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Atomic species
Nuclides (or nucleides, from nucleus; also known as nuclear species) are a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons, Z, their number of
Nuclide
Nuclide that does not undergo radioactive decay
Stable nuclides are isotopes of a chemical element whose nucleons are in a configuration that does not permit them the surplus energy required to produce
Stable_nuclide
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
geochemistry, geophysics and nuclear physics, primordial nuclides, or primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on Earth that have existed in their current form
Primordial_nuclide
Graph of neutrons vs. protons in nuclides
A table or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph of isotopes of the chemical elements, in which one axis represents the number of neutrons (symbol
Table_of_nuclides
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei)
Isotope
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
(or parent radioisotope), and the process produces at least one daughter nuclide. Except for gamma decay or internal conversion from a nuclear excited state
Radioactive_decay
Atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable
(radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that is unstable and known to undergo radioactive decay into a different nuclide, which
Radionuclide
Material capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction
and nuclear explosives. The term fissile is distinct from fissionable. A nuclide that can undergo nuclear fission (even with a low probability) after capturing
Fissile_material
Nuclide produced by radioactive conversion from other nuclide
radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay. It may itself be radioactive (a radionuclide) or stable (a stable nuclide).
Radiogenic_nuclide
Type of radioactive decay
(fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the
Beta_decay
Atoms of different elements with the same number of nucleons
Isobars are atoms (nuclides) of different chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons. Correspondingly, isobars differ in atomic number (or
Isobar_(nuclide)
Characterization of nuclide stability
is a characterization of the stability of nuclides to radioactivity based on their binding energy. Nuclides are composed of protons and neutrons. The
Valley_of_stability
Rare nuclides created when high-energy cosmic rays interact with the nucleus of an atom
Cosmogenic nuclides (or cosmogenic isotopes) are rare nuclides (isotopes) created when a high-energy cosmic ray interacts with the nucleus of an in situ
Cosmogenic_nuclide
Predicted set of isotopes of relatively more stable superheavy elements
these elements. It is predicted to appear as an "island" in the chart of nuclides, separated from known stable and long-lived primordial radionuclides. Its
Island_of_stability
This list of nuclides shows observed nuclides that either are stable or, if radioactive, have half-lives longer than one hour. This includes isotopes of
List_of_nuclides
Rest mass of an atom in its ground state
atomic mass of carbon-12. Thus, the numerical value of the atomic mass of a nuclide when expressed in daltons is close to its mass number. The relative isotopic
Atomic_mass
Number of neutrons in a nuclide
The neutron number (symbol N) is the number of neutrons in a nuclide. Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number: Z + N = A
Neutron_number
Transformation of a nuclide to another
collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts
Nuclear_reaction
Remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay
daughter product, daughter isotope, radio-daughter, or daughter nuclide) is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often
Decay_product
Type of radioactive decay
the nuclides are therefore unstable toward spontaneous fission-type processes. In practice, this mode of decay has only been observed in nuclides considerably
Alpha_decay
Nuclide made up of alpha particles
An alpha nuclide is a nuclide that consists of an integer number of alpha particles. Alpha nuclides have equal, even numbers of protons and neutrons; they
Alpha_nuclide
Process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron
to recoil with a single characteristic momentum. The resulting daughter nuclide, if it is in an excited state, then transitions to its ground state. Usually
Electron_capture
Isotope of uranium
It is the only fissile isotope that exists in nature as a primordial nuclide and was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. The release of energy
Uranium-235
Metastable excited state of a nuclide
observed to decay spontaneously, and occurs naturally as a primordial nuclide, though uncommonly at only 1/8000 of all tantalum. The second most stable
Nuclear_isomer
Text editor by Github
"Facebook retires Nuclide extension". Atom Blog. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-12. "Retiring the Nuclide Open Source Project". Nuclide. Retrieved 2021-04-19
Atom_(text_editor)
Minimum energy required to separate particles within a nucleus
(lowering the mass), then this will happen through beta decay, meaning the nuclide will be radioactive. The two methods for this conversion are mediated by
Nuclear_binding_energy
Smallest unit of a chemical element
System. This collection of 286 nuclides are known as primordial nuclides. Finally, an additional 53 short-lived nuclides are known to occur naturally,
Atom
Subatomic particle with no charge
neutron by some heavy nuclides (such as uranium-235) can cause the nuclide to become unstable and break into lighter nuclides and additional neutrons
Neutron
Technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon
particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will undergo radioactive
Radiometric_dating
Type of radioactive decay
occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nuclides, and also from excited states of other nuclides as in photoneutron emission and beta-delayed neutron
Neutron_emission
The Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart is a widespread table of nuclides in print. It is a two-dimensional graphical representation in the Segrè-arrangement with
Karlsruhe_Nuclide_Chart
Nuclear physics classification method
becomes unstable and subject to certain types of nuclear decay. Unstable nuclides with a nonoptimal number of neutrons or protons decay by beta decay (including
Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei
Component of an atomic nucleus
an atomic nucleus (nuclide), these fundamental equations become too difficult to solve directly (see lattice QCD). Instead, nuclides are studied within
Nucleon
Radionuclide formed by nucleosynthesis before formation of the Solar System
Earth are formed from primordial nuclides and extinct nuclides. Extinct nuclides have decayed away, but primordial nuclides still exist in their original
Extinct_radionuclide
206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide. The three isotopes lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208 represent
Isotopes_of_lead
Set of nuclides that cannot undergo beta decay
Beta-decay stable isobars are the set of nuclides which cannot undergo beta decay, that is, the transformation of a neutron to a proton or a proton to
Beta-decay_stable_isobars
Series of radioactive decays
to all heavier nuclides produced. Three of those chains have a long-lived isotope (or nuclide) near the top; this long-lived nuclide is a bottleneck
Decay_chain
Element whose atomic number is greater than 92
Transuranium elements in the periodic table Z > 92 (U) The transuranium (or transuranic) elements are the chemical elements with atomic number greater
Transuranium_element
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
relationships between them and to make predictions about exceedingly transient nuclides not yet observed, and the potential compounds these unknown elements might
Chemical_element
Form of radioactive decay
thus forms a practical limit to heavy element nucleon number. Heavier nuclides may be created instantaneously by physical processes, both natural (via
Spontaneous_fission
primordial nuclides. The total number of primordial nuclides is then 251 (the stable nuclides) plus the 35 radioactive primordial nuclides, for a total
List of elements by stability of isotopes
List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes
Artificial nuclides with atomic number of 96 but with different mass numbers
from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). Modes of decay: ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment
Isotopes_of_curium
Isotope of bismuth
(209Bi) is an isotope of bismuth with the longest known half-life of any nuclide that undergoes α-decay (alpha decay); the decay product is thallium-205
Bismuth-209
together. The spatial extent of the prolate spheroid nucleon (and larger nuclides) is determined by root mean squared (RMS) charge radius of the proton,
Shape_of_the_atomic_nucleus
Element that has only a single stable isotope
stable isotope (nuclide). There are 26 such elements, listed below. Stability is experimentally defined for chemical elements, as all nuclides with atomic
Monoisotopic_element
Different nuclides with the same neutron number
Two nuclides are isotones if they have the same neutron number N, but different proton number Z. For example, boron-12 and carbon-13 nuclei both contain
Isotone
Nuclear reaction splitting an atom into multiple parts
process, opening up the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction. For heavy nuclides, it is an exothermic reaction which releases large amounts of energy both
Nuclear_fission
16.14 million years, which is too short for it to exist as a primordial nuclide. It is, however, found in nature as a trace isotope and universally distributed
Isotopes_of_iodine
Radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts
that are short in comparison with the age of the Earth, since primordial nuclides tend to occur in larger than trace amounts. Trace radioisotopes are therefore
Trace_radioisotope
Topics referred to by the same term
hypothetical conditions under which life on Earth may have begun Primordial nuclide, nuclides, a few radioactive, that formed before the Earth existed and are stable
Primordial
Isotope of beryllium
the only unstable nuclide with the same even number ≤ 20 of protons and neutrons. It is also one of the only two unstable nuclides (the other is helium-5)
Beryllium-8
Energy change of a nucleus after radioactive decay
atom of one type (called the parent nuclide) transforming to an atom of a different type (called the daughter nuclide). The energy difference of the reactants
Decay_energy
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
nucleus is called a "nuclide", and each nuclide is defined by the specific number of each type of nucleon. "Isotopes" are nuclides which have the same
List_of_particles
18 ×1021 years), which are among the longest measured half-lives of all nuclides. The isotopes 126Xe and 134Xe are also predicted to undergo double beta
Isotopes_of_xenon
Number of heavy particles in the atomic nucleus
mass differences on the order of a few electron masses. If possible, a nuclide will undergo beta decay to an adjacent isobar with lower mass. In the absence
Mass_number
also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide 237Np Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide Intermediate decay product of 238U Theoretically
Isotopes_of_bismuth
Class of subatomic particle
/ even-neutron (EE) nuclides. The EE nuclides necessarily have spin 0 because of pairing. The remaining 5 stable bosonic nuclides are odd-proton / odd-neutron
Boson
Ratio of two stable isotopes
stable isotope has a meaning similar to stable nuclide, but is preferably used when speaking of nuclides of a specific element. Hence, the plural form
Stable_isotope_ratio
Isotope of radium
General Symbol 226Ra Names radium-226 Protons (Z) 88 Neutrons (N) 138 Nuclide data Natural abundance trace Half-life (t1/2) 1600±7 years Isotope mass
Radium-226
formula predicts a "valley of beta stability" along which nuclides do not undergo beta decay. Nuclides that lie "up the walls" of the valley tend to beta decay
Isotopes_of_technetium
Core atomic nucleus surrounded by orbiting protons or neutrons
liquid drop model. Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges of the table of nuclides — the neutron drip line and proton drip line — and have short half-lives
Halo_nucleus
Radioactive isotope of iridium
Unger, L M; Trubey, D K (May 1982). Specific Gamma-Ray Dose Constants for Nuclides Important to Dosimetry and Radiological Assessment (PDF) (Report). Oak
Iridium-192
Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isotope Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2279152. FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isomer Database"
Isotopes_of_americium
experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). Lightest nuclide known to undergo spontaneous fission as its main decay mode
Isotopes_of_californium
Natural reactions causing nucleosynthesis
boron are brought down to the ground by rain. See Cosmogenic nuclide for a list of nuclides produced by cosmic ray spallation. The x-process in cosmic rays
Cosmic_ray_spallation
Substance that can be converted into material for use in nuclear fission
plutonium-238, which also requires one additional neutron to reach a fissile nuclide) Since these require a total of 3 or 4 thermal neutrons to eventually fission
Fertile_material
Helium isotope with two protons and one neutron
protons and two neutrons). Helium-3 and hydrogen-1 are the only stable nuclides with more protons than neutrons. It was discovered in 1939. Helium-3 atoms
Helium-3
Indium (49In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (95.7%) nuclide (115In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden
Isotopes_of_indium
Isotope of Carbon
importance in its use as the standard from which atomic masses of all nuclides are measured, thus, its atomic mass is exactly 12 daltons by definition
Carbon-12
Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isotope Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2279152. FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isomer Database"
Isotopes_of_francium
Related to Periodic Table
naturally on Earth essentially as a single nuclide (which may, or may not, be a stable nuclide). This single nuclide will have a characteristic atomic mass
Mononuclidic_element
Chemical element with atomic number 114 (Fl)
half-life of 19 seconds, which would be one of the longest half-lives of any nuclide in these farthest reaches of the periodic table. Flerovium is predicted
Flerovium
Metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99
as indicated by the "m" after its mass number 99. This means it is a nuclide in an excited (metastable) state that lasts much longer than is typical
Technetium-99m
This is a list of radioactive nuclides (sometimes also called isotopes), ordered by half-life from shortest to longest, in seconds, minutes, hours, days
List of radioactive nuclides by half-life
List_of_radioactive_nuclides_by_half-life
Rate of temperature increase with depth in Earth's interior
crystallization, and possibly heat from other sources. The major heat-producing nuclides in Earth are potassium-40, uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232. The
Geothermal_gradient
Isotope of nickel
34 neutrons. It has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any known nuclide (8.7945 MeV). It is often stated that 56 Fe is the "most stable nucleus"
Nickel-62
Isotope of aluminium
years. This is far too short for the isotope to survive as a primordial nuclide, but a small amount of it is produced by collisions of atoms with cosmic
Aluminium-26
Radiosotope of carbon
action on nitrogen in the atmosphere, and it is therefore a cosmogenic nuclide. Open-air nuclear testing between 1955 and 1980 contributed to this pool
Carbon-14
Isotope of uranium
tabular form, including minor branches: The mean lifetime of 238U (or any nuclide) is the half-life divided by ln(2) ≈ 0.693 (or multiplied by 1/ln(2) ≈
Uranium-238
Physical process
collective excitations of phonons more effectively than X-rays. Cosmogenic nuclide Energy amplifier Nuclear transmutation Neutron moderator Proton therapy
Spallation
Energy needed to remove a specified particle from an atom's nucleus
particles) from an atomic nucleus. The separation energy is different for each nuclide and particle to be removed. Values are stated as "neutron separation energy"
Separation_energy
other nuclides), it is exceptional in that it is observationally stable: no decay has ever been observed. In contrast, the ground state nuclide 180 Ta
Isotopes_of_tantalum
Isotope of actinium
and its daughters such as uranium-233 and thorium-229. It is the last nuclide in the chain with a half-life over a day until the penultimate product
Actinium-225
series of low-lying states in odd isotopes from 117 on, which gives two nuclides with a longer life than any ground-state radioisotope other than 126: 121mSn
Isotopes_of_tin
Isotope of thorium
age of the Earth; thorium-232 therefore occurs in nature as a primordial nuclide. Other thorium isotopes occur in nature in much smaller quantities as intermediate
Thorium-232
accretion of the Solar System, must reflect the presence of short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System. mPd – Excited nuclear isomer. ( ) – Uncertainty
Isotopes_of_palladium
Mass of a given molecule in daltons
available. Molecular masses are calculated from the atomic masses of each nuclide present in the molecule, while molar masses and relative molecular masses
Molecular_mass
Radioactive isotope of Americium
long-lifetime radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Its common parent nuclides are β− from 241Pu, EC from 241Cm, and α from 245Bk. 241Am is fissile. The
Americium-241
Isotope of plutonium
instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life
Plutonium-241
radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope (96Zr), a primordial nuclide that decays via double beta decay with an observed half-life of 2.34 ×
Isotopes_of_zirconium
Isotope of iron
the most common, comprising about 91.754% of the iron on Earth. Of all nuclides, iron-56 has the lowest mass per nucleon. With a binding energy of 8.79 MeV
Iron-56
Isotope of polonium
M.; Zehringer, M. (2012). "Polonium – on the Trace of a Powerful Alpha Nuclide in the Environment". CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry. 66 (3):
Polonium-210
Mode of radioactive decay
nucleus. For a nuclide (A, Z) with a number of nucleons A and atomic number Z, double electron capture is only possible if the mass of the nuclide (A, Z−2)
Double_electron_capture
Type of radioactive decay
phenomenon "artificial radioactivity", because 30 15P is a short-lived nuclide which does not exist in nature. The discovery of artificial radioactivity
Positron_emission
least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). Intermediate decay product of 237Np Lightest known nuclide to undergo cluster decay Used for treating
Isotopes_of_radium
from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). Intermediate decay product of 237Np Used in uranium–thorium dating
Isotopes_of_uranium
Chemical element with atomic number 20 (Ca)
silicon-burning process from fusion of alpha particles and is the heaviest stable nuclide with equal proton and neutron numbers; its occurrence is also supplemented
Calcium
Radioactive isotope of cobalt
Cobalt-60 General Symbol 60Co Names cobalt-60 Protons (Z) 27 Neutrons (N) 33 Nuclide data Natural abundance trace Half-life (t1/2) 5.2714 years Isotope mass
Cobalt-60
Graph of neutrons vs. protons in nuclides
interactive Table of Nuclides with data on ~3000 nuclides. Recent discoveries are sourced from M. Thoennessen's "Discovery of Nuclides Project" website [1]
Table of nuclides (segmented, wide)
Table_of_nuclides_(segmented,_wide)
isomers, but only one of these isotopes (9 Be) is stable and a primordial nuclide. As such, beryllium is considered a monoisotopic element. It is also a
Isotopes_of_beryllium
NUCLIDE
NUCLIDE
NUCLIDE
NUCLIDE
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Dusky
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Supreme Lotus Flower
Boy/Male
Indian
Singh
Girl/Female
American, Australian
Date Palm
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Love; Attractive
Boy/Male
Tamil
Tejobhadra | தேஜோபாதà¯à®°
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Desirable as the Moon; Life
Male
Thai/Siamese
Thai name PHASSAKORN means "sun."
Boy/Male
Basque, French, German, Portuguese
Baptist; To Dip
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Beloved One
NUCLIDE
NUCLIDE
NUCLIDE
NUCLIDE
NUCLIDE