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Sea interferometry, also known as sea-cliff interferometry, is a form of radio astronomy that uses radio waves reflected off the sea to produce an interference
Sea_interferometry
Rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy
Division of Radiophysics at the CSIRO, led by Joseph Lade Pawsey, used sea interferometry to discover some of the first interstellar and intergalactic radio
Galactic_Center
Rise in sea levels due to climate change
of Denman Glacier, East Antarctica, measured with COSMO-SkyMed radar interferometry data". Geophysical Research Letters. 47 (7) e2019GL086291. Bibcode:2020GeoRL
Sea_level_rise
Radio waves produced by the Sun
limited tracking of radio bursts. This also included the invention of sea interferometry, which was used to associate radio activity with sunspots. Routine
Solar_radio_emission
on spectral shearing interferometry. Spectral shearing interferometry is similar in concept to lateral shearing interferometry, except the shearing is
Spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction
Spectral_phase_interferometry_for_direct_electric-field_reconstruction
Form of radar used to create images of landscapes
and deforestation. Volcano and earthquake monitoring use differential interferometry. SAR can also be applied for monitoring civil infrastructure stability
Synthetic-aperture_radar
Australian scientist, radiophysicist and radio astronomer
To overcome the limitations of the available antennas, Pawsey used sea interferometry and began observations at Dover Heights which provided a better vantage
Joseph_L._Pawsey
Subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies
telescopes utilizing the techniques of radio interferometry and aperture synthesis. The use of interferometry allows radio astronomy to achieve high angular
Radio_astronomy
Downward vertical movement of the Earth's surface
induced by aquifer overexploitation using advanced Differential SAR interferometry: Vega Media of the Segura river (SE Spain) case study. Remote Sensing
Subsidence
Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania
"Earthquake fault of the 26 May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake observed by SAR interferometry". Earth, Planets and Space. 61 (7). Springer Nature Link: e29–e32. Bibcode:2009EP&S
Indonesia
American physicist (1852–1931)
often referred to as "Michelson Stellar Interferometry". This was to distinguish it from speckle interferometry, but should not be confused with the Michelson
Albert_A._Michelson
Classical statement of gravity as force
square terms in the law of gravity have been carried out by neutron interferometry. The problem of predicting the motion of n objects subject to gravity
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
Slade, M.A. (June 4, 1999). "Topography of the Lunar Poles from Radar Interferometry: A Survey of Cold Trap Locations" (PDF). Science. 284 (5420): 1658–1660
Moon
Topics referred to by the same term
absence of drugs The isoelectric line of an electrocardiogram Baseline (interferometry), the length of an astronomical interferometer The name Baseline may
Baseline
Star cluster in the constellation of Taurus
attributed to random error. More recent results using very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) (August 2014), and preliminary solutions using Gaia Data Release
Pleiades
Wolf–Rayet star in the constellation Dorado
times fainter than the cluster and can only be resolved using speckle interferometry. In 1960, a group of astronomers working at the Radcliffe Observatory
R136a1
Measurement of electromagnetic radiation for astronomy
Radio interferometry was pioneered in 1946, when Joseph Lade Pawsey, Ruby Payne-Scott and Lindsay McCready used a single antenna atop a sea cliff to
Astronomical_spectroscopy
Type of chemical bond in metals
conformational changes, have been measured using dual polarisation interferometry. Pure metals are insoluble in water or organic solvents, unless they
Metallic_bonding
Radio astronomy observatory in New Mexico, US
relocated to a number of prepared positions, allowing aperture synthesis interferometry with up to 351 independent baselines: in essence, the array acts as
Very_Large_Array
Comparison of a wide range of lengths
structure of the red supergiant VY CMa based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A
Orders_of_magnitude_(length)
Object that reflects an image
An atomic mirror reflects matter waves and can be used for atomic interferometry and atomic holography. The first mirrors used by humans were most likely
Mirror
Object detection system using radio waves
array was introduced on the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor. Phased-array interferometry or aperture synthesis techniques, using an array of separate dishes
Radar
Magnitude 8.0 earthquake in China
Daguangbao mega-landslide (China) using Sentinel-1 TOPS time series interferometry". Remote Sensing of Environment. 186: 501–513. Bibcode:2016RSEnv.186
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Astronomical observatory in Cheshire, England
wavelengths. Jodrell Bank has been involved with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) since the late 1960s; the Lovell telescope took part in the first
Jodrell_Bank_Observatory
Radio astronomy installation in Latvia
sensitive observations. The telescope will be used in Very-long-baseline interferometry. The restoration cost around €16 million overall, with the restoration
Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre
Ventspils_International_Radio_Astronomy_Centre
Brightest star in Earth's night sky
Bibcode:2005AAS...20720501H. Hanbury Brown, R.; Twiss, R. Q. (1958). "Interferometry of the Intensity Fluctuations in Light. IV. A Test of an Intensity Interferometer
Sirius
Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth
and for planet-wide geodetic surveys, methods of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) measuring distances to quasars, lunar laser ranging (LLR) measuring
Geodesy
Country in Southern Africa
precursor telescope at Kgale View, which is the African Very Long Base Line Interferometry Network (AVN). It sent students on astronomy scholarships. Botswana
Botswana
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
Hough, Jim; Rowan, Sheila (2000), "Gravitational Wave Detection by Interferometry (Ground and Space)", Living Reviews in Relativity, 3 (1): 3, Bibcode:2000LRR
General_relativity
Earth observation satellite
(160 mi) swath. IW is the main operational mode over land and accomplishes interferometry through burst synchronization. Data products are offered in single (HH
Sentinel-1
Glacier in Queen Mary Land, Antarctica
of Denman Glacier, East Antarctica, measured with COSMO-SkyMed radar interferometry data". Geophysical Research Letters. 47 (7) e2019GL086291. Bibcode:2020GeoRL
Denman_Glacier
Void between celestial bodies
Books, pp. 89–90, ISBN 978-1-4262-0321-3 Hariharan, P. (2003), Optical interferometry (2nd ed.), Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-311630-7 Harris, Philip Robert
Outer_space
Anti-particle to the electron
Como, Italy Website of the AEgIS: Antimatter Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy, CERN Synopsis: Tabletop Particle Accelerator ... new
Positron
NASA/CNES oceanography mission (2022–present)
than current satellites. It does this using synthetic aperture radar interferometry. Because it uses wide-swath altimetry technology, SWOT will almost completely
Surface Water and Ocean Topography
Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography
Geodetic reference system
Observations from Doppler, satellite laser ranging and very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) constituted significant new information. An outstanding new source
World_Geodetic_System
which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907. By the 1950s, interferometry had become the method of choice for precise measurements of length,
History_of_the_metre
Turkish-American engineer and academic
on spectral interferometry and minimum phase functions (2005) Doctoral advisor Gordon S. Kino Michel J. F. Digonnet Website research.seas.ucla.edu/ozcan/
Aydogan_Ozcan
Gyroscope that uses fiber optics
other beam. The resulting differential phase shift is measured through interferometry, thus translating one component of the angular velocity into a shift
Fibre-optic_gyroscope
Device that emits light via optical amplification
applications for a laser, such as optical telecommunications, spectrometry, interferometry, radar, and nuclear fusion. He continued developing the idea and filed
Laser
Ice cap located on Nordaustlandet in the Svalbard archipelago in Norway
A. A new DEM of the Austfonna ice cap by combining differential SAR interferometry with ICESat laser altimetry. Polar Res 31, 18460, https://doi.org/10
Austfonna
Optical setup to obtain interference pattern by reflection
Bibcode:1949Natur.164..101B. doi:10.1038/164101b0. S2CID 4073162. Edwards, Philip. "Interferometry" (PDF). National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). Archived
Lloyd's_mirror
Use of radio-frequency electromagnetic waves to determine position on the Earth's surface
beacons, especially Angular directions, e.g. by bearing, radio phases or interferometry, Distances, e.g. ranging by measurement of time of flight between one
Radio_navigation
International prime meridian used for GPS and other systems
ranging (LLR) stations, and the highly accurate very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations. All stations' coordinates are reduced to a reference
IERS_Reference_Meridian
Generic name for a relatively persistent vibration of the ground
subsurface structure at many scales, often using the methods of seismic interferometry; Environmental monitoring, such as in fluvial seismology; and estimating
Seismic_noise
Additive primary color visible between cyan and yellow
including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons, and bird
Green
Town in Svalbard, Norway
NOK 90 million (roughly €9.2 million) to install. The very-long-baseline interferometry station at Hamnerabben is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation in
Ny-Ålesund
Brightest star in the constellation Auriga
263A. doi:10.1086/142551. Tubbs, Bob (April 1997). "Modern Optical Interferometry". Archived from the original on 2017-04-20. Retrieved 19 April 2017
Capella
(14 February 2016). "Radii, masses, and ages of 18 bright stars using interferometry and new estimations of exoplanetary parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics
List of proper names of exoplanets
List_of_proper_names_of_exoplanets
Line of longitude, at which longitude is defined to be 0°
lunar laser ranging, satellite laser ranging, and very-long-baseline interferometry. The new techniques resulted in the IERS Reference Meridian, the plane
Prime_meridian
Antarctic glacier
criticized it as alarmist and inaccurate. In 2001, an analysis of radar interferometry data from the Earth Remote Sensing Satellites 1 and 2 by Eric Rignot
Thwaites_Glacier
Measurement of the Earth using satellites
6. ISBN 978-8393889808. Massonnet, D.; Feigl, K. L. (1998), "Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the earth's surface", Rev. Geophys
Satellite_geodesy
System 1967 – First Astronomical Observations Using Very Long Baseline Interferometry 1968 – CERN Experimental Instrumentation 1968 – Liquid-crystal display
List_of_IEEE_Milestones
Topics referred to by the same term
electrical signals are of sufficient quality Sine integral, Si(x) Spectral interferometry, attosecond physics technique Systems integrator, in engineering Si
Si
Type of phased-array radar
triangulation to provide instantaneous determinations, unless phase interferometry is used. Target motion analysis can estimate these quantities by incorporating
Active electronically scanned array
Active_electronically_scanned_array
Brightest star in the constellation of Carina
of 6.86 mas, close to the accepted modern value. Very-long-baseline interferometry has been used to calculate Canopus's angular diameter at 6.9 mas. Combined
Canopus
Concept from geodesy
determined using geodetic observations, such as by very-long-baseline interferometry and lunar laser ranging, whereas LOD can be derived from satellite observations
Earth_orientation_parameters
ESA Earth observation satellite (2002–2012)
arboriculture, natural hazards, digital elevation modelling (using interferometry), monitoring of maritime traffic, atmospheric dispersion modelling (pollution)
Envisat
Volcano on Ross Island, Antarctica
imaged by high-resolution active-source seismic tomography and coda interferometry". Journal of Geophysical Research. 118 (3): 1067–1078. Bibcode:2013JGRB
Mount_Erebus
Geopotential descriptions used by the US DoD
available Doppler, satellite laser ranging, and very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations, and a new least squares method called collocation
Earth_Gravitational_Model
American scientist
a combination of satellite remote sensing (synthetic-aperture radar interferometry), airborne remote sensing (depth sounding radar, gravity), understanding
Eric_Rignot
Private university in Coral Gables, Florida, US
Facility, which already had buildings and a 20M antenna used for long interferometry. The University of Miami's Rosenstiel School's Center for Southeastern
University_of_Miami
Star in the constellation Eridanus
Terrestrial Planet Finder, it was a target star for NASA's proposed Space Interferometry Mission to search for Earth-sized planets. The proximity, Sun-like properties
Epsilon_Eridani
Japan's national air and space agency
1990s. Another successful area for Japan has been Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) with the HALCA mission. Additional success was achieved with
JAXA
Vast body of ice in Greenland, Northern Hemisphere
"Contribution to the glaciology of northern Greenland from satellite radar interferometry". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 106 (D24): 34007–34019
Greenland_ice_sheet
Japanese archipelago in the North Pacific Ocean
located in Chichijima, one of the stations of the very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) project. It is operated
Bonin_Islands
Observatory
situated on a hilly six hectares of land and is 1,310 m (4,300 ft) above mean sea level plateau. The IAU observatory code for Bosscha is 299. During the first
Bosscha_Observatory
Chemical element with atomic number 62 (Sm)
high-resolution microscopy of biological specimens, deflectometry, interferometry, and radiography of dense plasmas related to confinement fusion and
Samarium
Subdiscipline of measurement and signature intelligence
techniques address many of the limiting factors associated with SAR interferometry, such as atmospheric induced distortions. UHF and VHF SAR have begun
Radar_MASINT
Phantom island in the Arctic Ocean
in ice, this caused its true size to remain hidden until satellite interferometry and airborne laser scanning was used to map the area. This area was
Fata_Morgana_Land
Volcano on eastern Umnak Island in the central-eastern Aleutian Islands of Alaska
Jeffrey T.; Meyer, David J. (10 May 2000). "Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: Radar observations". Journal of Geophysical
Mount_Okmok
Science of measuring the Earth
satellites (in satellite geodesy) but also quasars (in very-long-baseline interferometry, VLBI), visible stars (in stellar triangulation), and the retroreflectors
Space_geodesy
Natural hazard involving ground movement
investigation of landslides by space-borne synthetic aperture radar interferometry". Geo-Spatial Information Science. 27 (3): 602–623. Bibcode:2024GSIS
Landslide
Stellar system in the constellation Carina
Weigelt, G.; Ebersberger, J. (1986). "Eta Carinae resolved by speckle interferometry". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 163: L5. Bibcode:1986A&A...163L...5W.
Eta_Carinae
First spacecraft to land on Titan
Huygens' 10-watt transmission using the technique of very long baseline interferometry and aperture synthesis mode. At 11:25 CET on 14 January, the Robert
Huygens_(spacecraft)
Physics of the Earth and its vicinity
positions of two or more points can be determined using very-long-baseline interferometry. Gravity measurements became part of geodesy because they were needed
Geophysics
Stratovolcano in Iceland
(2019). "Imaging Torfajökull's magmatic plumbing system with seismic interferometry and phase velocity surface wave tomography". Journal of Geophysical
Bárðarbunga
Fictional starship in Star Trek with registry number NCC-1701
University of Queensland's X2 Super-Orbital Expansion Tube using holographic interferometry Redd, Nola Taylor (July 3, 2012). "Could We Build 'Star Trek's' Starship
USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)
intended to build from four to six comparatively small telescopes for interferometry, was to surround the Keck telescopes. It was cancelled in 2006, after
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories
Opposition_to_the_Mauna_Kea_Observatories
Glacier in the Karakoram range in the Himalayas
April 2012. Rao, Y. S. (3 November 2011). "Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry for Glacier Movement Studies". In Vijay P. Singh (ed.). Encyclopedia
Siachen_Glacier
Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
UWSP.edu, Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms "BGU.ac.il" (PDF)., SAR interferometry (analysis of valley forms in Fig.2 and 6) Valleys.com, Valleys of the
Valley
British glaciologist
flow evolution throughout a glacier surge measured by satellite radar interferometry, Geophysical Research Letters, 29(23), 2095, 10.1029/2001GL014570, 2002
Tavi_Murray
Proposed spacecraft lander design
measurement of Doppler shift, Sun height measurement, and Very Long Baseline Interferometry. The chance to discover a form of life with a different biochemistry
Titan_Mare_Explorer
Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere
Motion Measurement of the Red Supergiant, Pz Cas, in Very Long Baseline Interferometry H2O Maser Astrometry". The Astrophysical Journal. 774 (2): 107. arXiv:1308
Cassiopeia_(constellation)
Device that measures magnetism
by measuring the piezoelectricity of the cantilever, or by optical interferometry off the surface of the cantilever. Faraday force magnetometry uses the
Magnetometer
Mountain in Ecuador
"Deformation of Cerro Azul Volcano, Isabela Island, Galapagos With Radar Interferometry (Abstract)". Eos Trans. Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract G53A-0871. 87 (52)
Cerro_Azul_(Ecuador_volcano)
Measurement of the direction from which a received signal was transmitted
beacon Geolocation Indoor positioning system MUSIC (algorithm) Phase interferometry Position fixing Radio determination Radio fix Radio location Real-time
Direction_finding
Italian tsunami
(28 May 2015). "Monitoring deformations through Ground-Based radar interferometry". ISSUU. Retrieved 30 November 2019. Vesuviano, Osservatorio. "Monitoraggio
2002_Stromboli_tsunami
Earthquake in Northwestern Albania
November 26, 2019 Albania earthquake estimated from Sentinel-1 TOPS interferometry". Tectonophysics. 807 228814. Bibcode:2021Tectp.80728814P. doi:10.1016/j
2019_Albania_earthquake
Segment of Antarctic ice sheet
Erik (13 January 2008). "Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling". Nature Geoscience. 1 (2): 106–110.
West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet
Large flooded coastal volcanic caldera in Japan
the Aira Caldera (Japan) detected over Kokubu urban area using SAR interferometry ERS data". eEarth Discussions. 2 (1): 18–24. Bibcode:2007eEart...2.
Aira_Caldera
Large ice stream, fastest melting glacier in Antarctica
Van Meijgaard, E. (2008). "Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling". Nature Geoscience. 1 (2): 106–110.
Pine_Island_Glacier
Glacier in Greenland
Glaciology 45 (150):231-241 · June 1999 A Mini-Surge on the Ryder Glacier, Greenland, Observed by Satellite Radar Interferometry Arctic Sea Ice Forum v t e
Ryder_Glacier_(Greenland)
Optical telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory in southern Russia
the infrared, speckle interferometry can be used for observations in visible and near UV bands. In addition, speckle interferometry is realizable under
BTA-6
Overview of the events of 2020 in science
few-body physics, support the development of techniques for atom-wave interferometry and atom lasers and has verified the successful operation of the laboratory
April–June_2020_in_science
1994 American crewed spaceflight
first Space Radar Laboratory mission to support a new experiment called interferometry. The trim burns adjust the orbit to within 10 metres (33 ft) of where
STS-68
Presence of water on the Moon
1029/jz066i009p03033. Margot, J. L. (1999). "Topography of the Lunar Poles from Radar Interferometry: A Survey of Cold Trap Locations". Science. 284 (5420): 1658–1660. Bibcode:1999Sci
Lunar_water
Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation Interference (wave propagation) Interferometry Internal wave Inverse scattering transform Ion acoustic wave Irradiance
Index_of_wave_articles
Liquid water naturally occurring outside Earth
the planet forming regions or the habitable zone. Techniques such as interferometry can be used for this.[citation needed] In 2007, such a disk was found
Extraterrestrial_liquid_water
assessment of 2017 catastrophic Xinmo landslide (China) by spaceborne SAR interferometry". Landslides. 16 (6): 1189–1199. Bibcode:2019Lands..16.1189D. doi:10
List_of_landslides
Joint American-German space mission to map Earth's gravitational field
inter-satellite ranging precision. In addition, GRACE-FO employs laser-ranging interferometry (LRI) as a technological experiment in preparation for future satellites
GRACE_and_GRACE-FO
SEA INTERFEROMETRY
SEA INTERFEROMETRY
Female
English
 Old English name LEA means "meadow." Compare with another form of Lea.
Female
Hebrew
 Variant spelling of Hebrew Leah, LEA means "weary." Compare with another form of Lea.
Male
English
(סֶלַע) Anglicized form of Hebrew Cela, SELA means "a rock." In the Old Testament bible, this is the name of the capital city of Edom, possibly an early name for Petra. In use as a unisex name.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Sea; See
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English pē ‘peacock’ (see Peacock).
Boy/Male
Egyptian Hebrew Swedish
Son of Seb and Nut.
Female
German
 Feminine form of German Aloïs, ALOÃSIA means "famous warrior."
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : topographic name for someone who lived by the sea-shore or beside a lake, from Middle English see ‘sea’, ‘lake’ (Old English sǣ), Middle High German sē. Alternatively, the English name may denote someone who lived by a watercourse, from an Old English sēoh ‘watercourse’, ‘drain’.
Female
Egyptian
, the daughter of lady Tarot-en-pasht.
Male
Swedish
Pet form of Swedish Gustaf, GÖSTA means "meditation staff."
Female
Hungarian
Hungarian feminine form of Latin Timæus, TÃMEA means "honor."
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic form of French Jean (English John), SEÃN means "God is gracious."
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Greek Esaias, ESA means "God is salvation."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of See.
Girl/Female
Latin
From Aea.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Seán, SEAN means "God is gracious."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Rich or from hadria, Gem, Goddess Lakshmi, Graceful, Singer
Female
English
Short form of English Beatrix, BEA means "voyager (through life)."Â
Male
English
Irish surname transferred to unisex forename use, from an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Séaghdha ("descendant of Séaghdha"), possibly SHEA means "hawk-like."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps a variant of Sait, from the Old English personal name Sǣgēat (‘sea Geat’).
SEA INTERFEROMETRY
SEA INTERFEROMETRY
Girl/Female
Indian
Boy/Male
Indian
Mighty victorious' href='Boy-Names-for-Meaning-victorious.aspx'>victorious, Might victor
Boy/Male
Christian, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian
May He Expand; Enlargement; May He Grant Ample Room; Japheth was the Eldest Son of Noah in the Old Testament; Soul; Life Force
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in a narrow valley, Middle English combe or habitational name from a place named with this word (see Coombe).Irish : reduced form of McCombe (see McComb).French : topographic name from Gaulish cumba ‘(narrow) valley’, ‘combe’. Compare Lacombe.
Girl/Female
Christian, Indian
God; Jesus
Female
Norse
Old Norse name composed of the elements guð "God" and run "rune, secret lore," hence "divine rune." In mythology, this is the name of the wife of Sigurðr.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Sculpture
Boy/Male
Indian
Insight, Wisdom
Boy/Male
Hindu
Delightful
Girl/Female
Greek
New moon.
SEA INTERFEROMETRY
SEA INTERFEROMETRY
SEA INTERFEROMETRY
SEA INTERFEROMETRY
SEA INTERFEROMETRY
adv.
On the sea; at sea; toward the sea.
n.
An inland body of water, esp. if large or if salt or brackish; as, the Caspian Sea; the Sea of Aral; sometimes, a small fresh-water lake; as, the Sea of Galilee.
a.
Born of the sea; produced by the sea.
a.
Bordering on the sea; situated beside the sea.
n.
Fig.: Anything resembling the sea in vastness; as, a sea of glory.
n.
One of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's surface; a body of salt water of second rank, generally forming part of, or connecting with, an ocean or a larger sea; as, the Mediterranean Sea; the Sea of Marmora; the North Sea; the Carribean Sea.