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See searches and references containing DESTRUCTION LAYER!DESTRUCTION LAYER
Archaeological stratum showing evidence of violent or catastrophic destruction
A destruction layer is an archaeological stratum showing clear evidence of widespread burning, structural collapse, weapon finds, human remains, or other
Destruction_layer
Type of forest with high rainfall
high humidity, the presence of moisture-dependent vegetation, a moist layer of leaf litter, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of
Rainforest
Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BC
summarizes the history and results of radiocarbon dating of volcanic destruction layer with pre-2018 calibration curves: In 2018, a team led by tree ring
Minoan_eruption
Jewish rebellion against Roman rule (132–136 CE)
revolt coinage and destruction layers there, as well as Galilee's geographic and logistical separation from Judea. Some destruction layers near the Sea of
Bar_Kokhba_Revolt
Roman castrum where Colchester, England, now stands
commercial settlement of Londinium (London). The destruction of the early town by the rebels has left a thick layer of ash, destroyed buildings and smashed pottery
Camulodunum
Ancient Hebrew seal stamped on Judahite jars
the ancient city of Lachish, where they were buried underneath a destruction layer caused by Sennacherib, who reigned over the Neo-Assyrian Empire from
LMLK_seal
Ancient city in northwest Asia Minor
to the destruction of the Mycenaean palaces. The destruction layer shows evidence of enemy attack, including scorch marks. After the destruction of Troy VIIa
Troy
Purported ancient tribal confederation of the Late Bronze Age
sources to other Late Bronze Age evidence of migration, piracy, and destruction. While initial versions of the hypothesis regarded the Sea Peoples as
Sea_Peoples
Ancient Israelite city and sanctuary
uncovered from this era, included one with carbonized wheat. The destruction layer evident throughout the tell may have occurred in the wake of the Philistine
Shiloh_(biblical_city)
es-Safi, identified with the biblical city of Gath. It was under the destruction layer at the beginning of Iron Age IIA (1000–925 BCE). Seven letters, interpreted
Tell_es-Safi_inscription
234. Harding, p. 14. Gantz, p. 235. See also Iliupersis Troy VIIa destruction layer at c. 1190 BC Pausanias's Description of Greece – Volume 3 – Page
List_of_kings_of_Athens
Environmental protocol
production of chlorofluorocarbons due to their contribution to the destruction of the ozone layer, resulting in an increased threat of skin cancer. During the
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
Vienna_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Ozone_Layer
Societal collapse in the Late Bronze Age
was burned and the corpses left unburied. Many Anatolian sites have destruction layers dating to this general period. Some of them such as Troy were immediately
Late_Bronze_Age_collapse
4th-century work by St. Jerome
the capture of Troy of 1183 BC corresponds remarkably well with the destruction layer of Troy VIIa, the main candidate for the historical inspiration of
Chronicon_(Jerome)
King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 486 to 465 BC
defeated. Xerxes ordered the Destruction of Athens and burnt the city, leaving an archaeologically attested destruction layer, known as the Perserschutt
Xerxes_I
Eighth gate to the capital city of Babylon
significantly different than the one recorded for the time of Jerusalem's destruction layer (148.9±3.9 ZAm2)." Garcia, Brittany. "Ishtar Gate". World History
Ishtar_Gate
Ancient Greek city-state
the earthquake destruction layer consisting of cobblestones, clay roof tiles, and pottery was uncovered in 2012. This destruction layer is in good agreement
Helike
Part of the First Jewish–Roman War
monuments such as the Arch of Titus and in the Judaea Capta coinage. The destruction of Jerusalem and its temple marked a turning point in Jewish history
Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)
Atmospheric phenomenon
and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the
Ozone_depletion
Archaeological tell in Jerusalem District, Israel
Fortification. Middle Bronze IIC (c. 1590-1550 BCE). Hyksos Period. Destruction layer. The Southern Gate is a Syrian-style ‘three-entrance’ gate with a
Tel_Beit_Shemesh
Archaeological tell in northwest Syria
analysis determined that in those dating from before the c. 1200 BC destruction layer the copper were sourced from the area of Cyprus and in those afterward
Tell_Tweini
Archaeological site in Jericho
destruction layer date to 1617–1530 BCE. Although this destruction is dated to 16th century by carbon dating, scholars propose that this destruction could
Tell_es-Sultan
Framework for communication protocols used in IP networking
the layers are the link layer, containing communication methods for data that remains within a single network segment (link); the internet layer, providing
Internet_protocol_suite
Near Eastern civilization during the Iron Age
cities were unoccupied during the relevant periods, though Hazor's destruction layer does align with the biblical account. While biblical texts often portray
Ancient_Israel_and_Judah
Archeological site of an ancient city in Israel
represented a major destruction event with extensive burning. In the 2014 and 2015 seasons the Iron Age II thru 8th century BCE layer of area M3 and the
Tel_Hazor
Period of Roman history (c. 509 – 27 BC)
routed and subsequently Rome was sacked by the Senones. There is no destruction layer at Rome around this time, indicating that if a sack occurred, it was
Roman_Republic
Region in the ancient Near East
(2017). Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples'. In Fischer
Canaan
Ancient Levantine city
excavations discovered a destruction layer connected to the Muslim conquest of the city. Some newer research posits that there was no destruction caused by the Persians
Caesarea_Maritima
Site of an ancient city in northern Israel's Jezreel Valley
Machine, Tel Aviv University. Bruins, Hendrik J., (2023): "...the destruction layer of Stratum VA-IVB dates to the ninth century BC, supporting Finkelstein
Tel_Megiddo
Early Bronze Age city
confined to the cemetery (charnel house tombs) and are not found in the destruction layer of the city. Around 2900 BCE the residents of Bab edh-Dhra abandoned
Bab_edh-Dhra
Undecyphered bronze-age Cretan writing system
and a Linear A inscribed roundel. The deposit was in a destruction layer dated between layers LM IA and LM IB. Symbol inventories have been compiled by
Cretan_hieroglyphs
Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant
Jerusalem. Several complete jars were found in situ buried under a destruction layer caused by Sennacherib at Tel Lachish. None of the original seals have
Kingdom_of_Judah
Archaeological site in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains
details. Among other things is a discovery of a thick destruction layer may be dated to the destruction at the hands of the Egyptians, which some associate
Gezer
Overview of genocides before 1914
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part. The term was coined in 1944 by Raphael Lemkin. It is defined in Article 2 of
Genocides in history (before 1490)
Genocides_in_history_(before_1490)
City in Israel
against the Neo-Assyrian emperor Shalmaneser V. There is a clear destruction layer in the ruins, probably dating to the 7th century BC. Acre served as
Acre,_Israel
Part of the Hunnic invasion of the Roman province of Gaul
attacked in these accounts, although archaeological evidence shows no destruction layer dating to the timeframe of the invasion. The most likely explanation
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains
Palestinian city in the West Bank
Middle Bronze Age, the calibrated carbon remains from its City-IV destruction layer dating to 1617–1530 BCE. Carbon dating c. 1573 BCE confirmed the accuracy
Jericho
Settlement in Northumberland, England
preserved the altar. The shrine has a destruction layer around AD 300, roughly the same time as a destruction layer at the Temple to Mithras. The third
Carrawburgh
Ancient city and port in Red Sea
showing a strong affinities with the late Axumite kingdom, but a destruction layer. This in turn prompted Kobishchanov to later argue that Adulis had
Adulis
Relationship between historic and biblical events
archaeological record. For example, stratum XIII in Tel Hazor, found in a destruction layer from around 1200 BCE, shows signs of catastrophic fire, and cuneiform
Historicity_of_the_Bible
Ancient people who inhabited Canaan's southern coast
(2017). "Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples.'". In Fischer
Philistines
2026 animated series
accord" with local criminals and gangsters. It features "different levels and layers" like previous Star Wars cities. Maul decides to rebuild his criminal syndicate
Star_Wars:_Maul_–_Shadow_Lord
German nuclear reactor test facility
the mountain under the Schlosskirche (castle church), with a 20–30 m top layer of shell limestone protecting it against air attacks. The tunnel was about
Haigerloch_atomic_pile
Archeological site in Israel
violently destroyed during the Bar Kokhba revolt, as evidenced by a destruction layer and a mass grave found in a mikveh, which contained the remains of
Horvat_'Ethri
Ancient Hebrew city
either 71/2 or 82/3 CE. A collapse layer from the Second Temple period supports Josephus's narrative of the Roman destruction of Magdala during the First Jewish–Roman
Magdala
Middle Bronze Age. From there in the hill country between Halys the destruction layers from this time tell the same story. Karaoglan, Bitik, Polatli and
Middle Bronze Age migrations (ancient Near East)
Middle_Bronze_Age_migrations_(ancient_Near_East)
2000-1700 BCE Minoan structural ensemble discovered in 2024
Protopalatial period (MM IB). Neopalatial pottery was found in the destruction layer, implying that the construction continued to be used through later
Papoura Hill Circular Structure
Papoura_Hill_Circular_Structure
Gas layer surrounding Earth
The atmosphere of Earth consists of a layer of mixed gas (commonly referred to as air) that is retained by gravity, surrounding the Earth's surface. It
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Biblical figure and Israelite monarch
through multiple conquests which are archaeologically attested in destruction layers of many urban centers dating to his time. Lester L. Grabbe wrote in
David
Country in North Africa
Egyptian specialties include ful medames, mashed fava beans; feteer, flaky, layered pie with various fillings; hawawshi, spiced minced meat baked inside bread;
Egypt
People of the ancient Near East
glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. The mosaic glass beakers are thought
Kassites
4th-century Byzantine ruins
using primarily local materials. It may have been built over the destruction layer of a fire that cleared an area. Expansive areas of mosaic are preserved
Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda
Burning of the skin by the sun's radiation
north and south latitude. All else being equal (e.g., cloud cover, ozone layer, terrain, etc.), each location within the tropic or polar regions receives
Sunburn
Greek myth and discredited archaeological theory
the Dorians. Destruction layers at Mycenaean palatial sites were then attributed to this putative invasion, even though such destruction went unmentioned
Dorian_invasion
Ancient Mesopotamian empire (626–539 BC)
arrowheads, originally of steppe origin, first appear in the Levant in destruction layers associated with Nebuchadnezzar II's conquest of the Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Babylonian_Empire
Music genre
in the U.K." "established punk's modus operandi". Producer Chris Thomas layered multiple tracks of Steve Jones's guitar to create a "searing wall of sound"
Punk_rock
Central religious text of Islam
Muhammad's death, the history of the transmission of the text showing destruction of variants (e.g. burning), early standardization attempts (e.g. 653–705
Quran
Internal organ in the male reproductive system
fine-coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules. The tubules are lined with a layer of cells (germ cells) that develop from puberty through old age into sperm
Testicle
Country in the Horn of Africa
Lalibela civilisation was largely influenced by Aksumite architecture, but the layer of stones or wood is quite different for some dwellings. In the Gondarine
Ethiopia
Capital and largest city of Italy
has been found from approximately 14,000 years ago, although the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites. Evidence
Rome
Archaeological site in Israel
during the Hasmonean conquest of Idumaea under John Hyrcanus. This destruction layer is followed by evidence of renewed occupation by a Jewish population
Khirbet_Beit_Lei
1968 film by Stanley Kubrick
ungirded but with its eyes wide open. Leonard F. Wheat sees 2001 as a multi-layered allegory, commenting simultaneously on Nietzsche, Homer, and the relationship
2001:_A_Space_Odyssey
French territory in the southwest Pacific Ocean
by pro-independence deputy Emmanuel Tjibaou. Kanak society has several layers of customary authority, from the 4,000–5,000 family-based clans to the eight
New_Caledonia
American archaeologist and Young Earth creationist
During a series of excavations from 1930 to 1936 John Garstang found a destruction layer at Jericho corresponding to the termination of City IV which he identified
Bryant_G._Wood
Layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere
The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. Pronounced /ˈstrætəˌsfɪər
Stratosphere
American actress (born 2002)
times due to the darker subject matter requiring her to "fully shed every layer and be really vulnerable". She stated that the role enhanced her confidence
Sadie_Sink
Jewish kingdom in the southern Levant (140–37 BC)
and conflict with the local non-Jewish population, as evidenced by destruction layers and fortifications in the region. Some earlier scholars accepted Josephus’s
Hasmonean_Judea
Home of many cradles of civilization
and destroyed the cities there. This corresponds well with burnt destruction layers discovered by archaeologists at town sites in Ishuwa of roughly the
Ancient_Near_East
City in Balqa Governorate, Jordan
and one uninscribed, were discovered. The tablets were found in the destruction layer of storerooms dated by a cartouche of Queen Twosret of Egypt to around
Deir_Alla
Video game franchise
including the AI and camera control. Another noted aspect was the multi-layered levels, as compared to equivalent 3D action-adventure games of the time
Tomb_Raider
Capital of Guangdong, China
Center Yunshan Diecui (Chinese: 云山叠翠; pinyin: yúnshān diécuì; lit. 'Emerald Layers of Cloudy Mountain'): Baiyun Mountain, Yunluo Botanical Garden, Yunxi Botanical
Guangzhou
Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae
membrane protein. It consists of 218 to 263 amino acid residues and forms a layer 7.8 nm thick. It has three domains, a short N-terminal ectodomain, a triple-spanning
Coronavirus
EF5 tornado in North Dakota, US
northeastward into the western Great Lakes region. Instability and deep-layer wind shear were sufficient for a localized severe weather threat, though
2025_Enderlin_tornado
Sartaba, an ancient Hasmonean fort
The fifth and final phase included squatter walls, a tabun, and a destruction layer from the first century AD - these likely represent the activities
Alexandrium
Prehistoric settlement in Greece
also seem to be a short gap between LN I and LN II. It ended with a destruction layer. The EBA occupation started around 3300-2900 BC. A long sequence of
Dikili_Tash
Ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 3300 to 1900 BC
After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise
Sumer
Sea between Africa, Asia, and Europe
waters sink below the waters incoming from the Atlantic, causing a two-layer flow across the Strait of Gibraltar: that is, an outflow submarine current
Mediterranean_Sea
Class of ectothermic tetrapods
produced by three layers of pigment cells called chromatophores. These three cell layers consist of the melanophores (occupying the deepest layer), the guanophores
Amphibian
reduce the power of the Qizilbash, by creating and fully integrating a new layer in Iranian society. As Encyclopædia Iranica states, for Tahmasp, the problem
History_of_Iran
Egyptian pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty for the Old Kingdom
and the Dakhla Oasis. At Ebla, an alabaster lid was found in the destruction layer of Mardikh IIB1. Only a small number of pharaohs were immortalized
Pepi_II_Neferkare
Fictional character, The Bear TV series
full-fledged adult...[with] pain and self-doubt right at the surface but [also] a layer of wisdom." Richie is responsible for hiring three experienced restaurant
Richie_Jerimovich
Ethnic group of central Mexico and its civilization
incorporation of Mesoamerican peoples into the Spanish Empire. With the destruction of the superstructure of the Aztec Empire in 1521, the Spanish used the
Aztecs
2023 dam breach in Ukraine
Examples include rocket attack against Kyiv dam on 26 February 2022, the destruction of the Oskil Dam by Russian land forces in July and the missile attack
Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam
Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam
Roman emperor from 284 to 305
p. 71; Corcoran 2006, p. 40. Williams 1985, p. 62. Rees, Roger (2002). Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10
Diocletian
Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species
potential cause for the habitat destruction by depleating ozone layer in upper atmosphere of a planet. Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land
Habitat_destruction
Minoan archaeological site in Eastern Crete, Greece
inscribed with Cretan hieroglyphs. The deposit was in a destruction layer dated between layers LM IA and LM IB. Human remains were found in caves at the
Zakros
might have ascended the throne for a short period Pottery seals of the Egyptian pharaoh Pepi I have been found in the destruction layer of the city
List_of_kings_of_Ebla
Volcanic caldera in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia
all of the rest of the island of Krakatau, which was covered by a thin layer of vegetation; this fact denotes the relatively young age of the lava in
Krakatoa
Vehicle used by the president of the United States
the car, the standard windows were made bullet-resistant with sandwiched layers of glass and polycarbonate vinyl, and prototype aluminum run-flat tires
Presidential state car (United States)
Presidential_state_car_(United_States)
2024 book by Annie Jacobsen
poisoning from nuclear fallout. When the nuclear winter finally ends, the ozone layer, which has been heavily damaged by the war, has lost up to 65% of its shielding
Nuclear_War:_A_Scenario
1984 studio album by Metallica
The song becomes progressively heavier and faster, ending with multi-layered guitar solos. The ballad's arpeggiated chords and reserved singing was
Ride_the_Lightning
Series of science fiction novels by Adrian Tchaikovsky
Architect at Berlenhof, turning the tide of the conflict decades after the destruction of Earth. Later, he and other Intermediaries make contact with an Architect
The_Final_Architecture
Ancient Greek city state in Sicily
extended well beyond its sacred centre. Stratigraphic evidence of destruction layers dating to the late 5th century BCE also corresponds with the Carthaginian
Akragas_(metropolis)
American third-generation main battle tank
publicly said about it. It consists of ceramic blocks set in resin between layers of conventional armor. The ceramic acts as a non-explosive reactive armor
M1_Abrams
Watercraft capable of independent underwater operation
submarines. On modern military submarines the outer hull is covered with a layer of sound-absorbing rubber, or anechoic plating, to reduce detection. The
Submarine
Archeological site in Kandahar, Afghanistan
earlier destruction. Both the "palace" and the "temple" and possibly the city walls as well date from this period. Another destruction layer and a marked
Mundigak
2015 video game
Bravely Second: End Layer is a 2015 role-playing video game developed by Silicon Studio for the Nintendo 3DS handheld console and is the direct sequel
Bravely_Second:_End_Layer
Portion of the Herodian kingdom
destroyed or abandoned in its course. Evidence for this includes a destruction layer from the early decades of the second century uncovered at Tel Abu
Perea
Large flightless seabird endemic to Antarctica
heat loss. Dense feathers provide 80–90% of its insulation, and it has a layer of sub-dermal fat which may be up to 3 cm (1.2 in) thick before breeding
Emperor_penguin
Historicity of Israelite founding myth
effect be escaping from Egypt to Egypt, and its cities do not show destruction layers consistent with the Book of Joshua's account of the occupation of
Sources and parallels of the Exodus
Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus
DESTRUCTION LAYER
DESTRUCTION LAYER
Boy/Male
Biblical
Desolation, destruction.
Boy/Male
Czech, French, German, Hebrew, Hindu, Hungarian, Indian, Romanian
White; Within; Intelligent; Destruction
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Bean; Destruction
Biblical
desolation; destruction
Girl/Female
Biblical Greek Latin
Perdition, destruction.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Instruction
Girl/Female
Egyptian
Sakmet - goddess of destruction.
Boy/Male
Indian
Instruction
Biblical
destruction
Boy/Male
Muslim
Instruction
Boy/Male
Norse
God of destruction.
Boy/Male
Biblical
His destruction; his sword.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Destruction.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Nibandhana | நிபஂதநாÂ
Restriction
Nibandhana | நிபஂதநாÂ
Biblical
bramble of destruction
Biblical
perdition, destruction
Biblical
desert; solitude; destruction
Biblical
bean; destruction
Boy/Male
Biblical
Bramble of destruction.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Restriction
DESTRUCTION LAYER
DESTRUCTION LAYER
Boy/Male
British, English
Place Name; Hare-meadow; From the Long Field
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
Gods Beloved
Boy/Male
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim
Excited; Happy
Boy/Male
Tamil
Radha Krishna | ராதாகரஷà¯à®£à®¾Â
Radha and Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord Shiva
Male
Hebrew
(×וּר-מַלְכִּי) Hebrew name UR-MALKI means "my king is light."
Girl/Female
Hindu
Bird
Male
Iranian/Persian
Middle Persian form of Old Persian Angra Mainyu, AHRIMAN means "devil; evil spirit." In mythology, this is the name of the god of darkness, death and destruction, and the number one enemy of Ahura Mazda.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a noun derivative of Old Norse krókr ‘hook’, ‘bend’, applied as an occupational name or a topographic or habitational name (see Crook 2).
Girl/Female
Indian
DESTRUCTION LAYER
DESTRUCTION LAYER
DESTRUCTION LAYER
DESTRUCTION LAYER
DESTRUCTION LAYER
n.
Loss; destruction.
n.
Destruction; death.
n.
Destruction by cutting down.
n.
The destruction of life.
n.
A wreck; destruction.
n.
The state of being destroyed, demolished, ruined, slain, or devastated.
a.
Promoting destruction.
a.
Causing destruction; tending to bring about ruin, death, or devastation; ruinous; fatal; productive of serious evil; mischievous; pernicious; -- often with of or to; as, intemperance is destructive of health; evil examples are destructive to the morals of youth.
n.
Wreck; ruin; destruction.
n.
Destruction; -- opposed to creation.
n.
The destruction of one's self; self-murder; suicide.
n.
Destruction; dispersion.
n.
The act of destroying; a tearing down; a bringing to naught; subversion; demolition; ruin; slaying; devastation.
n.
Destruction; perdition.
n.
Death; destruction.
n.
Destruction; death.
n.
Depopulation; destruction of population.
n.
Death; destruction; overthrow; ruin.
n.
Destruction; vastation.
n.
A destroying agency; a cause of ruin or of devastation; a destroyer.