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Embryology concept
The somites (outdated term: primitive segments) are a set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in the embryonic stage of somitogenesis
Somite
Subphylum of arthropods
the ocular somite (referred as "acron" in previous literatures), which carries the eyes and labrum, with six post-ocular segments (somite 1 to 6), which
Chelicerata
Middle germ layer of embryonic development
for somite differentiation Notochord protein accumulates in presomitic mesoderm destined to form the next somite and then decreases as that somite is established
Mesoderm
Class of marine arthropods
into the so-called "all legs" or "no body" appearance. The body segments (somites) are generally interpreted as three main sections (tagma): cephalon (head
Sea_spider
Bony structure found in vertebrates
is established during embryogenesis when somites are rhythmically added to the posterior of the embryo. Somite formation begins around the third week when
Spinal_column
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
somite 1-2...: ∎ Somites of head tagma (head / cephalon / prosoma) ...7-10: ∎ Abdominal somites (further somites omitted) P: ∎ Protocerebral somite /
Arthropod
Formation of segments in the vertebrate embryo
Somitogenesis is the process by which somites form. Somites are bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form along the anterior-posterior
Somitogenesis
Entire structure of a decapod crustacean
the cephalothorax and the pleon (abdomen). Each segment – often called a somite – may possess one pair of appendages, although in various groups these may
Decapod_anatomy
Class of crustaceans
number of somites (16) is fixed. Although the trunk is not divided into tagmata, the somites are variable throughout the body: the first trunk somite, which
Remipedia
which somites, blocks of mesoderm that give rise to a variety of connective tissues, are formed. The model describes the splitting off of somites from
Clock_and_wavefront_model
Type of animal embryonic connective tissue
ectoderm and somite-forming morphogenic factors cause some primary mesenchyme to form neural mesenchyme, or paraxial mesoderm, and contribute to somite formation
Mesenchyme
Anatomical structure
simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites, blocks of tissue running along both sides of the neural tube, which form
Paraxial_mesoderm
Group of tissues
myoseptum). In vertebrate embryonic development, a myotome is the part of a somite that develops into muscle. The anatomical term myotome which describes the
Myotome
Type of area of skin
to the brain. The term is also used to refer to a part of an embryonic somite. Along the thorax and abdomen, the dermatomes are like a stack of discs
Dermatome_(anatomy)
Order of crustaceans
embryos are carried in paired or single sacs attached to first abdominal somite. Cyclopoids are distinguished from other copepods by having first antennae
Cyclopoida
Species of annelid
and thus only occupies somite [2] and part of somite [3]"[26]. Following the pharynx is the gizzard, and is located in somite 6. Leading from the gizzard
Microchaetus_rappi
Predatory order of arachnids
anterior seven somites (segments) of the opisthosoma are each covered by a hardened plate, the tergite, on the back surface. Underneath, somites 3 to 7 are
Scorpion
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
for a few days (specifically around 8 days post-somite formation and lasting until day 14 post-somite in mice). It functions during that time to commit
MYF5
Species of moth
tufts on each somite. First somite is black and grey, other somites are grey. There are paired dorsal and lateral black spots on each somite, from which
Trabala_vishnou
Important Biological tissue that allows movement
embryo's length into somites, corresponding to the segmentation of the body (most obviously seen in the vertebral column. Each somite has three divisions
Muscle
Feature of crustaceans
a characteristic feature of primitive crustaceans. Located on the anal somite (telson segment), the caudal ramus is a pair of appendage-like or spine-like
Caudal_ramus
Process by which animal embryos form and develop
marking the future somites in the presomitic mesoderm (unsegmented paraxial). The presomitic mesoderm gives rise to successive pairs of somites, identical in
Animal_embryonic_development
Subphylum of arthropods
exoskeleton, which must be moulted for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal tergum, ventral sternum and a lateral pleuron
Crustacean
South Korean neuroscientist and neuroimmunologist
author on a paper published in 2001 showing that the neural plate specifies somite size in the developing frog. Interestingly, Choi recalls a moment in her
Gloria_Choi
Medical condition
urinary systems involving MUllerian agenesis, Renal agenesis, Cervicothoracic Somite abnormalities. It affects only females. Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH)
MURCS_association
Pluripotent embryonic cell group giving rise to diverse cell lineages
binds the EphrinB transmembrane ligand expressed in the caudal half of each somite. When these two domains interact it causes receptor tyrosine phosphorylation
Neural_crest
Facial bones of a skull
teeth and adrenal medulla) or from the sclerotome, which derives from the somite block of the mesoderm. As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other
Facial_skeleton
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gastrocnemius muscle apex of heart Top expressed in yolk sac epiblast embryo somite embryo lip right kidney dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell
TOMM40
Model describing chick development
lacked detail and was not widely used, with most researchers relying on somite number or age to identify the stage of development. Hamburger and Hamilton
Hamburger–Hamilton_stages
Species of moth
each side subspiracularly. The 2nd somite bears four black processes, two subdorsally and two laterally. The 3rd somite bears 4 black processes, as in the
Bunaea_alcinoe
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
neural crest cell genital tubercle mandibular prominence secondary oocyte somite More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene
HELLS
Physiology of Spiders (order Araneae)
cephalothorax. This waist is actually the last segment (somite) of the cephalothorax (the pregenital somite). The abdomen is also known as the opisthosoma. On
Spider_anatomy
Shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa
appeared to have evolved entirely independently. The embryonic body segments (somites) of different arthropod taxa have diverged from a simple body plan with
Homology_(biology)
Protein-coding gene in humans
spermatocyte lip ventricular zone embryo esophagus morula muscle of thigh somite More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene
CSNK2B
Extinct order of basal arthropods
trunk. The head is composed of only one body segment known as the ocular somite, covered by sclerites (head carapace complex), bore arthropodized frontal
Radiodonta
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
role in embryonic development is to establish the anterior boundary of somites, which will eventually develop in vertebrae, ribs, and dermis. Lunatic
LFNG
Anatomical structure of the embryo
cranial flexure develops and the head moves ventrally. STAGE 10 In the 10 somite embryo, Carnegie No. 5074, the prechordal plate is continuous posteriorly
Prechordal_plate
Family of anomuran crustaceans
underside of the cephalothorax and is composed of six segments – called somites or pleonites – and a telson. In Hapalogastrinae, this abdomen is soft,
King_crab
Fluid-filled space between the lungs
mesoderm splits into two layers. The dorsal layer joins the overlying somites and ectoderm to form the somatopleure; and the ventral layer joins the
Pleural_cavity
Clade of arthropods
carapace (prosomal dorsal shield) with reduced genal spines, as well as somite VII (first opisthosomal segment) with reduced appendages and microtergite
Planaterga
Species of moth
round them, on somite 9 in the form of an oblique white bar. There is a yellow sub-basal mark found on 4th somite. Fifth and sixth somites have black ocelli
Eudocima_phalonia
Division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of segments
zebrafish use oscillating gene expression to define segments known as somites. Annelids such as the leech use smaller blast cells budded off from large
Segmentation_(biology)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
appendix granulocyte gonad Top expressed in ventricular zone primitive streak somite epiblast thymus abdominal wall fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell
RCC2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
epiblast spermatocyte embryo embryo ventricular zone yolk sac spermatid somite primitive streak fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell More reference
RCC1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Top expressed in neural layer of retina epiblast hand ventricular zone somite molar thymus abdominal wall tail of embryo endocardial cushion More reference
PCBP2
Marine arthropods that lived during the late Ordovician
tailshield (pygidium), and in between them three thoracic body segments (somites). The known species in this genus currently include Soomaspis splendida
Soomaspis
Protein-coding gene in humans
the Notch signalling pathway. HES7 is involved in the segmentation of somites from the presomitic mesoderm in vertebrates. The HES7 gene is self-regulated
HES7
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Noggin is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in promoting somite patterning in the developing embryo. It is released from the notochord and
Noggin_(protein)
American geneticist
of the department in January 2007. In 2023, Dr. Cliff Tabin co-founded Somite Therapeutics, a biotechnology company that integrates artificial intelligence
Clifford_Tabin
Organisational structure in early vertebrate embryogenesis
node and the anterior primitive streak, contribute to gut, notochord and somites. Gastrulation then continues along the ventroposterior blastopore lip and
Primitive_node
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
external carotid artery Ileal epithelium Paneth cell lactiferous gland condyle somite trigeminal ganglion fossa hair follicle More reference expression data BioGPS
SF3A2
Embryonic structure
the first somite pair as well; however, it occurs shortly after gastrulation. In both pigs and rabbits, the allantois arises at early somite stages. The
Allantois
develop from these somites. The sequential epithelialization of the mesodermal mesenchymal rods lead to the formation of somites and the vertebrae originate
Segmentation in the human nervous system
Segmentation_in_the_human_nervous_system
Protein-coding gene in humans
abdominal wall primitive streak vas deferens medial ganglionic eminence dermis somite migratory enteric neural crest cell Paneth cell mandibular prominence More
CCT4
Bone in the vertebral column
(Co1–Co5) make up the tailbone or coccyx. There are no intervertebral discs. Somites form in the early embryo and some of these develop into sclerotomes. The
Vertebra
Phase of embryonic development
embryo. The coelom of the body forms from a split of the mesoderm along the somite axis. Organogenesis in plants occurs continuously and only stops when the
Organogenesis
Extinct genus of synziphosurine
although somite 14 and all of the abdominal somites lack appendages. The first pre-abdominal somite has a large, flap-like exopod. The abdominal somites have
Setapedites
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
vagus nerve mucosa of pharynx Top expressed in ventricular zone epiblast somite membranous bone tail of embryo ganglionic eminence Dermatocranium mandible
RCOR2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
left ventricle fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell Ileal epithelium somite endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel primitive streak epiblast More reference
BYSL
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the lung, choroid plexus, reproductive tract, embryonic kidney and pre-somite embryo stage. The human FOXJ1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome
FOXJ1
Order of crustacean
eye lobe. The five posterior somites of the thorax form the pereon. The pleon (abdomen) consists of six cylindrical somites. The first antenna (antennule)
Cumacea
Form of jointed appendage of arthropods
undulating, or expelling water in jets. The embryonic body segments (somites) of different arthropods taxa have diverged from a simple body plan with
Arthropod_leg
Formation of muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development
propel the specification of muscle cells in the somite. For both the lateral and medial regions of the somite, paracrine factors induce myotome cells to produce
Myogenesis
Protein-coding gene in humans
tail of embryo mandibular prominence genital tubercle maxillary prominence somite yolk sac arcuate nucleus dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus More reference
CACYBP
Bone of the spine
four. The bodies of the first and second vertebrae may fail to unite. The somites that give rise to the vertebral column begin to develop from head to tail
Sacrum
Reappearance of a genetic trait once thought extinct
Press[page needed] Raynauad, A. (1977), Somites and early morphogenesis in reptile limbs. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis, Cambridge University
Atavism
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
endometrium Top expressed in seminiferous tubule primitive streak epiblast somite lens tail of embryo spermatid medullary collecting duct ventricular zone
IPO5
Taxonomical clade
orders) and fused, plate-like appendages on the first opisthosomal segment (somite VII). Lamsdell, James C. (2012-12-18). "Revised systematics of Palaeozoic
Dekatriata
Protein-coding gene in the species Mus musculus
tube maxillary prominence medial ganglionic eminence mandibular prominence somite abdominal wall ventricular zone primitive streak transitional epithelium
Marcksl1_(gene)
Layer of cells in mammalian embryos
length of the anterior-posterior (AP) axis from the first somites. It is not until the 4th-8th somite stage that markers with greater specificity to the intermediate
Intermediate_mesoderm
Set of blood vessels in embryonic development
embryonic dorsal aorta, with each artery providing blood supply to one somite and its derivatives. The cervical intersegmental arteries merge into the
Intersegmental_artery
Segmented body with a serial repetition of organs
perform special functions. In animals, metameric segments are referred to as somites or metameres. In plants, they are referred to as metamers or, more concretely
Metamerism_(biology)
Decapod crustaceans in the infraorder Anomura
up of six somites, each bearing a pair of pleopods, and terminating in a telson. The first somite is narrower than the succeeding somites, and the last
Squat_lobster
are a total of 37 somite pairs at the end of the fifth week of development, after the first occipital somite and 5-7 coccygeal somites disappear from the
Somitomere
Species of moth
pale green or brown with dorsal black dots. There is an eyespot on the 4th somite which is blue centered with yellow in the green form. An ochreous black
Hippotion_velox
Group of genes
regulation and development of many key structures in the body, such as somites, which form the vertebrae and ribs, the dermis of the dorsal skin, the
Hox_gene
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
tail of embryo genital tubercle mandibular prominence maxillary prominence somite endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel Gonadal ridge hair follicle primitive
EIF3CL
Species of moth
sub-lateral pale olivaceous band from fourth somite. Head and legs violet grey. Head small and anal somite conical. Pupa dark red. It is an international
Tiracola_plagiata
Species of moth
fifth and sixth somites have purple borders, whereas a lateral yellow line from seventh somite ends in a dilated brown band on the anal somite. Spiracles are
Antheraea_paphia
Congenital malformation of female reproductive organs
additional malformations. Type 2 includes MURCS (Müllerian renal cervical somite). The majority of Müllerian agenesis cases are characterized as sporadic
Müllerian_agenesis
Family of spiders
The prosoma and opisthosoma are connected by the pedicel, or pregenital somite. This waist-like connecting piece is actually part of the prosoma and gives
Tarantula
Ancient genus of early Arachnids
the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth somites, with the opposite happening on the second, third and fourth somites. Trigonotarbida Anthracomartidae Dunlop
Maiocercus
Species of moth
specks on the vertex of 1st, 2nd and 3rd somites. There are oblique white lateral stripes on 4th and 11th somites. Female, dorsal view Female, ventral view
Psilogramma_menephron
Species of insect
line. Spiracles white ringed with red and red centers. Tubercle on first somite and legs purple. Female larva much pale green. Larva known to feed on Cassia
Biston_suppressaria
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
mandibular prominence dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell somite ankle mesenteric lymph nodes More reference expression data BioGPS More
EEF2
Limbless, scaly, elongate reptile
vertebrae is due to an increase in somites during embryogenesis, leading to an increased number of vertebrae which develop. Somites are formed at the presomitic
Snake
Series of molecular signals
maintenance of somite borders. During somitogenesis, a molecular oscillator in paraxial mesoderm cells dictates the precise rate of somite formation. A
Notch_signaling_pathway
Embryologic stage in which germ layers form
Edward D., eds. (2006). "Human Ontogeny: Gastrulation, Neurulation, and Somite Formation". Atlas of anatomy: general anatomy and musculoskeletal system
Gastrulation
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
vagina development metanephric glomerulus development cell-cell signaling somite rostral/caudal axis specification anatomical structure morphogenesis gastrulation
LHX1
One of three major types of muscle
embryo's length to form somites, corresponding to the segmentation of the body most obviously seen in the vertebral column. Each somite has three divisions
Skeletal_muscle
Protein found in humans
pancreas Top expressed in secondary oocyte bone marrow yolk sac cumulus cell somite proximal tubule lip blood spermatocyte molar More reference expression data
ADP-specific_glucokinase
Extinct genus of chelicerate
appendages up to the seventh opisthosomal somite but mostly unpreserved. underneath its posterior somites there is a ventral pretelsonic process. It
Bunaia
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
primitive streak medullary collecting duct epiblast granulocyte renal corpuscle somite ventricular zone More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression
WDR5
Extinct order of arthropods
consisted of five to fourteen tergites, each having up to three somites. Each somite had in turn a pair of uniramous, segmented legs. The postabdomen
Euthycarcinoidea
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gland tail of embryo primitive streak genital tubercle ventricular zone somite muscle of thigh hair follicle submandibular gland internal carotid artery
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1
Eukaryotic_translation_initiation_factor_4_gamma_1
Mouthparts of arthropods
mandibles for chewing or to the maxillae for cutting into smaller pieces. The somite of the maxillipeds may be fused to the cephalon. In some animals, predominantly
Arthropod_mouthparts
Biological process in animal connective tissue
formation of many epithelial mesodermal organs, such as notochord as well as somites, through the reverse of EMT, i.e. mesenchymal–epithelial transition. Amphioxus
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Epithelial–mesenchymal_transition
Genus of crustaceans
are ornamented with various setae and spines. In Lightiella the eighth somite is much smaller than in related genera, as are the caudal rami. Jones, Meredith
Lightiella
carapace, which is formed by the fused tergites of the six appendage-bearing somites. The feeding apparatus is called the stomotheca. It is formed by extensions
Opiliones_anatomy
Species of shrimp
backside either sloping or transverse and concaving. The first five abdominal somites are smooth and unarmed at a posterolateral angle, lacking any transverse
Gonodactylaceus_falcatus
SOMITE
SOMITE
SOMITE
SOMITE
Boy/Male
Scottish
Raven.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Goddess Durga
Girl/Female
Tamil
Religious women, Courteous, Polite
Girl/Female
Indian
Well Wisher
Boy/Male
British, English, Indian
Sun
Girl/Female
Australian, Finnish
Form of Raili
Girl/Female
Arabic, English, Indonesian, Russian
Friend
Girl/Female
Tamil
Prattysha | பà¯à®°à®¤à¯à®¤à¯à®¯à®·à®¾
Morning
Boy/Male
Tamil
King of gems
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Rare; Unique
SOMITE
SOMITE
SOMITE
SOMITE
SOMITE
n.
In crustaceans: The part of the side of a somite external to the basal joint of each appendage.
n.
The hindermost dorsal piece of a thoracic somite of an insect; the plate behind the scutellum.
n.
One of the primitive masses, or segments, into which the mesoblast of the vertebrate embryo breaks up on either side of the anterior part of the notochord; a mesoblastic, or protovertebral, somite. See Illust. of Ectoderm.
n.
One of successive or homodynamous parts in animals and plants; one of a series of similar parts that follow one another in a vertebrate or articulate animal, as in an earthworm; a segment; a somite. See Illust. of Loeven's larva.
n.
The sternum of an arthropod somite.
n.
See Somite.
n.
One of lateral processes of a somite of a crustacean.
n.
One of the jointed antenniform appendages of the posterior somites of certain insects.
n.
The ventral part of any one of the somites of an arthropod.
n.
One of the somites (arthromeres) which make up the head of arthropods.
n.
One of the somites (arthromeres) that make up the thorax of Arthropods.
n.
The dorsal portion of an arthromere or somite of an articulate animal. See Illust. under Coleoptera.
n.
One of the actual or ideal serial segments of which an animal, esp. an articulate or vertebrate, is is composed; somatome; metamere.
n.
One of the lateral pieces of a somite of an insect.
n.
One of a series of flat, fringed, and usually bilobed, appendages, of which several pairs occur on the abdominal somites of many crustaceans. They are used as fins in swimming.
a.
An extensive division of Crustacea, having a dorsal shield or carapec/ //niting all, or nearly all, of the thoracic somites to the head. It includes the crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and similar species.
n.
The dorsal piece of a somite of an articulate animal.
n.
The middle region of the body of an insect, or that region which bears the legs and wings. It is composed of three united somites, each of which is composed of several distinct parts. See Illust. in Appendix. and Illust. of Coleoptera.
n.
One of the divisions, rings, or joints into which many animal bodies are divided; a somite; a metamere; a somatome.