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Group for entomologists interested in the order Phasmatodea
The Phasmid Study Group is a group for professional and amateur entomologists who are interested in the order Phasmatodea, i.e. stick and leaf insects
Phasmid_Study_Group
Species of stick insect
largest species of stick insects in the country. The species has the Phasmid Study Group number PSG14. E. goliath was first described by English zoologist
Eurycnema_goliath
Family of stick insects
able to reach a total length of 64 cm (25.2 inch). Following the Phasmid Study Group, nine subfamilies are recognized in the Phasmatidae. Other treatments
Phasmatidae
Species of stick insect native to Australia
Insects". Grasshopper Country. pp. 244–257. "Species Information - Phasmid Study Group". phasmidstudygroup.org. Retrieved 2021-05-11. Brock, Paul D.; Hasenpusch
Extatosoma_tiaratum
Species of leaf insect
Cameron Highlands and, in 2014, the Tapah Hills. It is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 72. In the terrarium, the temperature should be
Pulchriphyllium_giganteum
Order of stick and leaf insects
They can be generally referred to as phasmatodeans, phasmids, or ghost insects, with phasmids in the family Phylliidae called leaf insects, leaf-bugs
Phasmatodea
Monotypic genus of stick insect
2000) Natur und Tier - Münster "SpeciesFile 28/09/2009 - Phasmid Study Group". phasmid-study-group.org. Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel
Heteropteryx
Species of stick insect
beauty stick insect and the golden-eyed stick insect, is a species of phasmid found in the Cordillera del Condor region of northern Peru. In the wild
Peruphasma_schultei
Genus of stick insects
tenaense Conle, Hennemann & Gutierréz, 2011 (Colombia: Cundinamarca) phasmid-study-group.org Xera on globalspecies.org Archived 2011-08-17 at the Wayback
Xera_(phasmid)
Species of insect
0.CO;2. ISSN 1082-6467. JSTOR 3657114. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medauroidea extradentata. Phasmid Study Group: Medauroidea extradentata
Medauroidea_extradentata
Family of leaf insects
104..565W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606937104. PMC 1766425. PMID 17197423. Media related to Phylliidae at Wikimedia Commons Phasmid Study Group: Phylliidae
Phylliidae
Genus of stick insects
been referred to almost everywhere as Trachyaretaon carmelae. The Phasmid Study Group gave the species PSG number 255. Trachyaretaon negrosanon collected
Trachyaretaon
Species of insect
2023. Media related to Phobaeticus serratipes at Wikimedia Commons Phasmid Study Group: Phobaeticus serratipes Phasmida Species File: Phobaeticus serratipes
Phobaeticus_serratipes
Species of leaf insect
successfully kept in Germany as early as the end of the 19th century. The Phasmid Study Group has listed three to four stocks in the past that have been assigned
Pulchriphyllium_bioculatum
German biologist
Hennemann has been a member of the Phasmid Study Group since 1990 and wrote the first breeding instructions in the “Phasmid Studies” published by it in 1992. The
Frank_H._Hennemann
Species of stick insect
revealed". Natural History Museum. 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2008-10-16. Phasmid Study Group: Phobaeticus kirbyi Phasmida Species File: Phobaeticus kirbyi Archived
Phobaeticus_kirbyi
Family of stick insects
over 30 cm long. Four subfamilies are placed here according to the Phasmid Study Group. The re-established Lonchodidae, placed as a subfamily in the Diapheromeridae
Diapheromeridae
Species of stick insect
2009, at the Wayback Machine Decade of Discovery. BBC iPlayer. Phasmid Study Group: Phobaeticus chani Image of insect Media related to Phobaeticus chani
Phobaeticus_chani
Genus of stick insects
leytensis n.sp., eine neue Phasmide von den Philippinen. Entomologische Zeitschrift 107(1): 38-40. Phasmid Study Group: Hermarchus Hermarchus stick insects
Hermarchus_(phasmid)
Genus of stick insects
Agathemera at Wikispecies Media related to Agathemera at Wikimedia Commons Phasmid Study Group: Agathemerodea Archived 2009-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
Agathemera
Suborder of insects
"Phasmida species file online, Version 5.0". Retrieved 2019-03-22. Media related to Euphasmatodea at Wikimedia Commons Phasmid Study Group: Verophasmatodea
Euphasmatodea
Species of stick insect
2007-11-18. Media related to Bacillus rossius at Wikimedia Commons Phasmid Study Group: Bacillus rossius Bacillus rossius at phasmatodea.com Archived 2016-03-03
Bacillus_rossius
Species of stick insect
one of the most commonly kept stick insects and is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under the PSG number 195. Freshly hatched nymph Female at exuviae
Sungaya_inexpectata
Species of stick insect
Acrophylla titan Insecta: Phasmatodea: Phasmatidea" (PDF). askzk.org.au. Phasmid Study Group: Acrophylla titan Brisbane Insects: Titan Stick Insect Queensland
Acrophylla_titan
Species of stick insect
3389/fevo.2019.00105. "PSG Culture List: PSG 327 Achrioptera manga". Phasmid Study Group. Retrieved 8 August 2023. http://phasmatania.co.uk/psg0%20achrioptera%20fallax
Achrioptera_fallax
Species of insect
1st Edn. Musgrave, A. (1922). Stick and Leaf Insects, Australian Museum Magazine, October, 1922, pp. 171–181. Phasmid Study Group: Podacanthus typhon
Pink-winged_phasma
Genus of stick insects
as Obrimus sp. "Pulog", later as Obrimus bicolanus "Pulog". The Phasmid Study Group lists the species under the PSG number 324. Animals of this breeding
Obrimus
Species of stick insect
Australian Division of Entomology Technical Paper, No. 20, 15 pp. Phasmid Study Group: Ctenomorpha marginipennis Media related to Ctenomorpha marginipennis
Ctenomorpha_marginipennis
Species of stick insect
insects are called nymphs until their final (5th-7th) molt. List of Australian stick insects and mantids Phasmid Study Group: Didymuria violescens v t e
Didymuria_violescens
British entomologist
work as emeritus. She is Chairman of the Phasmid Study Group, is a member of the Grasshopper specialists group of the International Union for Conservation
Judith_Marshall
Species of stick insect
blackberry bramble, hawthorn, oak, rose, and lettuce. The species has the Phasmid Study Group number PSG183. Females grow to 7 cm long and males to 6 cm long.
Sceptrophasma_hispidulum
British entomologist (born 1958)
Entomologists’ Society. Since October 2015, he has been Treasurer of the Phasmid Study Group. Since 2016, Brock has participated in a Natural History Museum project
Paul_D._Brock
Species of stick insect
Lord Howe Island phasmid or, locally, as the tree lobster, is a species of stick insect that lives in the Lord Howe Island Group. It is the only member
Dryococelus
Species of insect
Ctenomorphodes tessulatus), the tessellated stick insect, tessellated phasmid or tessulata stick insect, is a medium-sized, stick insect found in the
Anchiale_austrotessulata
Species of stick insect
can drop its tail. List of Australian stick insects and mantids Phasmid Study Group: Tropidoderus childrenii Bedford; Chinnick (1966). "Conspicuous Displays
Tropidoderus_childrenii
Genus of insects
Phasmida Species File (Version 5.0/5.0: retrieved 6 February 2021) Phasmid Study Group: Extatosoma Pictures and descriptions of subspecies (in French)
Extatosoma
Species of stick insect
Females of this species can reach over 200 mm. Males are winged. Phasmid Study Group: Tirachoidea cantori Westwood. 1859. Catalogue of the orthopterous
Tirachoidea_cantori
Species of stick insect
Papua New Guinea, Auckland War Memorial Museum, Wikidata Q138473295 Phasmid Study Group: Extatosoma popa carlbergi Media related to Extatosoma popa at Wikimedia
Extatosoma_popa
Genus of insects
Cryptophyllium have been in captivity since the late 1990s. The Phasmid Study Group lists Cryptophyllium westwoodii under PSG number 128. Initially,
Cryptophyllium
Genus of stick insects
basis for a breeding line called Sungaya inexpectata "Highland". The Phasmid Study Group lists the species or this strain under the PSG number 195. Sungaya
Sungaya
Species of stick insect
collected by Bresseel and Heitzmann in Infanta in 2009 was listed by the Phasmid Study Group under the PSG number 311 until 2019 as Eubulides igorrote. It has
Eubulides_igorrote
Species of insect
Pseudodiacantha macklottii specimen Brock. 1975. TIEG 10(1):28. "Phasmatodea.com: Pseudodiacantha macklottii "Java"". Retrieved 26 April 2022. Phasmid Study Group
Pseudodiacantha_macklottii
Species of stick insect
rhododendrons are easy to feed. For Hoploclonia abercrombiei the Phasmid Study Group assigned the PSG number 165. Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker
Hoploclonia_abercrombiei
Species of stick insect
p. 54, ISBN 978-3-86659-221-6 Phasmids in cyberspace over Brasidas samarensis (including pictures) Phasmid Study Group Culture List (accessdate 2 August
Brasidas_samarensis
Genus of stick insects
(Günther, 1928) P. sichuanensis = Baculonistria alba Chen & He, 1990 Phasmid Study Group: Phobaeticus Phasmida Genus File: Phobaeticus Media related to Phobaeticus
Phobaeticus
Genus of stick insects
genus Pulchriphyllium have been in captivity since the 1970s. The Phasmid Study Group lists species under PSG numbers 10, 59, 60, 72, and 77. PSG No. 10
Pulchriphyllium
Species of insect
"Biographies of Phasmatologists – 7. James Wood-Mason", Phasmid Studies, 17 (1 & 2), Phasmid Study Group Wood-Mason, James (1877), "New Insects from Tenasserim"
Phobaeticus_annamallayanus
Species of stick insect
E. (2015). The development of the Phasmid Species List - Part Seven: PSG No.301 – PSG No.350, Phasmid Study Group Newsletter Nr. 135, December 2015,
Brasidas_lacerta
Species of insect
struthioneus. http://www.phasmatodea.com/phaenopharos-struthioneus. Retrieved 13 May 2022. Phasmid Study Group: PSG 205 Phaenopharos struthioneus v t e
Phaenopharos_struthioneus
Family of stick insects
Wikispecies Media related to Pseudophasmatidae at Wikimedia Commons Phasmid Study Group: Pseudophasmatidae http://www.phasmatodea.org/genera/anisomorpha
Pseudophasmatidae
Species of stick insect
stock was named Pylaemenes sp. 'Nui Chua'. It is managed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 405. The keeping and breeding of Orestes krijnsi
Orestes_krijnsi
Species of stick insect
2006. "Studies on the Australian stick-insect genus Onchestus Stål (Phasmida: Phasmatidae)" Journal of Orthoptera Research Phasmid Study Group: Onchestus
Onchestus_rentzi
Species of stick insect
breeding since 1990/91 and is listed under PSG number 126 by the Phasmid Study Group. In addition to temperatures of 20 to 27 °C (68 to 81 °F), the animals
Haaniella_dehaanii
Species of stick insect
the siccifolium species group. After many years of assuming that the strain from West Malaysia, listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 76, was
Phyllium_siccifolium
Subfamily of stick insects
Phasmida Species File (Version 5.0/5.0; retrieved 21 September 2023) Media related to Necrosciinae at Wikimedia Commons Phasmid Study Group: Necrosciinae
Necrosciinae
Species of stick insect
are eaten. The species has been listed under PSG number 332 by the Phasmid Study Group since 2013. Dares murudensis, female Dares murudensis, male Dares
Dares_murudensis
Species of stick insect
and sent to Europe. The species received PSG number 212 from the Phasmid Study Group. Another stock of this species was imported from Kota Bharu in 2015
Pylaemenes_mitratus
Species of stick insect
2018, it was named Pylaemenes sp. 'Bach Ma'. It is managed by the Phasmid Study Group under the PSG number 267. The keeping and breeding of Orestes bachmaensis
Orestes_bachmaensis
Subfamily of stick insects
(Version 5.0/5.0) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phasmatinae. Phasmid Study Group: Phasmatinae Phasmida Subfamily File: Phasmatinae Archived 2007-09-27
Phasmatinae
Species of stick insect
again until 1996. The species is listed under PSG number 70 by the Phasmid Study Group. Although small to medium-sized terrariums are sufficient for keeping
Haaniella_scabra
Genus of stick insects
introduced in 2002 was Brasidas samarensis, which is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 235, but is apparently no longer in breeding. In
Brasidas_(insect)
Species of stick insect
water, are sufficient for breeding. The species is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 255 and will continue to be referred to as Trachyaretaon
Trachyaretaon_carmelae
Genus of stick insects
File. Retrieved 26 November 2022. PSG 272 Spinohirasea bengalensis Phasmid Study Group: species information. Data related to Spinohirasea at Wikispecies
Spinohirasea
Species of stick insect
to the breeding strain of Mount Apo, which is maintained by the Phasmid Study Group under the PSG number 301 until mid-2024. Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T
Brasidas_foveolatus
Species of stick insect
species was later identified by Bresseel as Tisamenus serratorius. The Phasmid Study Group lists them under this name and the PSG number 314. At the end of
Tisamenus_lachesis
Species of stick insect
time under the name Trachyaretaon sp. 'Aurora' in circulation. The Phasmid Study Group lists it under the PSG number 317. In April 2010, Bresseel, Tim Bollens
Trachyaretaon_bresseeli
Species of insect
(2): 183–92. doi:10.1111/ens.12410. S2CID 216322536. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Megacrania batesii. Phasmid Study Group: Megacrania batesii
Megacrania_batesii
Species of insect
sumatrana Halimun". Retrieved 28 April 2022. Media related to Pharnacia sumatrana at Wikimedia Commons Phasmida Species File Phasmid Study Group v t e
Pharnacia_sumatrana
Tribe of stick insects
Günther, 1953". Phasmida Species File (new). Retrieved 15 March 2025. Phasmid Study Group: Pharmnaciini Media related to Pharnaciini at Wikimedia Commons
Pharnaciini
Species of stick insect
Mount Serapi in 1990. The species was given PSG number 110 by the Phasmid Study Group. As with all Hoploclonia species, keeping and breeding is considered
Hoploclonia_gecko
Species of stick insect
philippinensis has been listed by the Phasmid Study Group since 2013 under PSG number 331. Philip Edward Bragg (2001). Phasmids of Borneo, Natural History Publications
Dares_philippinensis
Genus of insects
assigned to at least 13 distinct species. Under PSG number 76, the Phasmid Study Group maintains a stock from West Malaysia - specifically the Malay Peninsula
Phyllium
Species of stick insect
Acanthoxyla inermis in Hampshire, The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter (PSG Newsletter) 119(2, 11) Haes (2002) A menu of phasmid fodder, Bulletin of the Amateur
Acanthoxyla_inermis
Species of stick insect
their place of discovery and were given the PSG number 391 by the Phasmid Study Group. After the species was temporarily identified as Tisamenus fratercula
Tisamenus_deplanatus
Family of stick insects
(1), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand 2016, ISSN 1175-5326 Phasmid Study Group Culture List (engl.) Zompro, O. (Nov. 2008). Zwergformen der Phasmatodea
Heteropterygidae
Hypothetical scheme of wing venation
Retrieved 30 October 2025. "Glossary of terms used to describe phasmids | Phasmid Study Group". Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-07-28
Archedictyon
Tribe of stick insects
Online (Version 5.0/5.0: retrieved 22 May 2021) Leach (1815) In Brewster, D. The Edinburgh Encyclopedia 9(1): 119. The Phasmid Study Group: Acanthoxylini
Acanthoxylini
Species of stick insect
other Rosaceae, the leaves of various Betulaceae are also eaten. The Phasmid Study Group listed Dares ulula under PSG number 117. Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T
Dares_ulula
Species of stick insect
‘Bidoup Nui Ba’ according to where it was found. It is managed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 404. The species, like all members of the genus
Haaniella_gorochovi
Species of stick insect
(salal). Dares validispinus is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 38. Bragg, P. E. (2001). Phasmids of Borneo, Natural History Publications
Dares_validispinus
Species of stick insect
2008 by Joachim Bresseel, Mark Bushell and Ellen Caluwe. From the Phasmid Study Group Mearnsiana bullosa has been listed under PSG number 338 since the
Mearnsiana_bullosa
Species of stick insect
those of most of the Betulaceae and of Grossulariaceae. From the Phasmid Study Group Dares verrucosus is listed under PSG number 69. Two different colored
Dares_verrucosus
Species of stick insect
3:451 Phasmida Species File (Version 5.0/5.0); retrieved 23 April 2022 Phasmatodea.com: Tirachoidea biceps "Java" Phasmid Study Group: Tirachoidea biceps
Tirachoidea_biceps
Genus of stick insects
identified as Tisamenus lachesis by Frank H. Hennemann in 2025. The Phasmid Study Group lists it as Tisamenus serratorius under the PSG number 314. At the
Tisamenus_(insect)
Genus of stick insects
the Continental United States and Canada. Coachwhip Publications. Phasmid Study Group: Anisomorpha Pubs.rsc.org doi:10.1021/cb600318u doi:10.1007/s10886-008-9457-8
Anisomorpha
Genus of insects
Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 32: 8. Phasmida Species File (Version 5.0/5.0) Phasmid Study Group: Carausius Media related to Carausius at Wikimedia Commons
Carausius_(insect)
Species of stick insect
Pylaemenes sp. 'Dong Nai'. It is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 397. According to more recent studies, at least one of the stocks originally
Orestes_draegeri
Species of stick insect
Kneubühler, B. and Valero, P. Phasmid Study Group Culture List Büscher, T. H. (2019). PSG 311 Name Update, The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter No. 142, June
Eubulides_timog
Species of stick insect
and were found to be conspecific. The species is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under the PSG number 99. Epdares nolimetangere needs a relative humidity
Epidares
Species of stick insect
Tisamenus lachesis. This applies to the breeding stock listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 314 as well as to the stock listed under PSG number
Tisamenus_serratorius
Genus of stick insects
of Luzon. Hennemann described it as Eubulides timog in 2023. The Phasmid Study Group assigned the PSG number 311 for this stock. The species was initially
Eubulides_(insect)
Species of insect
Archived from the original on 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2022-04-28. "Phasmid Study Group: Anchiale stolli". Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved
Anchiale_stolli
Species of stick insect
high. Haniella erringtoniae is listed under PSG number 112 by the Phasmid Study Group. egg newly hatched nymph L2 nymph and subadult female differently
Haaniella_erringtoniae
Species of stick insect
north-west Sarawak. The species is listed under PSG number 125 by the Phasmid Study Group. Medium-sized to large terrariums with suitable hiding places are
Haaniella_grayii
Species of stick insect
Tarum near Debak. The species was assigned PSG number 177 by the Phasmid Study Group. Medium-sized terrariums are required to keep Haaniella saussurei
Haaniella_saussurei
Species of stick insect
1993, from Brunei in 1993 and 1994 and from Sarawak in 1996. The Phasmid Study Group lists Haaniella echinata under the PSG number 26. To keep this species
Haaniella_echinata
Species of stick insect
distributed it. Under this name, it was given the PSG number 399 by the Phasmid Study Group. Hennemann identified this breeding stock as Tisamenus cervicornis
Tisamenus_cervicornis
Genus of stick insects
Haaniella there are some species in breeding by the phasmid enthusiasts. The Phasmid Study Group has seven species in its culture list, the Dutch - Belgian
Haaniella
Species of stick insect
'Mount Pulog' by Thierry Heitzmanns Phasmid Study Group Culture List Harman, A. J. E. (2022). The development of the phasmid species list, part eight PSG No
Brasidas_cavernosus
Species of stick insect
brought to Europe. The species received the PSG number 245 from the Phasmid Study Group. After it had disappeared in the meantime, it has been bred again
Pylaemenes_sepilokensis
PHASMID STUDY-GROUP
PHASMID STUDY-GROUP
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Study Godess
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, Vietnamese
To Study
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Study
Girl/Female
Tamil
Long practice, Study, Fulfilment
Girl/Female
British, English
Sturdy Shoe
Girl/Female
Hindu
Long practice, Study, Fulfilment
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Observance; Evidence; Study
Boy/Male
Hindu
Reflection through study
Boy/Male
Indian, Modern
Study
Girl/Female
Indian
Goddess; Study
Girl/Female
Hindu
Long practice, Study, Fulfilment
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for an impetuous or hot-headed man, from Middle English st(o)urdi ‘reckless’, ‘rash’ (a reduced form of Old French est(o)urdi, past participle of estourdir ‘to daze or stupefy’).
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Practice; Study
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant spelling of Studdy, a habitational name from Studdah in Yorkshire, Stodday in Lancashire (both named with Old English stÅd ‘stud’ + haga ‘hedged enclosure’), or Stody in Norfolk (from the same first element + (ge)hæg ‘enclosure’), or a topographic name from Middle English stode ‘stud’ + hey ‘enclosure’.
Girl/Female
Native American
Sturdy oak.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Long practice, Study, Fulfilment
Boy/Male
Tamil
Reflection through study
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
King of Study
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Study; Beautiful Woman
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Study
PHASMID STUDY-GROUP
PHASMID STUDY-GROUP
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sprihi | ஸà¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯€à®¹à¯€
Aspirant
Girl/Female
American, Anglo, British, English, German
Little and Womanly; Abbreviation of Carol and Caroline from the Masculine Charles
Girl/Female
Muslim
Noble woman, Lady
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Jamie, JAYME means "supplanter."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Parsi
Reward; Justice
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Melodious; Sweet
Girl/Female
Greek American Latin English
Gentle.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Oriya, Telugu
Spring
Girl/Female
Tamil
Prabhavathy | பà¯à®°à®ªà®µà®¾à®¤à¯€,பà¯à®°à®ªà®¾à®µà®¾à®¤à¯à®¯Â
(Wife of Sun)
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Diamond
PHASMID STUDY-GROUP
PHASMID STUDY-GROUP
PHASMID STUDY-GROUP
PHASMID STUDY-GROUP
PHASMID STUDY-GROUP
v. t.
To form or arrange by previous thought; to con over, as in committing to memory; as, to study a speech.
n.
To endeavor diligently; to be zealous.
imp. & p. p.
of Study
pl.
of Study
v. t.
To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding; as, to study law or theology; to study languages.
v. t.
To make an object of study; to aim at sedulously; to devote one's thoughts to; as, to study the welfare of others; to study variety in composition.
v. i.
A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a study of heads or of hands for a figure picture.
v. t.
To adorn with shining studs, or knobs.
v. t.
To set with detached ornaments or prominent objects; to set thickly, as with studs.
v. i.
A building or apartment devoted to study or to literary work.
n.
A stud bolt.
n.
Alt. of Phasma
v. t.
To consider attentively; to examine closely; as, to study the work of nature.
pl.
of Phasis
superl.
Stiff; stout; strong; as, a sturdy oak.
superl.
Resolute, in a good sense; or firm, unyielding quality; as, a man of sturdy piety or patriotism.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Study
n.
A piece of DNA, usually circular, functioning as part of the genetic material of a cell, not integrated with the chromosome and replicating independently of the chromosome, but transferred, like the chromosome, to subsequent generations. In bacteria, plasmids often carry the genes for antibiotic resistance; they are exploited in genetic engineering as the vehicles for introduction of extraneous DNA into cells, to alter the genetic makeup of the cell. The cells thus altered may produce desirable proteins which are extracted and used; in the case of genetically altered plant cells, the altered cells may grow into complete plants with changed properties, as for example, increased resistance to disease.
superl.
Characterized by physical strength or force; strong; lusty; violent; as, a sturdy lout.
n.
Any orthopterous insect of the family Phasmidae, as a leaf insect or a stick insect.