
Collection of sets in mathematics that can be defined based on a property of its members
Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory
Class_(set_theory)
Set with algorithmic membership test
Decidability (logic) Recursively enumerable language Recursive language Recursion That is, under the Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers, the set
Computable_set
Technique used in mathematical logic
continuum and other types of serial order, with an introduction to Cantor's transfinite numbers, Harvard University Press Marker, David (2002), Model Theory:
Back-and-forth_method
Set whose elements all belong to another set
{\displaystyle [A]^{k}} is also common, especially when k {\displaystyle k} is a transfinite cardinal number. A set A is a subset of B if and only if their intersection
Subset
Set of the elements not in a given subset
Primitive recursive function Recursion Recursive set Turing machine Type theory Related Abstract logic Algebraic logic Automated theorem proving Category theory
Complement_(set_theory)
Axiomatic set theory devised by W.V.O. Quine
O r d {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ord} } can be defined with no problem. Transfinite induction works on stratified statements, which allows one to prove that
New_Foundations
TRANSFINITE RECURSION-THEOREM
TRANSFINITE RECURSION-THEOREM
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Pleasure Trip; Excursion Spot
Girl/Female
Muslim
Pleasure trip, Excursion spot
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Excursion spot
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Muslim, Sindhi
Pleasure Trip; Excursion Spot
TRANSFINITE RECURSION-THEOREM
TRANSFINITE RECURSION-THEOREM
Girl/Female
Hindu
Dispeller of ignorance, One who gathers knowledge
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Irish
Small; Little Dog
Girl/Female
Muslim
Canopous. Star.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Tamil
Soft
Boy/Male
Hindu
King of the world
Girl/Female
Tamil
Thanima | தாநீமாஂÂ
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Pleasure of Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Teutonic German
Noble maid.
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Mighty Spearman; Spear Strong; Variant of Garrett
Boy/Male
Chinese
Highly noble.
TRANSFINITE RECURSION-THEOREM
TRANSFINITE RECURSION-THEOREM
TRANSFINITE RECURSION-THEOREM
TRANSFINITE RECURSION-THEOREM
TRANSFINITE RECURSION-THEOREM
n.
The principle of repulsion; the quality or capacity of repelling; repulsion.
n.
An excursion.
n.
Same as Occursion.
v. t.
Causing revulsion; revulsive.
n.
An excursion.
n.
Attack; occurrence.
n.
The power, either inherent or due to some physical action, by which bodies, or the particles of bodies, are made to recede from each other, or to resist each other's nearer approach; as, molecular repulsion; electrical repulsion.
n.
A flowing; also, a hostile incursion.
n.
A pleasure excursion; a trip.
n.
The act of ceding back; restoration; repeated cession; as, the recession of conquered territory to its former sovereign.
n.
The act of recurring; return.
n.
An excursion for plundering.
n.
The act of beating or striking back.
n.
The office of a decurion.
n.
A meeting; a clash; a collision.
n.
Reversion.
a.
Causing, or tending to, revulsion.
n.
A riding out; an excursion.
n.
A running into; hence, an entering into a territory with hostile intention; a temporary invasion; a predatory or harassing inroad; a raid.