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1950s movement in Indian cinema
Parallel cinema, or New Indian Cinema, is a film movement in Indian cinema that originated in the state of West Bengal in the 1950s as an alternative to
Parallel_cinema
commercial masala films, a distinctive genre of art films known as parallel cinema has also existed, presenting realistic content and avoidance of musical
Hindi_cinema
film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema. This period saw the emergence of the parallel cinema movement, which emphasised social realism. Mainly
Cinema_of_India
Underground film movement in the Soviet Union
Soviet parallel cinema is a genre of film and underground cinematic movement that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1970s onwards. The term parallel cinema
Soviet_parallel_cinema
2026 French film by Asghar Farhadi
Neuhoff of Le Figaro declared Parallel Tales "boring and conventional", looking like a French film. "Registres du cinéma et de l'audiovisuel (RCA)". rca
Parallel_Tales
Indian actress (1955–1986)
(1975). She became one of the leading actresses of parallel cinema, a New Wave movement in India cinema, though she also appeared in several mainstream movies
Smita_Patil
Indian actress (born 1954)
(1983). While mostly prolific in popular Hindi cinema, during this time she ventured into parallel cinema, a movement of neo-realist arthouse films. These
Rekha
for his works in Hindi and Telugu cinema. Varma has directed films across multiple genres, including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty
Ram_Gopal_Varma_filmography
Film genre
and Maximalist cinema Mubi (streaming service) Music video New Hollywood No wave cinema Parallel Cinema Postmodernist film Slow cinema Souvenirs from
Art_film
1979 Indian film
screenplay, while Parallel Cinema veteran K.K. Mahajan provided the cinematography. Sony Music India would later release a Cinema Cinema soundtrack album
Cinema_Cinema
Bangladeshi films
have made significant contributions to Bangladeshi mainstream cinema, parallel cinema, and art films. Some have also won global acclaim. On 28 December
Cinema_of_Bangladesh
arthouse films, a movement of neo-realist films known in India as parallel cinema, often to favourable reviews. These films included Kalyug (1981), Umrao
Rekha_filmography
Branch of Indian cinema
Malayalam cinema, also referred to as Mollywood, is a segment of Indian cinema dedicated to producing films in the Malayalam language, primarily spoken
Malayalam_cinema
Indian actress (born 1950)
has spanned over 160 films, mostly within independent and neorealist parallel cinema, though her work extended to mainstream films as well as a number of
Shabana_Azmi
1980s saw Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil emerge as leading figures of 'Parallel Cinema' for their strong and realistic portrayals, in contrast to contemporary
List_of_Hindi_film_actresses
Indian film director, screenwriter and producer
for his work in Hindi and Telugu cinema. Varma has directed films across multiple genres, including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty
Ram_Gopal_Varma
Russian art movement
1980s outside of the official Soviet Goskino State Cinema system became known as Parallel Cinema. Necrorealist works often explore the themes of death
Necrorealism
1998 Indian film by Mani Ratnam
Preity Zinta makes her film debut in a supporting role. An example of parallel cinema, it is noted as the final installment in Ratnam's trilogy consisting
Dil_Se..
(1975). She became one of the leading actresses of parallel cinema, a New Wave movement in India cinema, though she also appeared in several mainstream movies
Smita_Patil_filmography
century. Over the years, Telugu filmmakers have also ventured into parallel and arthouse cinema. Films like Daasi (1988), Thilaadanam (2000), and Vanaja (2006)
Telugu_cinema
Political film movement started in the 1960s
Referring to it as “second cinema” or "author's cinema", the problem begins with the genre's attempt to exist parallel, be distributed by, and funded
Third_Cinema
1974 film by Shyam Benegal
belongs to the genre of Indian art films, or more precisely, Indian parallel cinema. The plot is based on a true story that occurred in Hyderabad, apparently
Ankur_(film)
1955 film by Satyajit Ray
described as a turning point in Indian cinema, as it was among the films that helped pioneer the parallel cinema movement, which espoused authenticity
Pather_Panchali
Indian actor (1948–2013)
death on 28 December 2013. His major contribution was in Parallel Cinema or the New Indian Cinema. He worked with directors like Satyajit Ray, Sai Paranjpye
Farooq_Sheikh
Indian film actor and producer (born 1962)
in the Special Mention category. In 2010, Prosenjit transitioned to parallel cinema through Srijit Mukherji's Autograph, for which he was nominated at
Prosenjit_Chatterjee
Indian cinema
film industry is known for producing many of Indian cinema's most critically acclaimed Parallel Cinema and art films, with several of its filmmakers gaining
Cinema_of_West_Bengal
Punjabi cinema, also known as Pollywood or Punjwood, is cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Punjabi-language widely spoken in
Punjabi_cinema
Italian film movement
films all over the world. It also influenced film directors of India's Parallel Cinema movement, including Satyajit Ray (who directed the award-winning Apu
Italian_neorealism
Indian film director
screenwriter and producer, known for his works in Hindi cinema, particularly the movement of parallel cinema. He has been the recipient of six National Film Awards
Govind_Nihalani
next decade by venturing into neorealist art films, known in India as parallel cinema, including Drishti (1990), Lekin... (1990), and Rudaali (1993). All
Dimple_Kapadia_filmography
Indian actor (born 1950)
works primarily in Hindi films. One of the leading actors of Indian parallel cinema, he has also starred in various international productions. He is the
Naseeruddin_Shah
Indian actor (b. 1944)
the Delhi-based theatre group borkh in 1974. He worked in several parallel cinema films before working in the mainstream Hindi film industry. He appeared
Kulbhushan_Kharbanda
Indian actor (born 1976)
portrayal of complex characters on screen, and is vocal in his support for parallel cinema in India. Deol owns a production company, Forbidden Films, which he
Abhay_Deol
1984 Indian film
seminal work of India's Parallel Cinema movement. The movie stars several big actors who were prominent in the Indian art cinema scene of the early '80s
Tarang_(film)
Indian film director (1923–2018)
Ritwik Ghatak, and Tapan Sinha, Sen played a major role in India's parallel cinema movement, which offered a realistic, socially aware counterpoint to
Mrinal_Sen
Institutions of filmmaking
movies, India also offers a different approach to cinema: the parallel cinema. The parallel cinema movement originated in West Bengal around the 1950s
Film_industry
Indian actor and politician (born 1948)
Malayalam and English languages. He has featured in theatre plays, parallel cinema and television shows. Nag made his feature film debut through Sankalpa
Anant_Nag
Shruthi, Soundarya, Prema among others. Kannada cinema contributed majorly to the parallel cinema movement of India. Directors like Girish Kasaravalli
Kannada_cinema
1987 film directed by Gulzar
each other. The film belongs to the art-house genre in India known as Parallel Cinema, and won two National Film Awards in the music category. A book based
Ijaazat
2001 film by Shyam Benegal
of one of Benegal's best works blurring the lines of commercial and parallel cinema. Zubeidaa is the story of Riyaz's search to understand his mother,
Zubeidaa
film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema. This period saw the emergence of the parallel cinema movement, which emphasised social realism. Mainly
History_of_cinema_of_India
1973 Indian drama film
Shyam Benegal. Both are considered landmarks of Parallel Cinema in Hindi. Parallel cinema had already started flourishing in other parts of India, especially
Garm_Hava
1986 Indian film
The film belongs to the art house cinematic genre, known in India as parallel cinema. Sharda (Sharmila Tagore) is in love with a young man named Satya Prakash
Swati_(1986_film)
Film director (born12 November 1962)
director, producer, actress, poet and social activist associated with parallel cinema. She graduated from the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya on Veterinary
Satarupa_Sanyal
1984 Indian film
Saeed Akhtar Mirza, based on his own story, during the Parallel Cinema period of Indian cinema. The film is a comic satire on a judicial system, where
Mohan_Joshi_Hazir_Ho!
Indian crime thriller franchise
his commercial as well as critical success, Company, an example of parallel cinema, was based on the real-life underworld organization, the D-Company
Gangster_(franchise)
prominence during this time for her contributions to both mainstream and parallel cinema. Other notable actresses of the 1970s included Usha Naik, Anjali Paigankar
List of Marathi film actresses
List_of_Marathi_film_actresses
Indian filmmaker, theatre personality
industry and a pioneer of parallel cinema. He is one of the few film directors to have straddled the mainstream and parallel cinema worlds. T S Nagabharana
T._S._Nagabharana
1946 film by Chetan Anand
was a pioneering effort in social realism in Indian cinema and led to many such parallel cinema films by other directors, many of them also written by
Neecha_Nagar
1953 film directed by Bimal Roy
an important film in the early parallel cinema of India, and a trend setter. Inspired by Italian neo-realistic cinema, Bimal Roy made Do Bigha Zamin after
Do_Bigha_Zamin
Indian actor and producer (1938–2017)
Indian cinema. Apart from his work in mainstream Hindi films, he is known for acting and producing several acclaimed films of parallel cinema such as
Shashi_Kapoor
Indian film actor and politician (born 27 July 1967)
superstar of Indian arthouse cinema" while Maxim named him "the Sean Penn of Oriental cinema" for his work in parallel cinema films like English, August
Rahul_Bose
Indian actress (born 1957)
she took on more dramatic roles in both mainstream and neorealist parallel cinema. Appearing in films ranging from marital dramas to literary adaptations
Dimple_Kapadia
Mid-20th century French cinema movement
bāgu) New German Cinema (German New Wave) New Hollywood (American New Wave) Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel Cinema (Indian New Wave) Novo Cinema (Portuguese New
French_New_Wave
1973 Indian film
Guerrilla Fighter) is a 1973 Bengali drama film directed by noted Parallel Cinema director Mrinal Sen, under the banner of Mrinal Sen Productions. This
Padatik_(1973_film)
Indian director and screenwriter (1934–2024)
screenwriter and documentary filmmaker. Often regarded as a pioneer of parallel cinema, he is considered as one of the greatest filmmakers post 1970s. He
Shyam_Benegal
Recognizable film technique used by a filmmaker
Cinema') Hong Kong — a movement led by director Tsui Hark Indian ('Parallel cinema') — began around the same time as the French New Wave Japanese (Nuberu
Film_styles
Indian film director
working more on realistic, low-budget films, which are known in India as parallel cinema. Her films were often woman-oriented. She had been for a long time
Kalpana_Lajmi
Indian film director
2011) was an Indian director of Hindi films and a figure in Indian parallel cinema. He graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII)
Mani_Kaul
2010 film directed by Kiran Rao
Festival and was released on 21 January 2011 in cinemas. The film being mainly tagged as an art and parallel cinema was critically well-received, although it
Dhobi_Ghat_(film)
Indian film genre
socially conscious cinema in the early 21st century. His films blur the distinction between commercial masala films and realistic parallel cinema, combining the
Masala_film
National Award Winner Indian actress (born 1969)
Joshi garnered recognition and acclaim when she ventured into the parallel cinema movement, with roles in critically acclaimed films like; Bhujangayyana
Pallavi_Joshi
1992 Indian film by Aziz Mirza
Gaya Gentleman was released in Japan on 17 May 1997. While Indian parallel cinema, including Satyajit Ray's Bengali films such as The Apu Trilogy, was
Raju_Ban_Gaya_Gentleman
painter, born in Leningrad. He was a founding member of the Soviet parallel cinema movement. Yufit first became famous for his macabre short films, which
Yevgeny_Yufit
South Asian cinema is typified by the cinema of India, the cinema of Pakistan, the cinema of Bangladesh, and the cinema of Nepal. The cinema of Central
Cinema_of_Asia
1993 Indian Hindi-language film
labelled part of India's neo-realist parallel cinema, but it employed several of the common elements of mainstream Hindi cinema, including songs composed by Bhupen
Rudaali
1975 Indian film
with dialogues by Satyadev Dubey. The film features an ensemble of parallel cinema actors including Girish Karnad, Amrish Puri, Shabana Azmi, Mohan Agashe
Nishant_(film)
Russian stage and film director (1957–2025)
1990s and was one of the founders of the Soviet Parallel Cinema movement, which provided an alternative cinema to that which was produced by the state. His
Boris_Yukhananov
Indian actress (born 1985)
audience. The critic's consensus was "A masterpiece that lovers of parallel cinema would thoroughly enjoy. This unconventional and heart-breaking folk
Rasika_Dugal
2013 Indian film by Ritesh Batra
Repertory Theatre, with an opening in May 2026. Bollywood films of 2013 Parallel Cinema The article in Tinpahar chose to print the name of the titular object
The_Lunchbox
Malayalam film movement
traversed a new path between popular and parallel cinema. Rather unlike the earlier Parallel Cinema and Middle Cinema in Malayalam, where regionally rooted
New generation (Malayalam film movement)
New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)
1976 Indian film
Tendulkar himself wrote the screenplay. Coming at the height of the Parallel cinema movement in India, the film was an experiment in collective filmmaking
Ghashiram_Kotwal_(film)
Western subgenre
Objectivity New Queer No Wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Pan-Indian film Parallel cinema Persian Film Philippine New Wave Poetic realist Polish Film School
Acid_Western
Indian film director (1909–1966)
Indian cinema and world cinema. In Indian cinema, his influence extended to both mainstream commercial Hindi cinema and the emerging Parallel Cinema. His
Bimal_Roy
Indian Film Producer (1951–2008)
financier, producer and distributor, in mainstream Bollywood, as well parallel cinema.[citation needed] He is most known as producer of Academy Award-nominated
Jhamu_Sughand
1972 Indian film
directed by Kumar Shahani. It is a significant work of the Indian Parallel Cinema movement which started during the 1950s with filmmakers Satyajit Ray
Maya_Darpan
2024 Indian documentary film
cultural figure Aparna Sen, known for her contributions to Indian parallel cinema through films like 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981) and Parama (1985). The
Parama: A Journey with Aparna Sen
Parama:_A_Journey_with_Aparna_Sen
Indian actor (born 1973)
television productions and has collaborated on various commercial and parallel cinema projects. His directorial projects include: Prapaatha (2010), Sangdhigdha
Suchendra_Prasad
phase, she started appearing in arthouse films, known in India as parallel cinema. She played her first international film role in Deepa Mehta's Canadian
List of awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta
List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Preity_Zinta
1986 Indian film
the film is part of India's neorealist art films, known in India as parallel cinema. The cast is as follows: Rekha as Saraswasti Pillai Naseeruddin Shah
Musafir_(1986_film)
Index of articles associated with the same name
Vague, the inaugural New Wave cinema movement Australian New Wave Austrian New Wave Indian New Wave, or Parallel cinema Japanese New Wave, or Nuberu Bagu
List_of_New_Wave_movements
Western film subgenre
Phillips, James (ed.). Cinematic Thinking: Philosophical Approaches to the New Cinema. Stanford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8047-5800-0. He called his
Revisionist_Western
Italian western subgenre
List of spaghetti Western filmmakers Cinema of Italy List of spaghetti Westerns Co-productions in Spanish cinema Ostern Revisionist Western ZWAM, a youth
Spaghetti_Western
Indian actress
a final year student there in 1976. The short film was noticed in parallel cinema circles earning work for many of the students involved in the film
Anjali_Paigankar
Indian film director
cartoonist, screenwriter and musician and one of the pioneers of parallel cinema in Malayalam. He was known for his unorthodox way of filmmaking; he
G._Aravindan
Indian actor (b. 1954)
Thereafter he appeared in a string of art films that came under the parallel cinema category, with leading art films directors, starting with Shyam Benegal's
Pankaj_Kapur
1991 Indian film
playwright Anton Chekhov. The movie is an important work in the Indian Parallel Cinema movement which started in the early 1970s. It is one of the last films
Kasba_(film)
Topics referred to by the same term
to: Neorealism (art) Italian neorealism (film) Indian neorealism or parallel cinema Nouveau réalisme [Lit: New Realism] (1960s France) Neorealism (international
Neorealism
Indian film director and screenwriter (1940–2024)
2024) was an Indian film director and screenwriter, best known for his parallel cinema films Maya Darpan (1972), Tarang (1984), Khayal Gatha (1989) and Kasba
Kumar_Shahani
Indian film and television actor
Om-Dar-B-Dar (1988), which became a cult classic. He has acted in numerous parallel cinema projects with director Shyam Benegal, such as Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda
Lalit_Tiwari
1982 Indian film
Singh and Simple Kapadia. The movie bridges the mainstream genre with Parallel Cinema. Rekha received a nomination for Filmfare Best Actress Award, the only
Jeevan_Dhaara
1970 Indian film
the film. It is considered a path-breaking film that pioneered the parallel cinema movement in Kannada. Samskara won the National Film Award for Best
Samskara_(film)
Indian film actor, director and producer
for his works predominantly in Hindi cinema, and few Telugu films. He is known for his works in parallel cinema, such as Hyderabad Blues (1998), Rockford
Nagesh_Kukunoor
Indian actress (born 1959)
(1993), and Cotton Mary (1999). She also made an impression in Indian parallel cinema such as Mandi (1983), Rihaee (1988), Drishti (1990) and Suraj Ka Satvan
Neena_Gupta
Indian cinematographer (1944–2007)
2007) was an Indian cinematographer who was known for his work in Parallel Cinema. In a career that spanned over four decades, he won four National Film
K._K._Mahajan
Central agency devoted to Indian cinema
wide range of services essential to the growth of Indian cinema especially Indian parallel cinema in the 1970s and 1980s. The NFDC (and its predecessor the
National Film Development Corporation of India
National_Film_Development_Corporation_of_India
Indian filmmaker, theatre personality (1929–2002)
his works in the Kannada theatre, Kannada cinema, and Hindi cinema. One of the pioneers of the Parallel Cinema, Karanth was an alumnus of the National School
B._V._Karanth
2013 film written and directed by Amit Kumar
the Official Midnight Screenings section. Belonging to the school of Parallel cinema, Monsoon Shootout was released worldwide four years later on 15 December
Monsoon_Shootout
Pakistani actor (born 1979)
January 2022. "Films like 'Cake' and 'Laal Kabootar' have given hope to parallel cinema: Mohib Mirza". Daily Times. 7 June 2019. Archived from the original
Mohib_Mirza
Indian actress and singer in Bengali cinema
a wide range of films, from family melodramas and social dramas to parallel cinema and recent commercial successes. Known for her portrayals of strong
Shakuntala_Barua
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Example; Allegory; Parable
Biblical
parables; governing
Girl/Female
Biblical
A parable, governing.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name from Middle English combere, an agent derivative of Old English camb ‘comb’, referring perhaps to a maker or seller of combs, or to someone who used them to prepare wool or flax for spinning. This was an alternative process to carding, and caused the wool fibers to lie more or less parallel to one another, so that the cloth produced had a hard, smooth finish without a nap.English : variant of Coomber.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Kommer or Kammer.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Example, Allegory, Parable
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
All's Well That Ends Well.' A follower of Bertram, Count of Rousillon.
Biblical
a parable; governing
Girl/Female
Biblical
Parables, governing.
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
Female
Polish
Feminine form of Polish Eligiusz, ELIGIA means "to choose."Â
Boy/Male
Tamil
Laughter, Lord Chandra (Moon), Beautiful
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Gaelic
Manly.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Talent given by God, Beloved, Loving, Gods gift
Boy/Male
African, American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Greek, Indian, Jamaican, Latin, Swedish, Swiss
Merciful; Mild; Gentle; Giving Mercy; Merciful in French
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Goddess Durga
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Mighty and Righteous
Boy/Male
Tamil
Narresh | நாரà¯à®°à¯‡à®·
King
Boy/Male
Indian
Lovable Person
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
PARALLEL CINEMA
a.
Extended in the same direction, and in all parts equally distant; as, parallel lines; parallel planes.
a.
Continuing a resemblance through many particulars; applicable in all essential parts; like; similar; as, a parallel case; a parallel passage.
n.
A comparison; a similitude; specifically, a short fictitious narrative of something which might really occur in life or nature, by means of which a moral is drawn; as, the parables of Christ.
v. t.
Fig.: To make to conform to something else in character, motive, aim, or the like.
v. t.
To render parallel.
n.
A character consisting of two parallel vertical lines (thus, ) used in the text to direct attention to a similarly marked note in the margin or at the foot of a page.
v. i.
To be parallel; to correspond; to be like.
v. t.
To equal; to match; to correspond to.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Parallel
n.
A line which, throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from another line; a parallel line, a parallel plane, etc.
v. t.
To produce or adduce as a parallel.
n.
One of a series of long trenches constructed before a besieged fortress, by the besieging force, as a cover for troops supporting the attacking batteries. They are roughly parallel to the line of outer defenses of the fortress.
n.
A comparison made; elaborate tracing of similarity; as, Johnson's parallel between Dryden and Pope.
adv.
In a parallel manner; with parallelism.
imp. & p. p.
of Parallel
a.
Meeting and intersecting, as lines; not parallel; -- opposed to parallel.
a.
Having opposite surfaces exactly plane and parallel, as a piece of glass.
v. t.
To place or set so as to be parallel; to place so as to be parallel to, or to conform in direction with, something else.
n.
One of the imaginary circles on the surface of the earth, parallel to the equator, marking the latitude; also, the corresponding line on a globe or map.
v. t.
To represent by parable.