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Microfinance Focus is an Indian online news media and publication company that focuses on microfinance. It is based in Bangalore, India. Microfinance
Microfinance_Focus
Provision of microloans to small scale entrepreneurs and small businesses
Microfinance consists of financial services designated for individuals and small businesses (SMEs) who lack access to conventional banking and related
Microfinance
Indian microfinance company
Bharat Financial Inclusion Limited (formerly known as SKS Microfinance Limited) or BFIL is a banking & finance company (NBFC), licensed by the Reserve
Bharat_Financial_Inclusion
Handheld mobile device
Retrieved June 4, 2012. ""Zidisha Set to "Expand" in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance", Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010". Microfinancefocus.com. February 7, 2010. Archived
Smartphone
Small loans to impoverished borrowers
October 28, 2009. "Zidisha Set to "Expand" in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance", Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010 Archived 2010-02-28 at the Wayback Machine Rao.
Microcredit
Microfinance institution in Bangladesh
financially self-sufficient. Since then, it has become a fully self-sufficient microfinance institution – operating mainly in Bangladesh, but with presence in Africa
Association for Social Advancement
Association_for_Social_Advancement
Non-Banking Financial Company
promoters, including CreditAccess India B.V., a Dutch-based Asia-focused microfinance major that has invested INR 968 crore in CA Grameen since 2009. Udaya
CreditAccess_Grameen
Jan. 2 & 16, 2010 "Zidisha Set to "Expand" in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance", Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010 Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Chivers
Sociology_of_the_Internet
UK financial services company
Mustapha in 2019. Kuda operates in Nigeria as Kuda Microfinance Bank under a national microfinance bank license from the Central Bank of Nigeria, with
Kuda_Bank
Bangladeshi economist and statesman (born 1940)
and statesman. Yunus pioneered the modern concept of microcredit and microfinance, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. He is the founder
Muhammad_Yunus
Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM) is a microfinancing agency of the Aga Khan Development Network. AKAM was formally inaugurated in February 2005
Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance
Aga_Khan_Agency_for_Microfinance
Non-profit organization
organization, founded by Roshaneh Zafar in 1996. Kashf is regarded as the first microfinance institution (MFI) of Pakistan that uses village banking methodology in
Kashf_Foundation
Type of retail or commercial bank organized cooperatively
Israel. The recent phenomena of microcredit and microfinance are often based on a cooperative model. These focus on small business lending. In 2006, Muhammad
Cooperative_banking
Indian private sector bank
started its microfinance operations from Bagnan, a small village, about 60 km from Kolkata. The model followed for delivery of microfinance services was
Bandhan_Bank
Micro-loan platform
San Francisco, California. Kiva distributes funds that it receives to microfinance institutions, social impact businesses, schools or non-profit organizations
Kiva_(organization)
micro financing. Microfinance stills remains a relatively new in Tanzania since it has not penetrated yet. Since 1995, microfinance has been linked to
Microfinance_in_Tanzania
Microfinance bank in Tanzania
SMFB is a Microfinance Bank that focuses on the micro-finance sector, serving micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. Access Microfinance Bank Tanzania
Selcom Microfinance Bank Tanzania
Selcom_Microfinance_Bank_Tanzania
French entrepreneur
co-founder and Director of Blue Orchard Finance S.A. of Geneva, a leading microfinance management company. Alexandre de Lesseps was born in Paris, France. His
Alexandre_de_Lesseps
Pakistani non-profit organisation
nonprofit organisation based in Pakistan that provides interest-free microfinance to individuals without access to formal financial services. Founded in
Akhuwat_Foundation
Major Mongolian bank
The bank is also one of the country's major providers of microfinance. It has a large focus on clients that are herdsman with solely movable assets. Khan
Khan_Bank
Israeli and American actress (born 1981)
the PBS program Foreign Exchange with Fareed Zakaria, she discussed microfinance. Host Fareed Zakaria said that he was "generally wary of celebrities
Natalie_Portman
Bank and microfinancer in Bangladesh
Grameen Bank (Bengali: গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক) is a microfinance, specialized community development bank founded in Bangladesh. It provides small loans (known
Grameen_Bank
Nonprofit organization
Vulnerabilities in Microfinance, CGAP Focus Note, February 2010 Christina Frank. Stemming the Tide of Mission Drift: Microfinance Transformations and
Women's_World_Banking
Lendwithcare is a microfinance lending website from CARE International UK. Launched in September 2010, it allows individuals and groups to make small loans
Lendwithcare
Credit institution in Uganda
(approx. $2.12 million). The institution was founded in 1995 as Pride Microfinance Limited (PMFL) a non-governmental organization with the support of the
Pride_Bank_Limited
International nonprofit organization
start microfinance institutions in underserved areas of Inner Mongolia, Cameroon, and Brazil. In December 2009, Accion inaugurated Accion Microfinance China
Accion_International
Indian-American entrepreneur and banker
(born 7 November 1968) is an American banker and the founder of SKS Microfinance (now BFIL), a micro finance company and former chairperson of Bharat
Vikram_Akula
Ugandan businesswoman and financial executive
Director of Pride Microfinance Limited (MDI). She is recognized for her contributions to the microfinance sector in Uganda, with a focus on financial inclusion
Veronicah_Namagembe
French-American economist (born 1972)
the effects of microfinance on household consumption and well-being. The research was a direct response to the popularity of microfinance as a tool to eliminate
Esther_Duflo
Global research center working to reduce poverty
microfinance programs aimed at alleviating poverty by providing the extreme poor access to loans without collateral or credit histories. Microfinance
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab
Abdul_Latif_Jameel_Poverty_Action_Lab
International non-governmental, nonprofit initiative
region and thematically focused on public health and microfinance developmental issues, the Gamelan Council formed to focus specifically on these areas
Gamelan_Council
American non-profit research and policy organization
to measure the impacts of development programs in sectors including microfinance, education, health, peace and recovery, governance, agriculture, social
Innovations for Poverty Action
Innovations_for_Poverty_Action
American financial software nonprofit
first of November, Mifos Initiative also took part in the Global Islamic Microfinance Forum, held in Dubai, UAE. President/CEO of Mifos Initiative is Edward
Mifos_Initiative
Each issue focused on a theme from the microfinance sector. The first issue of Microfinance Insights was released in October 2006. Microfinance Insights
Microfinance_Insights
Financial services data organization
Microfinance Information Exchange, Inc. (commonly known by its acronym MIX) was a non-profit organization that provided market data and intelligence on
Microfinance Information Exchange
Microfinance_Information_Exchange
International development organization based in Bangladesh
Co-chair, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Global Health Award, 2004 Microfinance, introduced in 1974, is BRAC's oldest programme. It spans all districts
BRAC_(organisation)
Nonprofit organization for women's rights in Latin America
time, the microfinance movement was burgeoning and industry leaders told them to eliminate the health and human development components and focus solely on
Pro_Mujer
Government owned All India Development Financial Institution and Regulatory Body
mainly of poor women, this has evolved into an important Indian tool for microfinance. By March 2006, 22 lakh SHGs representing 3.3 crore members had to be
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
National_Bank_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development
Haitian microfinance institution
Fonkoze is Haiti's largest microfinance institution serving the poor (primarily rural women) in Haiti, with 44 branches located throughout the country
Fonkoze
Indian economist
economics. She has taught courses in managerial economics, game theory, and microfinance. Her research includes studies on health financing, women’s political
Shamika_Ravi
Pakistani commercial banking based in Karachi
Prestige" division, specialising in comprehensive investment services. HBL Microfinance Bank (HBL MfB) was established in 2002 through a structured transformation
Habib_Bank_Limited
SMEP Microfinance Bank Limited is a public limited company incorporate under the companies Act (Cap 486) and licensed under the Microfinance Act (Cap
SMEP_Microfinance_Bank
Types of banking license by rbi
unorganised sector entities. Existing non-banking financial companies (NBFC), microfinance institutions (MFI) and local area banks (LAB) can apply to become small
Small_finance_bank
Entity contracted to provide banking services on behalf of a financial institution
microcredit delivery channel. In: Chicago Microfinance Conference, 2007, Chicago. Proceedings of the Chicago Microfinance Conference. Chicago, USA. Diniz, Eduardo
Banking_agent
Non-profit loan provider in New York
Grameen America is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit microfinance organization based in New York City. It was founded by Nobel Peace Prize recipient Muhammad Yunus
Grameen_America
Indonesian bank focused on small and medium business
of the largest banks in Indonesia. It specialises in small scale and microfinance style borrowing from and lending to its approximately 30 million retail
Bank_Rakyat_Indonesia
United Nations agency
received the highest score in the SmartAid for Microfinance Index, a measure of overall effectiveness in microfinance. "Africa Platform". Archived from the original
United Nations Capital Development Fund
United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund
independent, family owned businesses in developing nations. Retailing Microfinance Microcredit Microinsurance "Recent Trends Point to The Emerging Age Of
Micro-retailing
Indian-American entrepreneur
development, with a specific focus on microfinance. At the London School of Economics he received a research grant to study the microfinance work of the Self-Employed
Premal_Shah
Chinese commercial retail bank
economic stimulus plan specifically to rural areas. This included using microfinance services provided by the Postal Savings Bank as a tool for national development
Postal_Savings_Bank_of_China
Non-profit organization
the borders of Bangladesh and increase the access of poor people to microfinance by millions worldwide. After 18 years, he resigned from his position
Grameen_Foundation
Regulatory Body
assists in extending microfinance through the Micro Finance Institution (MFI) route. Its promotion & development program focuses on rural enterprises
Small Industries Development Bank of India
Small_Industries_Development_Bank_of_India
Nigerian financial technology company
the continent. In 2026, Paystack announced the acquisition of Ladder Microfinance Bank, indicating a move beyond payment processing into other areas of
Paystack
Cambodian agricultural institution
Intean Poalroath Rongroeurng (IPR) is a Cambodian microfinance institution focused on the domestic agricultural sector. IPR is headquartered in Phnom Penh
IPR_Microfinance_Institution
Irish businessman (1969–2018)
the CEO of Angkor Mikroheranhvatho (Kampuchea) Co. (AMK), the largest microfinance institution in Cambodia in terms of borrower numbers. AMK currently provides
Pete_Power
Private international development agency
pertaining to their respective fields of expertise (the environment, culture, microfinance, health, education, architecture, rural development), their activities
Aga_Khan_Foundation
Indian social entrepreneur (born 1954)
established Bhartiya Samruddhi Finance Ltd (BSFL), which was among the first microfinance companies in the world to attract commercial debt and equity investments
Vijay_Mahajan
Non-banking financial institutions in India
study on microfinance conducted by the Reserve Bank of India and a few major banks, the following observations were made: Some of the microfinance institutions
NBFC_and_MFI_in_India
Opportunities to access financial services
about the effectiveness of financial-inclusion initiatives. Research on microfinance initiatives indicates that wide availability of credit for micro-entrepreneurs
Financial_inclusion
the country, the sole national loan guarantee provider, and the only microfinance provider. Further to that, its direct lending commercial business division
Bulgarian_Development_Bank
American nonprofit organization
are nationals, with over 10,000 loan officers working directly with microfinance clients. Over the last 10 years, Opportunity has invested more than $20
Opportunity_International
Greek activist and social entrepreneur
gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2026-03-20. "ACTION FINANCE INITIATIVE : TO MICROFINANCE ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ". CCI France Grèce (in Greek). 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2026-03-20
Alexandra_Mitsotaki
Non-banking finance company
May 2021). "Satin Creditcare: Transforming lives through microfinance" (PDF). MicroFinance_Institutions_Network. Archived (PDF) from the original on
Satin Creditcare Network Limited
Satin_Creditcare_Network_Limited
Charitable organization
2009, THP-Uganda implemented the Microfinance program to improve food security and reduce poverty. The Microfinance program is a training, savings, and
The_Hunger_Project
Field of research and study
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs), microfinance, outsourcing, and privatizing public enterprises, all of which direct focus towards economic growth and suggest
Gender_and_development
Non-governmental organization
Alkhidmat currently operates a total of 21 Aghosh homes across the country. Microfinance Program (Mawakhat) provides small and interest-free loans to underprivileged
Alkhidmat_Foundation_Pakistan
Indian-American business executive (born 1959)
North America. During that time, he spearheaded Citi's strategy in the microfinance sector across the world. In 2008, Banga became chief executive of the
Ajay_Banga
American baseball player (born 1960)
development organization focused on serving the most impoverished families in the Dominican Republic and Haiti through microfinance initiatives, healthcare
Dave_Valle
Zimbabwe Women Microfinance Bank (full name: Zimbabwe Women Microfinance Bank Limited) is a deposit-taking microfinance institution in Zimbabwe. The bank
Zimbabwe Women Microfinance Bank
Zimbabwe_Women_Microfinance_Bank
Business Development is an organization of microfinance institutions that works in Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. The focus is to try and eliminate poverty on the
South Pacific Business Development
South_Pacific_Business_Development
Indian private sector bank
Nadu-based public charitable trust established in 1986. In 2003, it became a microfinance institution called Grama Vidiyal Micro Finance Limited (GVMFL). In 2016
IDFC_First_Bank
Community development organization in Canada
The Antigonish Movement blended adult education, co-operatives, microfinance and rural community development to help small, resource-based communities
Antigonish_Movement
Organization based in Egypt
2007). Regulation and Supervision of Microfinance in Egypt. Essays on Regulation and Supervision series, Microfinance Regulation and Supervision Resource
Social Fund for Development (Egypt)
Social_Fund_for_Development_(Egypt)
Financial products and services that conform to Sharia (Islamic law)
"Islamic Microfinance: An Emerging Market Niche" (PDF). CGAP Focus Notes (49): 1. August 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2017. "Islamic Microfinance News". imfn
Islamic finance products, services and contracts
Islamic_finance_products,_services_and_contracts
American humanitarian aid NGO founded 1979
Indonesia's Microfinance Innovations Center for Resources and Alternatives (MICRA) to provide extended means of assistance to 851 Indonesian poverty-focused microfinancial
Mercy_Corps
Swiss financial services company
and microfinance consultant Armin Villiger. Villiger and Bächler traveled together through Tanzania and there experienced the impact of microfinance. Tischhauser
Responsability_investments
American entrepreneur (born 1983)
After leaving Reddit in 2010, Ohanian spent three months working in microfinance as a Kiva fellow in Yerevan, Armenia. Ohanian helped launch the travel
Alexis_Ohanian
Financial institution based in Cameroon
under Cameroonian cooperative law. In 2001, it became a category-II microfinance institution licensed by COBAC. In 2006, it transitioned to a société
Crédit Communautaire d'Afrique Bank
Crédit_Communautaire_d'Afrique_Bank
Investing for social impact and profit
nonprofits, and funds in industries such as renewable energy, education, and microfinance. Institutional investors, notably North American and European development
Impact_investing
International humanitarian agency
also developed what would become an important model for cooperative microfinance. This model is called the Village Savings and Loans Associations and
CARE_International
GiveWell. In its review, GiveWell rated SEF as its top microfinance charity and commended SEF's "strong focus on collecting the information necessary to assess
Small_Enterprise_Foundation
Queen of the Netherlands since 2013
member of the Committee for Enterprise and Finance, which succeeded the Microfinance Council in 2011. The Queen is committed to extending the reach of various
Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
Queen_Máxima_of_the_Netherlands
UN agency supporting Palestinian refugees
control in refugee camps, thus reducing the risk of epidemics." UNRWA's Microfinance Department (MD) aims to alleviate poverty and support economic development
UNRWA
Financial activities compliant with Islamic law
Michael; Reilli, Zavier (August 2008). "Islamic microfinance: An emerging market niche" (PDF). CGAP Focus Notes. 49. Consultative Group to Assist the Poor:
Islamic_banking_and_finance
Feature of some statistical distributions
business model due to the long tail has come from the various forms of microfinance developed.[citation needed] As opposed to e-tailers, micro-finance is
Long_tail
organisation supports microfinance programmes with a strong social orientation, which target thousands of very deprived women and men. The focus is laid on promoting
Entrepreneurs_du_Monde
Topics referred to by the same term
nonprofit organisation supporting microfinance institution with a focus on women entrepreneurs WWB Colombia, a microfinance institution in Colombia Friends
WWB
South African and Swazi businessman
funded 14,000 startups, with a 70% success rate. Its projects include a microfinance venture in collaboration with Swazi chiefs to provide "affordable loans
Nathan_Kirsh
Network of development agencies founded by the Aga Khan
Services, Industrial Promotion Services, and the Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance, seek to strengthen the role of the private sector in developing countries
Aga_Khan_Development_Network
Ugandan military officer (born 1960)
the President on military matters. He served as Minister of State for microfinance from 2006 to 2008.Saleh served as a member of Parliament representing
Salim_Saleh
Name Country Social venture founded Focus areas Qais Al Khonji Oman Founder of Genesis projects and investments Vinoba Bhave India Founder and leader
List_of_social_entrepreneurs
State in southeastern India
advances amounted to 60.13% of total bank credit. Till March 2011, the microfinance industry flourished in united Andhra Pradesh with a share of 65% of pan
Andhra_Pradesh
US-based nonprofit organization
the Dominican Republic. Its primary services are centered around its microfinance program, which provides small loans to impoverished families and business
Esperanza_International
Former subsidiary of State Bank of India
either a bank, or a credit union, or a co-operative, or post office or a microfinance institution, according to a study by the World Bank. Also, for women
Bharatiya_Mahila_Bank
Bank based in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
venture. Advans SA aims to establish microfinance financial institutions in emerging economies. Advans SA owns microfinance institutions in the Democratic Republic
Advans_Banque_Congo
2022 American film
engagement and left a Wall Street banking career behind to work for a microfinance startup in New Jersey. Asha's mother Suneeta, concerned for her future
Wedding_Season
Pakistani television series (2013)
Kashf, a microfinance NGO, focusing on the challenges they face and how they overcome them with the help of small loans. The drama focuses on child marriage
Rehaai
Largest church adhering to Mormonism
Michael R. (2011). "The Perpetual Education Fund: A Model for Educational Microfinance?". SSRN Electronic Journal. Social Science Research Network: 1. doi:10
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints
network of commercial banks and microfinance institutions in developing and transition countries with a target group focus on micro, small and medium-sized
AB_Bank_Zambia
Type of corporation typically operating for the benefit of a local area's public
"Empowering rural communities: Extrapolations from a systematic review of microfinance-led outcomes". Community Development. 56 (1): 80–102. doi:10.1080/15575330
Community development corporation
Community_development_corporation
MICROFINANCE FOCUS
MICROFINANCE FOCUS
Girl/Female
Tamil
Focused, Once who knows direction
Girl/Female
Tamil
Focused, Once who knows direction
Girl/Female
Indian
Focused, Once who knows direction
Boy/Male
Indian
Unique, Focused
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ekagratha | à®à®•à®¾à®•à¯à®°à®¤à®¾
Focus
Ekagratha | à®à®•à®¾à®•à¯à®°à®¤à®¾
Girl/Female
Indian
Focus
Girl/Female
Tamil
Focused, Once who knows direction
Boy/Male
Tamil
Focused
Boy/Male
Indian
Unique, Focused
Girl/Female
Indian
Devoted to one aim, Singly focused
Girl/Female
Indian
Devoted to one aim, Singly focused
Girl/Female
Tamil
Focus
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ekanthika | à®à®•à®¾à®‚திகா
Devoted to one aim, Singly focused
Ekanthika | à®à®•à®¾à®‚திகா
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ekantika | à®à®•à®¾à®¨à¯à®¤à®¿à®•à®¾
Devoted to one aim, Singly focused
Ekantika | à®à®•à®¾à®¨à¯à®¤à®¿à®•à®¾
Girl/Female
Indian
Focus
Girl/Female
Indian
Focused, Once who knows direction
Boy/Male
Tamil
Ekagrah | à®à®•à®¾à®•à¯à®°à®¹
Focused
Ekagrah | à®à®•à®¾à®•à¯à®°à®¹
Boy/Male
Hindu
Focused
Boy/Male
Hindu
Ananay word has been used by Lord Sri Krishna in Gita in association with focused worship Ananay Bhakti
Girl/Female
Indian
Focused, Once who knows direction
MICROFINANCE FOCUS
MICROFINANCE FOCUS
Boy/Male
Indian
One Musical Instrument
Boy/Male
British, Celtic, English, Welsh
Cherished
Girl/Female
Biblical
Passage, leap, step, the passover.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Tanvisree | தநà¯à®µà¯€à®·à¯à®°à¯€
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Australian, Russian, Slavic
Strong Fighter; Powerful Warrior; Earth Lover
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Pamela, PAMILA means "all honey."
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Delighting in the Gods; Pious; Religious
Surname or Lastname
English (Cumbria)
English (Cumbria) : perhaps a variant of Holme.
Female
Italian
Feminine form of Italian Simone, SIMONA means "hearkening."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Blessed and victorious
MICROFINANCE FOCUS
MICROFINANCE FOCUS
MICROFINANCE FOCUS
MICROFINANCE FOCUS
MICROFINANCE FOCUS
n.
A point in which the rays of light meet, after being reflected or refrcted, and at which the image is formed; as, the focus of a lens or mirror.
n.
A kind of curve; one of the conic sections formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane parallel to one of its sides. It is a curve, any point of which is equally distant from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed straight line, called the directrix. See Focus.
pl.
of Focus
n.
A condition of the eye in which, through shortness of the eyeball or fault of the refractive media, the rays of light come to a focus behind the retina; farsightedness; -- called also hyperopia. Cf. Emmetropia.
n.
An instrument, used with a telescope or microscope, for measuring minute distances, or the apparent diameters of objects which subtend minute angles. The measurement given directly is that of the image of the object formed at the focus of the object glass.
n.
A convex lens of glass for producing heat by converging the sun's rays into a focus.
v. t.
To bring to a focus; to focalize; as, to focus a camera.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Focus
n.
The right line drawn through the two points of contact of the two tangents drawn from a given point to a given conic section. The given point is called the pole of the line. If the given point lies within the curve so that the two tangents become imaginary, there is still a real polar line which does not meet the curve, but which possesses other properties of the polar. Thus the focus and directrix are pole and polar. There are also poles and polar curves to curves of higher degree than the second, and poles and polar planes to surfaces of the second degree.
n.
The figure or picture of any object formed at the focus of a lens or mirror, by rays of light from the several points of the object symmetrically refracted or reflected to corresponding points in such focus; this may be received on a screen, a photographic plate, or the retina of the eye, and viewed directly by the eye, or with an eyeglass, as in the telescope and microscope; the likeness of an object formed by reflection; as, to see one's image in a mirror.
n.
A point so related to a conic section and certain straight line called the directrix that the ratio of the distace between any point of the curve and the focus to the distance of the same point from the directrix is constant.
n..
A system of wires or lines in the focus of a telescope or other instrument; a reticle.
pl.
of Focus
n.
A central point; a point of concentration.
n.
Nearsightedness; shortsightedness; a condition of the eye in which the rays from distant object are brought to a focus before they reach the retina, and hence form an indistinct image; while the rays from very near objects are normally converged so as to produce a distinct image. It is corrected by the use of a concave lens.
n.
A curve formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. It is a plane curve such that the difference of the distances from any point of it to two fixed points, called foci, is equal to a given distance. See Focus. If the cutting plane be produced so as to cut the opposite cone, another curve will be formed, which is also an hyperbola. Both curves are regarded as branches of the same hyperbola. See Illust. of Conic section, and Focus.
imp. & p. p.
of Focus
n.
The apparent enlargement of a bright object seen upon a dark ground, due to the fact that the portions of the retina around the image are stimulated by the intense light; as when a dark spot on a white ground appears smaller, or a white spot on a dark ground larger, than it really is, esp. when a little out of focus.