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Offset at ground-level after earthquakes
seismology, surface rupture (or ground rupture, or ground displacement) is the visible offset of the ground surface when an earthquake rupture along a fault
Surface_rupture
Major earthquakes in the Turkey–Syria border region
ruptures continued north of these cities. Surface rupture occurred in the Amik Valley. The westernmost part of Hatay Airport was damaged by surface ruptures
2023_Turkey–Syria_earthquakes
Extent of slip in the Earth's crust that occurs during an earthquake
existing fault. A tectonic earthquake begins by an initial rupture at a point on the fault surface, a process known as nucleation. The scale of the nucleation
Earthquake_rupture
Earthquake affecting Southern California and Baja California
last of those events, near the 5:20 mark on the seismograph record. A surface rupture was formed during the earthquake of 40–60 km (25–37 mi), with a maximum
1940_El_Centro_earthquake
Earthquake impacting Myanmar and Thailand
Myanmar, including large surface rupturing events, are thus not well understood. A large Mw 8.5–8.8 earthquake in 1762 ruptured a section of the Sunda megathrust
2025_Myanmar_earthquake
Earthquake in Kazakhstan on 3 January 1911
Kul, a complex zone of surface rupture was identified by fieldwork immediately following the earthquake. Two main zones of rupture were noted, one complex
1911_Kebin_earthquake
Mw 8+ earthquake sequence in Mongolia
other faults ruptured, however their ruptures measured shorter than 10 km (6.2 mi). Overall rupture duration was 115 seconds. Surface rupture was apparent
1905 Tsetserleg–Bulnay earthquakes
1905_Tsetserleg–Bulnay_earthquakes
Earthquake in California
earthquake struck with a focal depth of 11.1 km (6.9 mi). The zone of surface rupture was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) of VII (Very
1968 Borrego Mountain earthquake
1968_Borrego_Mountain_earthquake
Earthquake in Greece
result of normal faulting along a northwest-dipping fault and produced surface ruptures. Extensive damage was reported in Kalamata and Elaiochori. At least
1986_Kalamata_earthquake
Earthquake affecting Myanmar and Thailand
Clear surface faulting was observed on farmland; at the paddy fields 16 km (9.9 mi) southeast of the epicenter, 2 km (1.2 mi) of surface rupture was mapped
2011_Shan_earthquake
Magnitude 6.9 earthquake in the Philippines
Bogo Bay Fault was the source of the earthquake after documenting surface ruptures and fault scarps in Bogo. The earthquake killed at least 79 people
2025_Cebu_earthquake
Earthquake affecting Peru
thrust fault within the mountains, and produced a 21 km (13 mi) zone of surface rupture. Many villages, including Quinches, Pampas, Sihuas and Conchucos experienced
1946_Ancash_earthquake
Earthquake in western Turkey
lines running right through them had only a few houses damaged. The surface rupture zone, which was between 1–4 kilometres (0.62–2.49 mi) wide, stretched
1967_Mudurnu_earthquake
North American extensional tectonic zone
1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. There was more than 30 km (19 mi) of surface rupture associated with the 1979 event along the northwest trending Imperial
Brawley_Seismic_Zone
7.9 magnitude; November 3, 2002
45 km (28 mi) long fault rupture along the Denali fault, but aerial reconnaissance could not locate a surface rupture. This rupture extends to 10 km (6.2 mi)
2002_Denali_earthquake
Earthquake in Turkey
affect Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault between 1939 and 1999. Surface rupturing, with a horizontal displacement of up to 3.7 meters, occurred in a
1939_Erzincan_earthquake
Earthquake in Kocaeli Province, Turkey
killed about 1,000 people in the district. The earthquake caused a surface rupture comprising four segments; the Hersek/Karamürsel–Gölcük, İzmit–Lake
1999_İzmit_earthquake
Earthquake in Taiwan
was created by the earthquake as the surface rupture offset the channel of the Dajia River. The total surface rupture was about 100 km in length. Damage
1999_Jiji_earthquake
2001 earthquake in western China
high-rise buildings. This earthquake was associated with the longest surface rupture ever recorded on land at the time, ~450 km. The Kunlun fault is one
2001_Kunlun_earthquake
Geological fault between the Anatolian and Arabian plates
Boncukgöze could be associated with the 1866 Bingöl earthquake (Mw 7.1) surface rupture. This segment has not experienced a major earthquake since 1866. The
East_Anatolian_Fault
1999 earthquake in north-central Turkey
acceleration of 147.80%g and a peak ground velocity of 113.02 cm/sec. A surface rupture of 40 km was identified in the field along the Düzce Fault, part of
1999_Düzce_earthquake
Earthquake in the Philippines
mechanism corresponding to strike-slip. The earthquake produced an onshore surface rupture 30 km along the Guinayangan segment of the Philippine Fault. It also
1973_Ragay_Gulf_earthquake
Earthquake in North Carolina, U.S.
immediate epicenter area. A surface rupture extending over 1.5 mi (2.4 km) appeared southeast of the town. The earthquake ruptured along this previously unmapped
2020_Sparta_earthquake
Southern Californian fault zone
instrumental period, but paleoseismology indicates that its last surface rupturing event occurred in the early 19th century, and that comparable earthquakes
San_Jacinto_Fault_Zone
Geologic feature in California, United States
offsets (such as fences or roads that had been sliced in half) along surface ruptures. When the location of these offsets were plotted on a map, he noted
San_Andreas_Fault
Earthquake in New Zealand
vertical displacement on lidar studies. It has been suggested that the surface rupture formed by this event helped influence Charles Lyell to link earthquakes
1855_Wairarapa_earthquake
Devastating earthquake in Armenian SSR, USSR
Caucasus mountains north of Mount Aragats. The mainshock produced surface rupture and propagated to the west with a separate strike-slip sub-event occurring
1988_Armenian_earthquake
Violent earthquake in Pakistan
surface. Peak slip was estimated at 10 m (33 ft) while the average slip across the rupture was 6 m (20 ft). Satellite mapping of the surface rupture revealed
2013_Balochistan_earthquakes
Stadium in Berkeley, California, USA
which previously were blocked by standing visiting team members. A surface rupture block was placed in each end zone where the fault line passes through
California_Memorial_Stadium
Earthquakes in California and Baja California
the San Jacinto Fault Zone. The earthquake generated a 27 km (17 mi) surface rupture with additional postseismic slip continuing for a year. The earthquake
1987 Superstition Hills earthquakes
1987_Superstition_Hills_earthquakes
Earthquake which does not produce a visible offset in the ground along the fault
produce a visible offset in the ground along the fault (as opposed to a surface rupture earthquake, which does). When the fault in question is a thrust fault
Buried_rupture_earthquake
Earthquake in New Zealand
(the point where the ruptures started) was at a depth of 15 kilometres (9.3 miles). The epicentre (the point on the Earth's surface above the hypocentre)
2016_Kaikōura_earthquake
Earthquake in California
and each resulting earthquake being similar in magnitude, though no surface rupture occurred in 1994. Since both occurred in urban and industrial areas
1971_San_Fernando_earthquake
Earthquake in northwest Mexico
associated with a surface rupture consisting of three segments with a combined length of 101.8 km, the longest normal fault rupture recorded for an earthquake
1887_Sonora_earthquake
Country in the Caribbean
Haiti lies. After the earthquake of 2010, there was no evidence of surface rupture, and geologists' findings were based on seismological, geological and
Haiti
Point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocenter in an earthquake
rupture dimensions less than the depth of the focus so the rupture doesn't break the surface, but in high magnitude, destructive earthquakes, surface
Epicenter
River in Nepal
The surface rupturing occurred in the 17th century and the 1934 Nepal–India earthquake caused the rupture to reach the surface. Later, the rupture aggravated
Khutti_River
Active fault in New Zealand
of the Marlborough Fault System. The fault has probably had three surface ruptures in the last 3500 years. Some early work on the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake
Hundalee_Fault
1920 earthquake in central China
(147 mi) of surface rupture along the Haiyuan Fault with a maximum horizontal offset of 6.5 m (21 ft) in the middle section of the rupture zone. The earthquake
1920_Haiyuan_earthquake
Magnitude-7.3 tremor in California
Valley, Homestead/Emerson, Emerson Valley and Camp Rock faults. The surface rupture extended for 70 km (43 mi), with a maximum horizontal displacement
1992_Landers_earthquake
Earthquake in China
found that the largest surface displacements measured 2.4 meters, while the use of satellite imagery to model the earthquake rupture found a maximum slip
2021_Maduo_earthquake
Magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Bohol
kilometres (1.2 mi) in Anonang. In this barangay, surface rupture trends 40 degrees northeast. The surface rupture manifested as prominent fault scarps, which
2013_Bohol_earthquake
1950 earthquake centered on border between Tibet, China and Assam, India
satellite imagery. This is interpreted to define the rupture area. Evidence for surface rupture was discovered at multiple locations along the trace of
1950_Assam–Tibet_earthquake
Earthquake in South Asia
movement of the earth's crust. The earthquake resulted in a 75 km (47 mi) surface rupture. It triggered thousands of landslides, mainly rock falls, debris falls
2005_Kashmir_earthquake
Intracontinental strike-slip fault in Tibet
ruptured for a length of nearly 237 km (147 mi) in this event. Surface ruptures from the earthquake have been well documented and a maximum surface displacement
Haiyuan_Fault
Earthquake in Japan
near the epicentre revealed two zones of surface rupture. Along the Izodawa fault, about 14 km (8.7 mi) of rupture were recorded and numerous fault scarps
April 2011 Fukushima earthquake
April_2011_Fukushima_earthquake
Natural phenomenon
Harry F. Reid proposed the elastic-rebound theory in 1910 based on the surface rupture record from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and accumulated geodetic
Earthquake_cycle
Sudden movement of the Earth's crust
surface that forms the focus. Once the rupture has been initiated, it begins to propagate away from the focus, spreading out along the fault surface.
Earthquake
Earthquake in Asia
surveys indicated a surface rupture of 25–32 km (16–20 mi) and maximum displacement of 3 m (9.8 ft). About 11 km (6.8 mi) of the rupture was along the eastern
2025_Tibet_earthquake
Earthquake in Turkmenistan
were derailed. There were damage and casualties in Darreh Gaz, Iran. Surface rupture was observed northwest and southeast of Ashgabat. Media sources vary
1948_Ashgabat_earthquake
Movement along a thrust fault that is not visible at the surface
buried rupture earthquake, if a buried rupture earthquake is not specifically about the fault, but signs the earthquake leaves, on the Earth's surface. Blind
Blind_thrust_earthquake
7.4 Mw earthquake in east-central Iran
of surface ruptures, totalling 85 km. In all but one case the ruptures showed evidence of reverse/thrust fault movement. The maximum observed surface displacement
1978_Tabas_earthquake
Pond formed in an active fault zone
pond deposit: Implications for recognition of local seismicity and surface rupture along the Kaibab monocline, Utah." Geology. Web. Accessed May 9th,
Sag_pond
Earthquake in Utah
people died. The dip-slip (normal) fault that generated the shock ruptured the surface of the ground and other geologic features were documented. A large
1934_Hansel_Valley_earthquake
Fault zone of the east coast of New Zealand's North Island
V.; Nicol, A.; Little, T.A.; Begg J.A. (2009). "Palaeoearthquake surface rupture in a transition zone from strike-slip to oblique-normal slip and its
North_Island_Fault_System
District in Gujarat, India
emerging upward. It can be suggested from the absence of distinct surface rupture both during the 1956 Anjar earthquake and 2001 Bhuj earthquake, that
Kutch_district
Earthquake in Morocco
and Meknes. A seismic rupture was also reported but poorly documented. During a field survey of the area in 2017, surface ruptures were identified along
1755_Meknes_earthquake
Reverse fault system in Bohol, Philippines
kinematics of the fault but also shows at least one or two pre-2013 surface rupturing events. Onshore geologic mapping and offshore seismic reflection profiles
Bohol_fault_system
Magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Alta California
Modelo lobe, is expressed at the surface along the southern margin of the mountains west of Fillmore. Its surface rupture diminishes to the east of Piru
1812_Ventura_earthquake
Earthquake in Myanmar
(22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi)
1930_Bago_earthquake
Non-closing over-pressure relief device
A rupture disc, also known as a pressure safety disc, burst disc, bursting disc, or burst diaphragm, is a non-reclosing pressure relief safety device
Rupture_disc
Immune organ that filters blood
findings. Trauma, such as road traffic collisions, can lead to splenic rupture, a medical emergency. Asplenia refers to a non-functioning spleen, which
Spleen
Moderate 5.1 Mw earthquake in Spain
and 31 mi) long. Local specialists also reported the presence of surface rupturing in the vicinity of the fault. Due to the shallow depth, the earthquake
2011_Lorca_earthquake
Earthquake in Turkey
zone of surface rupture was observed. It ruptured the Yedisu segment at the eastern end of the North Anatolian Fault, which has not ruptured since then
1784_Erzincan_earthquake
Earthquake affecting China and Mongolia
northern Xinjiang, China. It had a moment magnitude (Mw) of 8.0 and had a surface rupture of 171 km with a maximum horizontal displacement of 14 m along the
1931_Fuyun_earthquake
7.1 magnitude earthquake on the Algerian coast
magnitude 6.2 aftershock. The earthquake created about 42 km (26 mi) of surface rupture and had a vertical slip of up to 4.2 m (14 ft). No foreshocks were
1980_El_Asnam_earthquake
Inflammation of the appendix
of people do not have these typical symptoms. Severe complications of a ruptured appendix include widespread, painful inflammation of the inner lining of
Appendicitis
American physician and naturalist (1855–1910)
conducted research into the venom of gila monsters; published the first surface rupture map of an earthquake in North America; interviewed Geronimo; and played
George_E._Goodfellow
1850 earthquake in China
and failed to arrest the rupture. A maximum coseismic slip of 5–6 m (16–20 ft) was measured along a preserved surface rupture on the Zemuhe Fault. Small
1850_Xichang_earthquake
Earthquakes in the Kamchatka Peninsula, far eastern Russia
between two microplates of the North American Plate. The event created a surface rupture zone 140 km. On March 25, 2020, a magnitude 7.5 Mw earthquake struck
Kamchatka_earthquakes
Magnitude 8.0 earthquake in Japan
described as primarily left-lateral offset of three major faults. The surface rupture did not extend over the full distance of the individual faults, but
1891_Mino–Owari_earthquake
Earthquakes in California
700 years. The earthquakes may have ruptured the northern segment of the Imperial Fault Zone. No surface ruptures have been associated with the earthquakes
1915 Imperial Valley earthquakes
1915_Imperial_Valley_earthquakes
Minor tectonic plate in Asia
Susanne; Sedov, Boris; Hindle, David (2019-04-25). "The Ulakhan fault surface rupture and the seismicity of the Okhotsk–North America plate boundary". Solid
Okhotsk_plate
Earthquake in India and Pakistan
was extremely minor. Despite the large magnitude and rupture area, no visible surface ruptures could be identified in the epicentral area. The earthquake
2001_Gujarat_earthquake
Geological feature in Asia
B.; Fu, B.; Shi, P.; Du, J.; Xie, C.; Liu, L. (2012). "Coseismic Surface Rupture Structures Associated with 2010 Ms 7.1 Yushu Earthquake, China". Seismological
Xianshuihe_fault_system
1936 earthquake in southern China
this event are sparse. Two subparallel zones of northeast-trending surface ruptures were recorded totaling 12.5 km (7.8 mi). The longest of the two runs
1936_Lingshan_earthquake
Earthquake in the Philippines
Luzon in the Philippines. The shock had a surface-wave magnitude of 7.8 and produced a 125 km-long ground rupture that stretched from Dingalan to Kayapa
1990_Luzon_earthquake
Deformation dominated by horizontal movement in Earth's lithosphere
Segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for the Surface Rupture of the Historical 17 August 1668 Anatolian Earthquake". Turkish Journal
Strike-slip_tectonics
Seismic fault in Myanmar
(2009). "Tectonic geomorphology of the southernmost Sagaing fault and surface rupture associated with the May 1930 Pegu (Bago) earthquake, Myanmar". Bulletin
Sagaing_Fault
Earthquake that occurs before a mainshock but is of lower magnitude
R.; Dimitroy, D. (2002). "Active faulting in SW Bulgaria: possible surface rupture of the 1904 Struma earthquakes". Geophysical Journal International
Foreshock
Earthquake in Mongolia
a study on the earthquake's surface rupture, the authors consider the rupture the "world's best preserved surface rupture of a great earthquake". The
1957_Mongolia_earthquake
Medical condition where the tendon at the back of the ankle breaks
Achilles tendon rupture is the breakage of the Achilles tendon at the back of the ankle. Symptoms include the sudden onset of sharp pain in the heel.
Achilles_tendon_rupture
Sequence of strong quakes in Northern Territory
lengthy surface ruptures measuring up to 32 km were observed along the faults. Pipelines were heavily damaged as a result of the surface ruptures. Tennant
1988 Tennant Creek earthquakes
1988_Tennant_Creek_earthquakes
associated with extensive surface fault ruptures that damaged numerous homes, commercial buildings, and other structures. Surface rupture is the most easily
Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act
Alquist_Priolo_Special_Studies_Zone_Act
Earthquake in Japan
fault which was responsible for 1896 Rikuu earthquake, along with surface rupture. Senya Fault 過去の地震津波災害 - 気象庁 秋田災害忘れじの旅ある記 その2 地震の痕跡と仙北郡の惨話 Archived
1896_Rikuu_earthquake
Natural disaster in Iran
strike-slip fault. The earthquake occurred along part of this fault and surface ruptures were reported on four segments. The Zagros Mountains, stretching for
1958_Firuzabad_earthquake
6.5 Mw earthquake in Idaho, United States
base of the Sawtooth Range. There is currently no evidence of any surface rupture. Left lateral strike-slip movement on a north–south trending fault
2020_Central_Idaho_earthquake
Earthquake
motion along the White Mountain Fault Zone. Other destructive and surface-rupturing earthquakes, as well as large volume volcanic eruptions, have occurred
1986 Chalfant Valley earthquake
1986_Chalfant_Valley_earthquake
Fault zone in New Zealand
there was a partial rupture that caused debris flow and perhaps up to a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) slip about 500 years ago, and surface rupture cracks are still present
Ostler_Fault_Zone
Large geological fault in New Zealand
into pure strike-slip and dip-slip components. Near the surface, the fault can have multiple rupture zones. The fault zone is exposed at numerous locations
Alpine_Fault
Earthquake in China
(0.079 in) per year during the Holocene. At least 60 km (37 mi) of surface rupture along the fault was associated with the earthquake. Triggering of earthquakes
1038_Dingxiang_earthquake
Earthquake in southeastern Africa
and the first earthquake in southern Africa to have an identified surface rupture. Southern Mozambique is at the southern end of the East Africa Rift
2006_Mozambique_earthquake
Earthquake in which the rupture propagation speeds are greater than the shear wave speed
seismology, a supershear earthquake is when the propagation of the rupture along the fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic shear wave (S wave)
Supershear_earthquake
1990 severe earthquake centered in northeastern Iran
left-lateral strike-slip faulting with an epicenter in Gilan province. Surface rupture of about 80 km (50 mi) was observed along three segments of the previously
1990_Manjil–Rudbar_earthquake
Injury to the spleen
A splenic injury, which includes a ruptured spleen, is any injury to the spleen. The rupture of a normal spleen can be caused by trauma, such as a traffic
Splenic_injury
Surface displacement along a geological fault without earthquakes occurring
movement along the rest of the Hayward Fault system. Slow earthquake Surface rupture Hayward Fault Zone Maacama Fault Echelon cracks Schwartz, Susan Y.;
Aseismic_creep
November 1997 earthquake in Tibet, PR China
indicates a left-lateral strike-slip movement. This earthquake had a surface rupture of 17 km (11 mi) long with up to 7 m (23 ft) of left-lateral slip along
1997_Manyi_earthquake
Seismic fault in California
Fillmore, Santa Paula, Sulphur Springs, and Ojai. The last known surface rupture was less than 5,000 years ago. Recent research indicates that the San
San_Cayetano_Fault
July 4–5, 2019, earthquakes in California
sent geologists to Kern County soon after the foreshock to look for a surface rupture and collect data. Disneyland suspended ride operations for inspection
2019_Ridgecrest_earthquakes
Major intercontinental dextral strike-slip fault in North America
before branching southeast onto the Totschunda Fault. The resulting surface rupture was approximately 336 kilometers (209 miles) long, and it cut through
Denali_Fault
SURFACE RUPTURE
SURFACE RUPTURE
Boy/Male
Irish Gaelic
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American Welsh Scandinavian Scottish English
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American Biblical Hebrew
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American English
Surname.
Boy/Male
Scottish American English
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Surface of the Earth
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Surname or Lastname
Probably an Americanized spelling of the Swiss German surname Bunz (see Bunce).English
Probably an Americanized spelling of the Swiss German surname Bunz (see Bunce).English : possibly a variant of Bunt.
Boy/Male
Indian
Part of Sun
Boy/Male
Irish American Welsh
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish Gaelic
Surname.
Surname or Lastname
English (Cumbria and Durham)
English (Cumbria and Durham) : variant spelling of Furness.
SURFACE RUPTURE
SURFACE RUPTURE
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Wise and Brave
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Rama and Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Muslim
Proper name name of grand D
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Deer; Wolf
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Grain
Surname or Lastname
English
English : diminutive of Rudd.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Elworth (seeElLsworth).
Boy/Male
Tamil
Preetish | பà¯à®°à¯€à®¤à¯€à®·
God of Love, Lord of the world
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Blessed with Beauty
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Parvati; Almost Perfect
SURFACE RUPTURE
SURFACE RUPTURE
SURFACE RUPTURE
SURFACE RUPTURE
SURFACE RUPTURE
n.
A form of machine for dressing the surface of wood, metal, stone, etc.
v. t.
To give a surface to; especially, to cause to have a smooth or plain surface; to make smooth or plain.
v. t.
To name or call by an appellation added to the original name; to give a surname to.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Surface
n.
Alt. of Serfdom
v. t.
To work over the surface or soil of, as ground, in hunting for gold.
n.
That part of the side which is terminated by the flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion.
n.
Hence, outward or external appearance.
a.
Having the surface smooth and polished; -- said of leaves, the surfaces of shells, etc.
n.
A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies; as, a plane surface; a spherical surface.
a.
meeting a curve or surface at a point and having at that point the same direction as the curve or surface; -- said of a straight line, curve, or surface; as, a line tangent to a curve; a curve tangent to a surface; tangent surfaces.
n.
An instrument for gauging or testing a plane surface. See Surface gauge, under Surface.
n.
To throw out, or exhale, as from a furnace; also, to put into a furnace.
n.
Surface; body; substance.
n.
An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, as for reducing ores or melting metals, for warming a house, for baking pottery, etc.; as, an iron furnace; a hot-air furnace; a glass furnace; a boiler furnace, etc.
imp. & p. p.
of Surface
n.
The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; one of the limits that bound a solid, esp. the upper face; superficies; the outside; as, the surface of the earth; the surface of a diamond; the surface of the body.
n.
Surface; superficies; externality.