AI & ChatGPT searches , social queriess for JACK BROADSTOCK
Search references for JACK BROADSTOCK. Phrases containing JACK BROADSTOCK
See searches and references containing JACK BROADSTOCK!
Search references for JACK BROADSTOCK. Phrases containing JACK BROADSTOCK
See searches and references containing JACK BROADSTOCK!JACK BROADSTOCK
Australian rules footballer (1920–1995)
John Harman Broadstock (1 December 1920 – 26 September 1995) was an Australian rules footballer who started his league career with West Adelaide Football
Jack_Broadstock
Alan Nutter 1 0 1943 1943 Laurie Cahill 7 4 1943 1943 Jack Giles 1 0 1943 1943 Jack Broadstock 33 23 1943–1946 1943 Ray Hunt 6 2 1943 1943 Frank Bourke
List of Richmond Football Club players
List_of_Richmond_Football_Club_players
Grand final of the 1943 Victorian Football League season
Richmond B: Raymond Steele Ron Durham Jack Scott HB: Ray Hunt Leo Maguire Bill Perkins C: Leo Merrett Jack Broadstock Bert Edwards HF: Roy Quinn Brian Randall
1943_VFL_grand_final
1964). Flora Blanc, 78, American theatre school director and painter. Jack Broadstock, 74, Australian rules footballer. Xenia Cage, 82, American painter
Deaths_in_September_1995
Laurie Bade Ian McKay Clarrie Window HB: Jack Wallis Colin Herbert Jack Dempsey C: Lyall Kretschmer Jack Broadstock Don Hewett HF: Darrol Foote Barrie Robran
Whyalla_Football_League
Australian sportsperson and politician
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Gil_Langley
Australian rules footballer (1913–2003)
related to Jack Dyer. Jack Dyer's profile on the official website of the Richmond Football Club Jack Dyer's playing statistics from AFL Tables Jack Dyer at
Jack_Dyer
48th season of the Victorian Football League (VFL)
behind, which saw Footscray reach the finals. Richmond's centreman Jack Broadstock was reported for having "kicked or intended to kick" Fitzroy's half-forward
1944_VFL_season
Australian rules footballer (1915–2000)
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Mel_Brock_(footballer)
Australian rules footballer and cricketer
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Bruce_Schultz_(footballer)
Australian rules footballer
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Ken_Obst
Australian rules footballer and coach
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Laurie_Cahill
Australian rules football match
Waite Richard Codd HB: Ron Keane Harry Powell Ray McArthur C: Simons Jack Broadstock Gillespie HF: Allan Crabbe Keith Miller Ted Robjent F: Summersides
1942_SANFL_Grand_Final
Australian rules footballer (1924–2021)
committee, but that committee was ousted and the new leaders installed Jack Broadstock into the position instead, with the club paying Faehse the sum of A£60
Brian_Faehse
Australian rules footballer (1917–1985)
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Marcus_Boyall
Australian rules footballer
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Stanley_Cox_(footballer)
47th season of the Victorian Football League (VFL)
during the week in a workplace accident. Richmond's centre half-forward Jack Broadstock went Absent Without Leave (AWL) from his Army duties in order to play
1943_VFL_season
Australian rules footballer (1916–1988)
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Alan Crawford (Australian rules footballer)
Alan_Crawford_(Australian_rules_footballer)
Australian rules footballer, executive
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Lew_Roberts
Australian rules footballer (1914–1989)
consisted of Test cricketer Doug Ring as well as future Test players Jack Hill and Jack Iverson. In his district career with Port Adelaide from 1939 to 1954
Bob McLean (Australian footballer)
Bob_McLean_(Australian_footballer)
Australian rules footballer
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Ray_McArthur
Australian rules footballer and coach
Crawford Half-forward Lew Roberts Bob McLean Max Lowe Centre Colin Aamodt Jack Broadstock Laurie Cahill Half-back Howard Tuohy Marcus Boyall Ray McArthur Full-back
Colin_Aamodt
Australian sportsman
Australian representative cricketers "Jack Reedman". Sporting Globe. No. 175. Victoria, Australia. 2 April 1924. p. 7. "Jack Reedman". Australian Football. australianfootball
Jack_Reedman
Australian rules footballer, born 1920
Jack Oatey AM (29 August 1920 – 26 February 1994) was an Australian rules football player and coach. Oatey played 181 games for the Norwood Football Club
Jack_Oatey
Australian rules footballer (born 1990)
November 2023 near Uluru. Statistics are correct to the end of 2021. Broadstock, Amelia (14 October 2014). "South Adelaide ruckman Keegan Brooksby wins
Keegan_Brooksby
(1732–1771) Šimon Brixi (1693–1735) Maria Brizzi Giorgi (1775–1822) Brenton Broadstock (born 1952) Robert Broberg (1940–2015) Howard Brockway (1870–1951) Henri
List_of_composers_by_name
Australian rules footballer (1915–1997)
MID-GIPPSLAND PREMIERSHIP". Narracan Shire Advocate (Moe, Vic). 28 September 1951. p. 3. Retrieved 13 January 2024. Jack Scott at AustralianFootball.com v t e
Jack Scott (Australian rules footballer)
Jack_Scott_(Australian_rules_footballer)
Australian politician
Honour Roll" (PDF). Government of South Australia. Office for Women. 2011. Broadstock, Amelia (7 October 2014). "Southern Football League to launch weekly radio
Katrine_Hildyard
Griffen-Foley 2013, pp. 242–43 Fitzpatrick 2009, pp. 194–98 Simons & Broadstock 1997, pp. 138–41 Browning & Breen 1997, pp. 463–65 Bashford, Alison; Macintyre
History of Australia (1901–1945)
History_of_Australia_(1901–1945)
Australian rules footballer
Adelaide, with the highlight being the 1983 premiership where he won the Jack Oatey Medal as the player of the match in the Grand Final win over Sturt
Ian_Borchard
Alexander Brincken (born 1952), Russian composer of 5 symphonies Brenton Broadstock (born 1952), Australian composer of 5 symphonies Stephen Hartke (born
List_of_symphony_composers
Australian rules football teams
Edwards HF: R.Quinn J.Broadstock B.Randall F: L.Cahill B.Bawden R.Harris Foll: J.Dyer (C/C) A.Barr-Kemp M.Oppy Int: L.Ablett Coach: Jack Dyer 1967 Richmond
Richmond_premiership_teams
Capital city of South Australia, Australia
May 2008). "Education attracts record numbers". The Weekend Australian. Broadstock, Amelia (6 May 2015). "International Uni student numbers a billion dollar
Adelaide
Australia music awards
music. This award has been won by well-known composers including Brenton Broadstock, Brett Dean, Ross Edwards, Georges Lentz, Liza Lim, Richard Mills, and
APRA_Awards_(Australia)
Australian rules football league
Vikings". Southern Times Messenger. pp. 4–5, 68–69. Retrieved 27 June 2013. Broadstock, Amelia (23 September 2013). "Reynella celebrates Southern Football League
Southern Football League (South Australia)
Southern_Football_League_(South_Australia)
Australian rules football club
of Fame includes: Ron Benton Ian Borchard Jeff Bray Colin Brown John Broadstock Jos Dailey Robert Day W. H. "Shrimp" Dowling Ken Eglington Brian Faehse
West_Adelaide_Football_Club
Australian rules footballer and coach
him away from West Adelaide. Port Adelaide's first preference to replace Jack McCarthy as head coach was South Adelaide's Jim Deane, but South Adelaide
Fos_Williams
Swedish Joseph Waters 1952 American Sérgio Assad 1952 Brazilian Brenton Broadstock 1952 Australian Alexander Voltz 1999 Australian Tina Davidson 1952 American
List of 21st-century classical composers
List_of_21st-century_classical_composers
Australian rules footballer (1870–1913)
McGregor, Smith 1945: Lee 1946–1947: G Scott 1948–1949: J Taylor 1950: Broadstock 1951–1952: Faehse 1953–1956: L Cahill 1957–1960: Oatey 1961–1962: Kerley
John Daly (footballer, born 1870)
John_Daly_(footballer,_born_1870)
1869 – 22 Oct 1935) Roy Agnew (1898–1941) Hugo Alpen (1842–1917) Brenton Broadstock (born 1952) Arthur Chanter (1866–1950) Alice Charbonnet-Kellermann (1858–1914)
List of composers by nationality
List_of_composers_by_nationality
Australian rules footballer (1934–2022)
Laurie Cahill while from 1957 to 1960 the club was coached by the legendary Jack Oatey. Kerley won the first of four Best & Fairest awards for the club in
Neil_Kerley
Australian rules footballer and coach
VFL premiership side. The following season he was pushed into defence by Jack Dyer and soon established a place in the side as a specialist back pocket
Max_Oppy
Welsh rugby union club, based in Pontypridd
Jones 1964–1965 Russell Jones 1965–1966 Tommy Coombes 1966–1967 Byron Broadstock/Tommy Coombes 1967–1968 Joe Smith 1968–1969 Arfon Jones 1969–1970 Joe
Pontypridd_RFC
Soap opera character
pulmonary fibrosis storyline. Pierce and Lisa's daughter Alana Greyson (Molly Broadstock) also made her debut in the Sydney episodes. Hendrix and Mackenzie visit
Pierce_Greyson
Australian rules footballer, born 1940
Port – Unofficial Port Adelaide Power and Magpies Football Clubs Website "Jack's journey through 150". 12 May 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2022. "JOHN V.
John_Cahill_(footballer)
Mary) Hannah Brahe (1884–1956) Hooper Brewster-Jones (1887–1949) Brenton Broadstock (born 1952) Amanda Gabrielle Brown (born 1965) Colin Brumby (1933–2018)
List_of_Australian_composers
Australian rules footballer (born 1976)
McGregor, Smith 1945: Lee 1946–1947: G Scott 1948–1949: J Taylor 1950: Broadstock 1951–1952: Faehse 1953–1956: L Cahill 1957–1960: Oatey 1961–1962: Kerley
Nathan_Bassett
ring he has picked out to The Waterhole. 4–12 April Max Walpole Chris Broadstock A businessman who meets with Chloe Brennan at The Waterhole. She asks
List of Neighbours characters introduced in 2019
List_of_Neighbours_characters_introduced_in_2019
Australian rules footballer, born 1917
course of his career there Bawden acted as second ruckman to Richmond great Jack Dyer. When not rucking he was used in the forward pocket and was a member
Bob_Bawden
Molly Broadstock, made her first appearance on 16 June 2022 in Australia and 20 May in the UK. Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy confirmed Broadstock's casting
List of Neighbours characters introduced in 2022
List_of_Neighbours_characters_introduced_in_2022
(born 1943) Barry Conyngham (born 1944) George Palmer (born 1947) Brenton Broadstock (born 1952) Carl Vine (born 1954) Andrew Ford (born 1957) Elena Kats-Chernin
Chronological list of Australian classical composers
Chronological_list_of_Australian_classical_composers
Australian rules footballer (born 1989)
disposals for the game (the most be any SANFL player in 2015) and winning the Jack Oatey Medal as the best player in the Grand Final as Westies defeated minor
Chris_Schmidt_(footballer)
(director); Tilda Cobham-Hervey, Danielle Macdonald, Evan Peters, Molly Broadstock, Chris Parnell S E P T E M B E R 10 Slim and I Pictures in Paradise /
List of Australian films of 2020
List_of_Australian_films_of_2020
Prevention of the occurrence of diseases
International. 19 (3): 369–78. doi:10.1093/heapro/dah310. PMID 15306621. Broadstock M (March 1991). "Sun protection at the cricket". The Medical Journal of
Preventive_healthcare
Australian rules footballer
McGregor, Smith 1945: Lee 1946–1947: G Scott 1948–1949: J Taylor 1950: Broadstock 1951–1952: Faehse 1953–1956: L Cahill 1957–1960: Oatey 1961–1962: Kerley
Don_Roach
Australian rules footballer (1904–1979)
Yarraville, North Melbourne, Geelong, and Coburg footballer John Donald "Jack" Gaudion (1910-1993), and the nephew of Collingwood footballer Francis Charles
Charlie_Gaudion
Soap opera character
Greyson (Molly Broadstock) and Maeve Rowsthorn (Beatrix Van Vliet) made their first appearances. Turland enjoyed working with Broadstock to form the relationship
Hendrix_Greyson
Australian rules footballer and coach
Perkins 10. Cahill 13. Waldron 14. Oppy 16. Hunt 17. Dyer (c) 20. Harris 22. Merrett 23. Bawden 24. Broadstock 25. Quinn 29. Randall 31. Maguire Coach: Dyer
Leo_Merrett
Australian rules footballer (born 1950)
McGregor, Smith 1945: Lee 1946–1947: G Scott 1948–1949: J Taylor 1950: Broadstock 1951–1952: Faehse 1953–1956: L Cahill 1957–1960: Oatey 1961–1962: Kerley
Kevin Morris (Australian footballer)
Kevin_Morris_(Australian_footballer)
40th annual APRA music awards
and Hope – Cantata from Six Continents in the Age of Pandemic Brenton Broadstock Quartet Berlin-Tokyo, Theodor Schüz Ensemble, Philipp Amelung (artistic
APRA_Music_Awards_of_2022
particularly the cruise ship industry, and to business. Dr Brenton Thomas Broadstock For significant service to music as a composer, educator and mentor. John
2014_Australia_Day_Honours
Australian rules footballer and coach (1936–2021)
McGregor, Smith 1945: Lee 1946–1947: G Scott 1948–1949: J Taylor 1950: Broadstock 1951–1952: Faehse 1953–1956: L Cahill 1957–1960: Oatey 1961–1962: Kerley
Murray_Weideman
Australian division election results
+4.32 National Darren Moir 1,999 2.54 +2.54 Christian Democrats Janet Broadstock 1,691 2.15 +0.18 Family First Ian Rose 1,619 2.06 +0.60 Citizens Electoral
Electoral results for the Division of Pearce
Electoral_results_for_the_Division_of_Pearce
Australian rules footballer
McGregor, Smith 1945: Lee 1946–1947: G Scott 1948–1949: J Taylor 1950: Broadstock 1951–1952: Faehse 1953–1956: L Cahill 1957–1960: Oatey 1961–1962: Kerley
Michael Taylor (Australian footballer)
Michael_Taylor_(Australian_footballer)
Australian rules footballer
Perkins 10. Cahill 13. Waldron 14. Oppy 16. Hunt 17. Dyer (c) 20. Harris 22. Merrett 23. Bawden 24. Broadstock 25. Quinn 29. Randall 31. Maguire Coach: Dyer
Ron_Durham
Australian rules footballer
VFL season he was involved in a collision which broke the leg of Carlton's Jack Hale and forced the rover to retire. After leaving Richmond he played at
Bernie_Waldron
Australian rules footballer and coach
McGregor, Smith 1945: Lee 1946–1947: G Scott 1948–1949: J Taylor 1950: Broadstock 1951–1952: Faehse 1953–1956: L Cahill 1957–1960: Oatey 1961–1962: Kerley
Walter Scott (Australian footballer)
Walter_Scott_(Australian_footballer)
Pearce Liberal Bill Leadbetter Judi Moylan Toni Warden Ian Rose Janet Broadstock Darren Moir (Nat) Chris Pepper (CEC) Perth Labor Stephen Smith Joe Ferrante
Candidates of the 2010 Australian federal election
Candidates_of_the_2010_Australian_federal_election
Australian rules footballer (1888–1974)
some of the state's best players such as Dave Lowe, Bill Mayman, Tom Leahy, Jack Tredrea, Frank Golding and Frank Barry. At the end of the 1915 SAFL season
Sampson_Hosking
JACK BROADSTOCK
JACK BROADSTOCK
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Celebrity, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hebrew, Indian, Jamaican, Latin, Polish, Swedish, Swiss, Tamil
God is Gracious; Son of Jack; He who Supplants; Diminutive of Jack; Supplanter
Male
English
Probably originally an Anglicized form of French Jacques, JACK means "supplanter," it is now considered a pet form of English John, meaning "God is gracious."
Male
English
Short form of English Zackary, ZACK means "whom Jehovah remembered."Â
Girl/Female
Australian, Netherlands, Portuguese
Variant of Jack
Male
English
Scottish form of English Jack, JOCK means "God is gracious."
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French, German, Hebrew, Scottish, Swedish, Swiss
Son of Jack; He who Supplants; God has been Gracious; Has Shown Favor; Based on John or Jacques; God is Gracious
Surname or Lastname
English (Kentish)
English (Kentish) : from a medieval personal name, Pack, possibly a survival of the Old English personal name Pacca, although this is found only as a place name element and appears to have died out fairly early on in the Old English period. The Middle English personal name is more likely to be a derivative of the Latin Christian name Paschalis (see Pascal).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a wholesale trader, from German Pack ‘package’ (see Packer).Anglicized form of Dutch Pak.
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Godly
Male
Polish
Modern form of Polish Jacenty, JACEK means "hyacinth flower."
Female
Native American
Native American Tupi name JACI means "moon."
Surname or Lastname
Scottish and English
Scottish and English : from a Middle English personal name, Jakke, from Old French Jacques, the usual French form of Latin Jacobus, which is the source of both Jacob and James. As a family name in Britain, this is almost exclusively Scottish.English and Welsh : from the same personal name as 1, taken as a pet form of John.German (also Jäck) : from a short form of the personal name Jacob.Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.
Surname or Lastname
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a maker of sacks or bags, from Old English sacc, Middle High German sack, German Sack ‘sack’. Bahlow also suggests someone who carried sacks.German : topographic from Middle High German sack ‘sack’, ‘end of a valley or area of cultivation’.Dutch : from a reduced form of the personal name Zacharias.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : from an acronym of the Hebrew phrase Zera Keshodim ‘Seed of the Holy’ (referring to martyred ancestors), or from a short form of the personal name Isaac.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English bakke ‘back’ (Old English bæc), hence a nickname for someone with a hunched back or some other noticeable peculiarity of the back or spine, or a topographic name for someone who lived on a hill or ridge, or at the rear of a settlement.English : from the Old English personal name Bacca, which was still in use in the 12th century. It is of uncertain origin, but may have been a byname in the same sense as 1.English : nickname from Middle English bakke ‘bat’ (apparently of Scandinavian origin), from some fancied resemblance to the animal.Altered spelling of Bach 1, 2, or 6.North German : from Middle Low German back ‘kneading trough’, hence a metonymic occupational name for someone who made or used such vessels.Americanized spelling of Norwegian Bakk(e) (see Bakke).
Female
English
Pet form of English Jackalyn, JACKI means "supplanter."
Male
English
Originally a short form of surnames, mostly Scottish, beginning with Mac-, MACK means "son of," it is now sometimes given as a forename.Â
Surname or Lastname
English and North German
English and North German : patronymic from Jack.
Boy/Male
Shakespearean American Hebrew Polish English
Henry VI, Part 2' Jack Cade, a rebel.
Male
Finnish
Short form of Finnish Jaako, JAAK means "supplanter."
Surname or Lastname
English (Cornwall and Wales)
English (Cornwall and Wales) : variant of Jack.Czech (JaÄka), Polish, and German (of Slavic origin) : from a pet form (Czech JaÄ, Polish Jacz) of any of the various Slavic personal names beginning with Ja-, for example Jakub, Jan, Jacenty (see Jacek).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old English personal name, Dæcca.Dutch : metonymic occupational name for a roofer, from dack, a variant of deck ‘roof’. Compare De decker.
JACK BROADSTOCK
JACK BROADSTOCK
Male
Japanese
(美樹夫) Japanese name MIKIO means "tree trunk man."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Intelligent; Beautiful; Early Morning; Dawn
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Hindu
Best wishing, Lovely Raja
Boy/Male
Sikh
Of gods family
Female
Native American
Native American Algonquin name SOKANON means "rain."
Boy/Male
English
From the bank.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Chief
Girl/Female
Tamil
A flower
Boy/Male
Tamil
JACK BROADSTOCK
JACK BROADSTOCK
JACK BROADSTOCK
JACK BROADSTOCK
JACK BROADSTOCK
n.
A portable machine variously constructed, for exerting great pressure, or lifting or moving a heavy body through a small distance. It consists of a lever, screw, rack and pinion, hydraulic press, or any simple combination of mechanical powers, working in a compact pedestal or support and operated by a lever, crank, capstan bar, etc. The name is often given to a jackscrew, which is a kind of jack.
a.
Being at the back or in the rear; distant; remote; as, the back door; back settlements.
n.
A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering convenient service, and often supplying the place of a boy or attendant who was commonly called Jack
adv.
In, to, or toward, the rear; as, to stand back; to step back.
v. t.
To put in a sack; to bag; as, to sack corn.
v. i.
To hunt game at night by means of a jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4, n.
n.
see Ils Jack.
n.
A pitcher or can of waxed leather; -- called also black jack.
v. i.
To write upon the back of; as, to back a letter; to indorse; as, to back a note or legal document.
n.
A bar of iron athwart ships at a topgallant masthead, to support a royal mast, and give spread to the royal shrouds; -- called also jack crosstree.
v. t.
To bear or carry in a sack upon the back or the shoulders.
n.
A machine or contrivance for turning a spit; a smoke jack, or kitchen jack.
n.
See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack.
n.
To make a pack of; to arrange closely and securely in a pack; hence, to place and arrange compactly as in a pack; to press into close order or narrow compass; as to pack goods in a box; to pack fish.
v. t.
To move or lift, as a house, by means of a jack or jacks. See 2d Jack, n., 5.
n.
A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent pipe, to prevent a back draught.
n.
An envelope, or wrapping, of sheets used in hydropathic practice, called dry pack, wet pack, cold pack, etc., according to the method of treatment.
n.
A flag, containing only the union, without the fly, usually hoisted on a jack staff at the bowsprit cap; -- called also union jack. The American jack is a small blue flag, with a star for each State.
n.
A popular colloquial name for a sailor; -- called also Jack tar, and Jack afloat.
v. i.
To make a back for; to furnish with a back; as, to back books.