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signals from retinal waves drive the activity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the primary visual cortex. The waves are thought to
Retinal_waves
Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
alpha waves (common in the awake state) to theta waves, whereas stage N3 (deep or slow-wave sleep) is characterized by the presence of delta waves. The
Neural_oscillation
Physical model of propagating energy
applications. The energy in electromagnetic waves is sometimes called radiant energy. The electromagnetic waves' energy does not need a propagating medium
Electromagnetic_radiation
Medical condition of the eye
Retinal detachment is a condition where the retina pulls away from the tissue underneath it. It may start in a small area, but without quick treatment
Retinal_detachment
through Hebbian learning triggered by spontaneous activity coming from retinal waves in the eyes of the developing fetus, or from the LGN. Another possibility
Ocular_dominance_column
Processes which grow and shape an organism's nervous tissue over its lifetime(s)
the immature retina, waves of spontaneous action potentials arise from the retinal ganglion cells and sweep across the retinal surface in the first few
Development of the nervous system
Development_of_the_nervous_system
Organ central to the nervous system
to generate waves of activity that originate spontaneously at a random point and then propagate slowly across the retinal layer. These waves are useful
Brain
Type of cell within the eye
A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is a type of neuron located near the inner surface (the ganglion cell layer) of the retina of the eye. It receives visual
Retinal_ganglion_cell
Conceptual theory of cerebral cortex development
PMID 19759535. Ackman, JB; Burbridge, TJ; Crair, MC (11 October 2012). "Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system"
Radial_unit_hypothesis
Neural connection changes in childhood
networks has primarily been through retinal wave detection using Ca2+ fluorescent indicators. Prior to birth, retinal waves are seen to originate as clusters
Developmental_plasticity
American neuroscientist
cholinergic synaptic transmission in the propagation of spontaneous retinal waves". Science. 272 (5265): 1182–7. Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1182F. doi:10.1126/science
Carla_J._Shatz
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
a transverse wave theory of light with no longitudinal vibration. The weakness of the wave theory was that light waves, like sound waves, would need a
Light
Refractive property of materials
study of birefringence in shear waves traveling through the solid Earth (the Earth's liquid core does not support shear waves) is widely used in seismology
Birefringence
fibrillation, Dictyostelium cAMP waves, retinal spreading depression, Xenopus oocyte calcium waves, and glial calcium waves in cortical tissue culture. Winfree
Spiral_wave
Elementary particle or quantum of light
explained by quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality, their behavior featuring properties of both waves and particles. The modern photon concept
Photon
Neurobiological terminology
maturation and are especially distinct in the retina, in the form of retinal waves. In the olfactory system, responsible for sense of smell, according
Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations
Subthreshold_membrane_potential_oscillations
Professor of Biological Sciences
generate retinal waves, and the role that these waves play in retinal development. She has monitored the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion
Marla_Feller
Embryo cerebral cortex mapping
S2CID 20047258. Ackman, JB; Burbridge, TJ; Crair, MC (11 October 2012). "Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system"
Protomap_(neuroscience)
Medical intervention
types in the retina, including the photoreceptors (rods and cones), inner retinal cells (bipolar and amacrine cells), and the ganglion cells. Electrodes
Electroretinography
American neuroscientist 1944-2017
17, 2026 Marla B. Feller University of California, Berkeley Riding Retinal Waves Through the Developing Visual System October 27, 2026 J. Anthony Movshon
John_E._Lisman
Less harmful range of electromagnetic energy
particles or waves, and not on their number. An intense flood of particles or waves will not cause ionization if these particles or waves do not carry
Non-ionizing_radiation
1126/science.1080694. PMC 2647844. PMID 12738869. Chalupa, L. M. (2009). "Retinal waves are unlikely to instruct the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate
Leo_M._Chalupa
Surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa
for the treatment of giant retinal tears, tractional retinal detachments, and posterior vitreous detachments. Pan retinal photocoagulation is a type of
Eye_surgery
Field of developmental neuroscience
S2CID 17225116. Ackman, JB; Burbridge, TJ; Crair, MC (11 October 2012). "Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system"
Cortical_patterning
Romanian academic
PMID 16327778. Hanganu, I. L.; Ben-Ari, Y.; Khazipov, R. (21 June 2006). "Retinal Waves Trigger Spindle Bursts in the Neonatal Rat Visual Cortex". Journal of
Ileana_Hanganu-Opatz
Medical diagnostic method
vessel-resolved time series that are related to blood-flow dynamics in retinal and choroidal vasculature. LDH has been reported to measure blood-flow–related
Laser_Doppler_imaging
Dog breed
of the dog. Cataracts and progressive retinal atrophy are two eye diseases found in PWDs. Progressive retinal atrophy, which causes "night blindness"
Portuguese_Water_Dog
American physician-scientist
regenerative ophthalmology, known for his research in stem cell treatments for retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Klassen received a BA in
Henry_John_Klassen
Process by which light activates retinal cells
by a retinal chromophore (each bound to an opsin), which initiates a signal cascade through several intermediate cells, then through the retinal ganglion
Visual_phototransduction
Perceiving objects as abnormally small
of the cornea or from changes in the shape of the retina such as from retinal edema, macular degeneration, or central serous retinopathy), by changes
Micropsia
the vision. Professional advice should be sought in cases of doubt, as retinal detachment, a serious condition, also can cause flashes in the eye. They
Moore's_lightning_streaks
1998 film by Terry Gilliam
that made fun of the fact that he had only one eye (he lost the other to retinal cancer). According to Pecorini, the look of the film was influenced by
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)
Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_(film)
Clarity of vision
eye, the retinal image will be in focus in front of the retina and out of focus on the retina, yielding myopia. A similar poorly focused retinal image happens
Visual_acuity
Form of electromagnetic radiation
Other potential explanations for the glow include direct excitation of retinal cells by X-rays, similar to some instances of light flashes seen during
X-ray
Delimited medium where some stimuli can evoke neuronal responses
the retina where the action of light alters the firing of the neuron. In retinal ganglion cells (see below), this area of the retina would encompass all
Receptive_field
Physicist
evanescent waves ("Direct visualization of evanescent optical waves") and imaging of retinal cone mosaic ("Directional imaging of the retinal cone mosaic")
Brian_Vohnsen
Eye disease involving splitting of the retina
important since retinal detachment almost always requires treatment while retinoschisis never itself requires treatment and leads to retinal detachment (and
Retinoschisis
Medical condition
Fink M, Sahel JA, Atlan M (October 2019). "Waveform analysis of human retinal and choroidal blood flow with laser Doppler holography". Biomedical Optics
Premature_heart_beat
Optical phenomenon
Blake, Randolph; Lee, Sang-Hun (30 August 2001). "Dynamics of travelling waves in visual perception". Nature. 412 (6850): 907–910. Bibcode:2001Natur.412
Binocular_rivalry
Clouding of the lens inside the eye, causing poor vision
unsatisfactory vision. Serious complications of cataract surgery include retinal detachment and endophthalmitis. In both cases, patients notice a sudden
Cataract
Belgian and French breed of dog
problems can be issues. Additionally, they can be at risk for progressive retinal atrophy, intervertebral disk disease, and allergies. Wikimedia Commons
Continental_Toy_Spaniel
Blue-light toxicity
of proven negative biological effects, namely on circadian rhythm and retinal health (blue-light hazard), which can lead to age-related macular degeneration
Biological effects of high-energy visible light
Biological_effects_of_high-energy_visible_light
Phase of sleep characterized by random and rapid eye movements
beginning with electrical bursts called "ponto-geniculo-occipital waves" (PGO waves) originating in the brain stem. REM sleep occurs 4 times in a 7-hour
Rapid_eye_movement_sleep
Medical condition affting the eyes
associated with retinal degeneration, when autoimmune antibodies recognize retinal proteins as antigens and target them, leading to retinal degeneration
Autoimmune_retinopathy
Chemical compound
protective effects in neurodegenerative diseases and the eye, particularly for retinal degenerative disorders. Studies have shown that tauroursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodoxicoltaurine
Medical condition
ocular involvement manifesting as visual field defects, vision loss, or retinal hemorrhage. Some individuals with Takayasu's arteritis may present with
Takayasu's_arteritis
Maintaining one's gaze on a single location
virtually all visual input occurs. In the absence of retinal jitter, a laboratory condition known as retinal stabilization, perceptions tend to rapidly pass
Fixation_(visual)
Human ability to detect surroundings using sounds
are akin in that each entails detection of reflected waves of energy. Vision processes light waves that travel from their source, bounce off surfaces throughout
Human_echolocation
Sleep in which half the brain remains alert
this alone is not enough as blindness would theoretically prevent USWS if retinal nerve stimuli were the sole player. However, USWS is still exhibited in
Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep
hurricane. Acting on the human body, the shock waves cause pressure waves through the tissues. These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of different
Effects_of_nuclear_explosions
Part of the brain at the back of the head
spatial map of the retinal field. Functional neuroimaging reveals similar patterns of response in cortical tissue of the lobes when the retinal fields are exposed
Occipital_lobe
Sensory organ of vision
retina and macula from oxidative damage from high-energy light waves. As the light waves enter the eye, they excite electrons that can cause harm to the
Human_eye
Ability to see in low light conditions
vision cells, rhodopsin in night vision cells, and retinal (a small photoreceptor molecule). Retinal undergoes an irreversible change in shape when it
Night_vision
Canadian musician (born 1972)
Townsend performed a one-off show covering his musical career called The Retinal Circus at Roundhouse in London. The 3-hour performance was recorded in
Devin_Townsend
Electrophysiological method to record electrical activity of the brain
EEG can detect abnormal electrical discharges such as sharp waves, spikes, or spike-and-wave complexes, as observable in people with epilepsy; thus, it
Electroencephalography
Medical diagnostic method
using NI, long-term recording of ICP waves patterns, Like Lundsbergs ICP waves. (2) Quantitative measurement OF ICP WAVES with special ICP formulation in mm
Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure
Non-invasive_measurement_of_intracranial_pressure
Breed of domestic cat
Abyssinian has had severe problems with blindness caused by a hereditary retinal degeneration due to mutations in the rdAc gene. However, the prevalence
Abyssinian_cat
Chemical compound
tear is repaired. The gas provides a long-term tamponade, or plug, of a retinal hole or tear and allows re-attachment of the retina to occur over the several
Octafluoropropane
Interpretation of sensory information
in turn, can activate a retinal ganglion neuron cell. A retinal ganglion cell is a bridging neuron that connects visual retinal input to the visual processing
Perception
Medical condition
diffuse or patchy, silver-gray or golden-yellow metallic sheen and the retinal vessels stand out in relief against the background.[citation needed] A
Oguchi_disease
Vision proteins
(regardless of whether retinal is bound). Opsins are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and must bind retinal — typically 11-cis-retinal — in order to be
Vertebrate_visual_opsin
British breed of toy dog spaniel
dystrophy, distichiasis, entropion, microphthalmia, progressive retinal atrophy, and retinal dysplasia. Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM), also known
Cavalier_King_Charles_Spaniel
Removal of opacified lens from the eye
be needed during the surgery. People with retinal detachment may be scheduled for a combined vitreo-retinal procedure, along with IOL implantation. People
Cataract_surgery
Imaging technique
potential to use interferometry for imaging was proposed, and measurement of retinal elevation profile and thickness had been demonstrated. The initial commercial
Optical_coherence_tomography
Recording to reproduce a three-dimensional light field
regular intervals. A light wave that is incident on a grating is split into several waves; the direction of these diffracted waves is determined by the grating
Holography
Expulsion of feces from the digestive tract
with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly. Waves of muscular contraction (known as peristalsis) in the walls of the colon
Defecation
for the development of the brain, components of the nervous system and retinal accretion. It was found in a study by Pawlosky et al. (1997), when pregnant
Cat_cognitive_support_diets
Dog breed
rheumatic disease and steroid-responsive meningitis–arthritis. Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) affects about 7% of Tollers with an estimated 40% being carriers
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
Nova_Scotia_Duck_Tolling_Retriever
Temporary blindness after a flash
dazzlers. Flash blindness is caused by bleaching (oversaturation) of the retinal pigment. As the pigment returns to normal, so too does sight. In daylight
Flash_blindness
Using polarized light to create a 3D image
shown in the figure, the analyzing filters are constructed of a quarter-wave plate (QWP) and a linearly polarized filter (LPF). The QWP always transforms
Polarized_3D_system
Visible effect of polarised light
diagnostic method that utilises birefringent properties of the retinal tissue is retinal birefringence scanning, that can be used in case of severe amblyopia
Haidinger's_brush
Star at the centre of the Solar System
first is wave heating, in which sound, gravitational or magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone. These waves travel
Sun
Ability to perceive differences in light frequency
vision comes into play and both rods and cones provide signals to the retinal ganglion cells. The shift in color perception from dim light to daylight
Color_vision
Type of evoked potential
vasculature promote the presence of re-entrance waves, such as spirals and reverberating waves. The expansion of the wave then is less predictable and it is affected
Cortical_spreading_depression
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
a type of photopigment belonging to a larger family of light-sensitive retinal proteins called opsins and encoded by the gene Opn4. In the mammalian retina
Melanopsin
of vibrations by forces of double frequency, and on the propagation of waves through a medium endowed with a periodic structure. Phil. Mag. Series 5
Animal_reflectors
Cross-bred dog breed
screened for prior to any dog's use in a breeding program. Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a set of genetic eye diseases that frequently occur in
Australian_Cobberdog
Theory regarding color vision in humans
gene). These mammals still show two kinds of opponent channels in their retinal ganglion cells: the achromatic channel and the blue-yellow opponency channel
Opponent_process
Concept in the psychophysics of vision
reduction in BSR [binocular summation ratio] with temporal frequency and retinal eccentricity may arise from the well-established drop in monocular flicker
Flicker_fusion_threshold
Birds from the order Strigiformes
large-sized retinal image. Thus, the primary nocturnal function in the vision of the owl is due to its large posterior nodal distance; retinal image brightness
Owl
Small domesticated carnivorous mammal
Zrenner, E. (1993). "The spectral sensitivity of dark- and light-adapted cat retinal ganglion cells". Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (4): 1543–1550. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI
Cat
Family of demersal cephalopod
"Development of the Eye in Vertebrates and Cephalopods and Its Implications for Retinal Structure". The Cephalopod Eye. Davidson College Biology Department. Archived
Cuttlefish
Medical condition
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a rare non-progressive retinal disorder. People with CSNB often have difficulty adapting to low light
Congenital stationary night blindness
Congenital_stationary_night_blindness
heart with it. On camera, their eyes give off a glow referred to as a retinal flare which helps to identify them. Unlike many monsters, shapeshifters
List of Supernatural and The Winchesters characters
List_of_Supernatural_and_The_Winchesters_characters
Visible difference in brightness or color
the retinal photoreceptor cells: a finer matrix can resolve finer gratings. The low frequency drop-off is due to lateral inhibition within the retinal ganglion
Contrast_(vision)
Nerve cell that converts environmental stimuli into corresponding internal stimuli
cell, and the ganglion cell. The first action potential occurs in the retinal ganglion cell. This pathway is the most direct way for transmitting visual
Sensory_neuron
Color that cannot be perceived under ordinary viewing conditions
produced by isolating M cone responses Non-visible electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, etc. Shades of Grey – 2009 novel by Jasper
Impossible_color
Medical condition
intensely painful jaw spasms which may result in the breaking of a tooth. A wave of exhaustion may follow an episode. The abrupt termination of the psychiatric
Oculogyric_crisis
Reflexive movement of eyes in the direction of motion to reduce motion blur
begins in the retina with a specialized class of retinal ganglion cell known as ON direction selective retinal ganglion cells (oDSGCs). These cells respond
Optokinetic_response
Dog breed
heart defects, and eye problems (particularly cataract and progressive retinal atrophy). A growing problem among arctic dog breeds, including the Alaskan
Alaskan_Malamute
Breed of cat
individuals and their offspring from the breeding pool. Early onset progressive retinal atrophy is a degenerative eye disease, with an autosomal recessive mode
Persian_cat
Medical condition involving the eye
more of the irregular surface of the cornea.[citation needed] Significant retinal layer thickness reduction is observed in keratoconus, especially in younger
Keratoconus
Anti-recoil gunbarrel attachment
Furthermore, the redirected blast may direct pressure waves toward the eye, potentially leading to retinal detachment when repeated shooting is performed with
Muzzle_brake
Artificial intelligence model paradigm
particular, Veo 3). In Ophthalmology, foundation models have been applied to retinal imaging including volumetric optical coherence tomography TechCrunch noted
Foundation_model
Protocols for safe use, design and implementation of laser technology
on the retina. A transient increase of only +10°C (+18°F) can destroy retinal photoreceptor cells. If the laser is sufficiently powerful, permanent damage
Laser_safety
Topics referred to by the same term
electrography of olfaction (smell) Electroretinography (ERG), electrography of retinal cell action potentials Electronystagmography (ENG), electrography of eye
Electrography (disambiguation)
Electrography_(disambiguation)
Order of crustaceans
Stomatopoda is also hypothesised to be directly linked to mutations in the retinal binding pocket of the opsin. The huge diversity seen in mantis shrimp photoreceptors
Mantis_shrimp
American actor (1914–1958)
donated to the Estelle Doheny Eye Foundation for corneal transplantation or retinal study. Deborah Power gave birth to a son on January 22, 1959, two months
Tyrone_Power
Smartglasses
for smart glasses SixthSense – wearable gesture-based interface Virtual retinal display – display technology projecting images directly onto the retina
Ray-Ban_Meta
Protein-coding gene in humans
The protein encoded is a G-protein coupled receptor with embedded 11-cis-retinal, whose light excitation causes a cis-trans conformational change that begins
OPN1LW
RETINAL WAVES
RETINAL WAVES
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rational
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rational
Boy/Male
British, English
Form of Reginald; Counsel Power
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Power
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Irish, Italian, Kannada, Latin, Marathi, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil
Queen; Purple Flower
Female
Spanish
Spanish name REINA means "queen." Compare with another form of Reina.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Jamaican, Swedish, Teutonic
Powerful Ruler; Counsel Power; Ruler's Adviser; Ruler with Counsel; Well-advised Ruler
Female
English
Latin name REGINA means "queen."Â
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Queenly
Girl/Female
Greek
Virtuous.
Male
English
English name derived from Latin Reginaldus, REGINALD means "wise ruler."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Hebrew, Indian, Japanese, Latin, Spanish, Tamil
A Queen; Form of Regina
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Revolving; Pearl
Boy/Male
British, English, Swedish
Form of Reginald; Counsel Power; Advice; Decision Ruler
Female
Yiddish
Variant spelling of Yiddish Rayna, REINA means "pure." Compare with another form of Reina.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord of Pleasure
Male
French
 Old French form of German Reinhold, REINALD means "wise ruler."
Boy/Male
German American Teutonic English
Powerful ruler.
Girl/Female
Italian Latin Spanish American
Queen.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, German
Ruler with Counsel
RETINAL WAVES
RETINAL WAVES
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sidharth | ஸிதாரà¯à®¤
One who has accomplished goal, Successful, A name of Lord Buddha, Achieved all wishes
Boy/Male
Muslim
Brave, Champion, Hero
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Name of Lord Shiva; The Destroyer; One who Maintains Balance Between Life and Death
Girl/Female
Arabic
Greatest. A- the Supreme Being in the Muslim faith.
Boy/Male
Scottish American Anglo Saxon Celtic English French
Speckled.
Boy/Male
Arabic Muslim
Rich.
Boy/Male
Indian
Handsome; Of the Rising Sun
Boy/Male
Tamil
Ramendra | ராமேநà¯à®¤à¯à®°
God of gods
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Japanese
Prince; Respectful
Boy/Male
Hebrew
noble.
RETINAL WAVES
RETINAL WAVES
RETINAL WAVES
RETINAL WAVES
RETINAL WAVES
n.
A recital.
n.
A hydrocarbon oil obtained by the distillation of resin, -- used in printer's ink.
n.
Restoration of force, validity, or effect; renewal; as, the revival of a debt barred by limitation; the revival of a revoked will, etc.
n.
The act of revising, or reviewing and reexamining for correction and improvement; revision; as, the revisal of a manuscript; the revisal of a proof sheet; the revisal of a treaty.
a.
Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, seed or semen; as, the seminal fluid.
a.
Of or pertaining to the reign of a monarch; as, regnal years.
n.
Inflammation of the retina.
n.
The act of reciting; the repetition of the words of another, or of a document; rehearsal; as, the recital of testimony.
a.
Both renal and portal. See Portal.
n.
Seminal state.
pl.
of Retinula
a.
Of or pertaining to the retina.
n.
A rational being.
n.
The retina.
n.
Recital.
a.
Having, or characterized by, retinul/.
n.
Revival.
n.
A vocal or instrumental performance by one person; -- distinguished from concert; as, a song recital; an organ, piano, or violin recital.
a.
Agreeable to reason; not absurd, preposterous, extravagant, foolish, fanciful, or the like; wise; judicious; as, rational conduct; a rational man.
a.
Contained in seed; holding the relation of seed, source, or first principle; holding the first place in a series of developed results or consequents; germinal; radical; primary; original; as, seminal principles of generation; seminal virtue.