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Structure composed of a relatively thin shell of concrete
A concrete shell, also commonly called thin shell concrete structure, is a structure composed of a relatively thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior
Concrete_shell
Thin-walled structural element
Materials range from concrete (a concrete shell) to fabric (as in fabric structures). Thin-shell structures (also called plate and shell structures) are lightweight
Shell_(structure)
Concrete with rebar
Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete or ferro-concrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility
Reinforced_concrete
Topics referred to by the same term
shell in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Shell or Shells may refer to: Shell (structure), a thin structure Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete,
Shell
Basketball venues in Italy
Vitellozzi came up with the design in the year prior. Its reinforced thin-shell concrete dome was engineered by Pier Luigi Nervi under the direction of Engineer
Palazzetto_dello_Sport
Performing arts centre in Australia
they are precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs, not shells in a strictly structural sense. Though the shells appear uniformly white
Sydney_Opera_House
Field howitzer
personnel, fortifications and key structures in the enemy rear. The anti-concrete G-530 shell was also sometimes used against armored vehicles with good results
152_mm_howitzer_M1943_(D-1)
Drop tower at the University of Bremen
formed out of a reinforced concrete shank, is 146 metres high. The 122-metre drop tube is free-standing within the concrete shell, in order to prevent the
Fallturm_Bremen
Howitzer
modern 152 mm ordnance pieces of the Russian Army. The G-530 HEAC anti-concrete shell had a muzzle velocity of 457 m/s when fired with the "first" charge
152_mm_howitzer_M1938_(M-10)
Architectural shell structure
Binishells are reinforced concrete thin-shell structures that are lifted and shaped by air pressure. The original technology was invented in the 1960s
Binishell
Swiss civil engineer (1926–2009)
2009) was a Swiss structural engineer. He is famous for his thin concrete shells. Heinz Isler was born in the municipality of Zollikon. He showed talent
Heinz_Isler
Church in Ronchamp, France
main part of the structure consists of two concrete membranes separated by a space of 6'11", forming a shell which constitutes the roof of the building
Notre-Dame_du_Haut
Type of concrete using lime from burnt shell
Tabby is a type of concrete made by burning oyster shells to create lime, then mixing it with water, sand, ash and broken oyster shells. Tabby was used by
Tabby_concrete
World's sixth-largest mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan
mosque features a contemporary design consisting of eight sides of concrete shell and is inspired by the design of a typical Bedouin tent. A major tourist
Faisal_Mosque
Roman temple, later church, in Rome
links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome made from Roman concrete (also called opus caementicium), with a central opening
Pantheon,_Rome
Art museum on Teshima island, Kagawa, Japan
(co-founder of SANAA). The museum building is made of a freestanding concrete shell which is 25 cm-thick, 40 by 60 meters, and 4 meters at its highest point
Teshima_Art_Museum
Unfinished hotel building in Kaunas, Lithuania
the early 1990s, leaving the structure as an unfinished reinforced-concrete shell. Construction of Britanika began in 1986, at a time when large tourism
Hotel_Britanika
Art museum in Texas, US
their apexes, concrete struts were inserted at 10-foot (3 m) intervals. A relatively thick concrete arch was added to each end of the shells to stiffen them
Kimbell_Art_Museum
Lutheran church in Bagsværd, Denmark, designed by Jørn Utzon
ceiling is made of reinforced concrete shells, only 12 centimetres thick and spanning 17 metres. The curved cylindrical shells rest on flanges supported by
Bagsværd_Church
Amphitheater in Los Angeles, California
before being replaced with a larger one to begin the 2004 season. The shell is set against the backdrop of the Hollywood Hills and the Hollywood Sign
Hollywood_Bowl
Spanish structural engineer (1899–1961)
1961) was a Spanish structural engineer and a pioneer in the design of concrete shell structures. Torroja was born in Madrid where he studied civil engineering
Eduardo_Torroja
Terminal at JFK Airport in Queens, New York
by Terminal 5 (T5), a terminal for JetBlue. The headhouse has a thin shell concrete roof, shaped like a set of bird's wings and supported by four Y-shaped
TWA_Flight_Center
Principal church of the Archdiocese of San Francisco, California
of the roof is a square and the top cross section is a cross. Precast concrete work, the entire top portion of the building, was constructed by Terracon
Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco)
Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_(San_Francisco)
Grade II listed sports centre complex in Norfolk, England
"inverted membrane" concrete shells designed by the Swiss structural engineer Heinz Isler in 1987, it opened in 1988. Its six-shell range was originally
Norwich_Sports_Village
Spanish and Mexican architect
contribution to architecture was the development of thin shells made out of reinforced concrete, popularly known as cascarones. He was Santiago Calatrava's
Félix_Candela
Concrete bunkers built between the 1960s and 1980s
Concrete military bunkers (Albanian: bunkerët) are a ubiquitous sight in Albania, where more than 170,000 bunkers were built by the Hoxhaist government
Bunkers_in_Albania
Italian architect and industrial designer
He is noted for inventing the Binishell, which is a reinforced thin concrete shell structure that can be lifted and shaped by air pressure. He is also
Dante_Bini
Aquarium in Valencia, Spain
aquariums in Spain and the United States. The steel-fiber reinforced concrete thin-shell structure was designed by renown architect Félix Candela, at age
L'Oceanogràfic
Market hall in London, England
was destroyed by fire in 1958. Its roof is claimed to be the largest concrete shell structure ever built, and the largest clear spanning dome roof in Europe
Smithfield_Poultry_Market
Auditorium in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
larger metal panels that form the jacket were installed. In 2002, the concrete and the white exterior trencadís plaster work were completed. The complicated
Auditorio_de_Tenerife
Race course in Madrid, Spain
joined by the engineer Eduardo Torroja, a pioneer in the design of concrete shell structures. His work on the stands with their distinctive roof is recognised
Hipódromo_de_la_Zarzuela
Venue at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
these spaces. The auditorium is defined by an elegant thin-shell structure of reinforced concrete, one-eighth of a sphere rising to a height of 50 feet (15 m)
Kresge_Auditorium
Main airport serving St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Surface ft m 12R/30L 11,020 3,359 Concrete 12L/30R 9,013 2,747 Concrete 11/29 9,000 2,743 Concrete 6/24 7,603 2,317 Concrete Statistics (2025) Aircraft operations
St. Louis Lambert International Airport
St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport
Thin-shell structure cast in a one-piece form
windows. By placing the insulating foam on the outside of the concrete shell, the concrete acts as a thermal mass inside the building, reducing interior
Monolithic_dome
Baháʼí House of Worship in New Delhi, India
hall, with daylight from the skylight illuminating the layers. The concrete shells are thin, with the inner petals about 20 centimetres (8 in) thick.
Lotus_Temple
Aviation museum in Cambridgeshire, England
The roof was constructed as a double-layered concrete shell, built in 924 precast reinforced concrete sections. Inverted T-shaped sections provided the
Imperial_War_Museum_Duxford
Building in Chelyabinsk, Russia
the columns on its edges. The dome itself is made of 1500 reinforced concrete shells, tightened together with metal cables. Total weight of the dome is
Chelyabinsk_Trade_Center
French structural engineer (1879–1962)
the concrete shell was introduced there to obtain necessary stiffness for a 70m span. In 1924 he applied the same principle of corrugated shell roofing
Eugène_Freyssinet
Christian church in Japan
walls are thick, solid, massive, and permanent. The main reinforced concrete shell of the Church of the Light is 38 cm (15 in) thick.[citation needed]
Church_of_the_Light
Primary New York City residence of Trump family
entire design, layout, and decoration of the apartment. It was a raw concrete shell with no windows when his work on the apartment began. Donghia's design
Trump Tower penthouse of Donald Trump
Trump_Tower_penthouse_of_Donald_Trump
Underground House in Las Vegas
underground and has brick veneer siding but is enclosed in a waterproof concrete shell measuring approximately 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m2) and covered with a compacted
Underground_House_Las_Vegas
Building by Louis Kahn in Pennsylvania
clipped corners perched on top of a relatively thin concrete column. The dish is a prismatic concrete shell 6 inches (15 cm) thick, 30 feet (9 m) above the
Olivetti-Underwood_Factory
Form of concrete used in construction
Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction. It is substantially prestressed (compressed) during production, in a manner that strengthens
Prestressed_concrete
Italian architect and engineer
architect and for his innovative use of reinforced concrete, especially with numerous notable thin shell structures worldwide. Nervi was born in Sondrio
Pier_Luigi_Nervi
Belgian professor, engineer, architect, and entrepreneur (b. 1980)
and structural design of compression-only shell and vaulted structures in masonry and (unreinforced) concrete, combining computational methods and digital
Philippe_Block
Swimming venue in Hamburg, Germany
features a 102 m (335 ft) by 52 m (171 ft) double hyperbolic-paraboloid concrete-shell roof structure, designed by Jörg Schlaich, then partner at Stuttgart-based
Alsterschwimmhalle
Heritage-listed venue in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
analysis of concrete shell structures, and J. L. van der Molen, a local pioneer in the application of computer technology to the design of concrete structures
Rosebud_Sound_Shell
Corporate headquarters in Racine, Wisconsin
Administration Building's primary interior space is a great workroom with concrete shell columns topped by large "calyxes". The Administration Building also
Johnson_Wax_Headquarters
Multi-purpose stadium in Seattle, Washington (1976–2000)
invasion of Seattle in an alternate timeline. Delta Dome Thin-shell structure List of thin shell structures It was also legally known as the King County Multipurpose
Kingdome
in Moscow after the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. The dilapidated concrete shell was eventually torn down in 1952. A Pioneers Palace was raised on the
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Moscow
Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Moscow
one-and-one-half-inch concrete shell in striped pink and grey that echoes the colors of the eucalyptus near the home. The color was added to the concrete at the time
Sala_House
Airport terminal in Virginia, US
terminal's design is a suspended structure with roof panels of precast concrete suspended between cables which span the width of the building. The Main
Dulles International Airport Main Terminal
Dulles_International_Airport_Main_Terminal
Entertainment venue in Los Angeles, California
The Valley Music Theater was built in 1963, as a concrete shell structure, by pouring a concrete 'dome' over a rounded hill of soil, then excavating
Valley_Music_Theater
Roman Catholic church in Kaunas, Lithuania
Lithuania. Innovative reinforced concrete structures were used in the construction of the church. The thin-walled shell roof structure (one of the first
Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kaunas
Church_of_the_Most_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus,_Kaunas
Water park in Chesapeake, Virginia, US
the owner sold the property and the lake was drained. The empty blue concrete shell of what once was remains, and is partially full. Nature has begun to
Club_Lake_Ahoy
Church in Kalisz, Poland
building is distinguished by a large, continuously formed reinforced-concrete shell composed principally of hyperbolic paraboloid surfaces and spanning
Divine_Mercy_Church,_Kalisz
Field howitzer
covered an area 70 m wide and 30 m deep. When set to HE action, the exploding shell produced a crater about 3.5 m in diameter and about 1.2 m deep. The gun
152_mm_howitzer_M1909/30
Railway station in Latvia
via Jūrmala. The current Modernist style concrete building was completed in 1977. The sculptural concrete shell structural section resembles a wave, and
Dubulti_Station
Unfinished skyscraper in Pyongyang, North Korea
and without windows, fixtures, or fittings, appearing as a massive concrete shell. A rusting construction crane remained at the top, which the BBC called
Ryugyong_Hotel
Branch of civil engineering dealing with man-made structures
are: Iron: wrought iron, cast iron Concrete: reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, ultra-high performance concrete Alloy: steel, stainless steel Masonry
Structural_engineering
Public park in Midland, Michigan, U.S.
Administration that included a since removed pool and bath house. The theater's concrete shell was reinforced with steel and had unique wooden baffles that helped
Central Park (Midland, Michigan)
Central_Park_(Midland,_Michigan)
Bunker-busting artillery shell
subcaliber shells made from chrome-vanadium steel were able to penetrate much more than 4 metres (13 ft) of reinforced concrete roof before burying the shell through
Röchling_shell
Car park in Victoria, Australia
of Melbourne constructed in 1971–72 using an innovative reinforced concrete shells with parabolic profiles supported on short columns structural system
South_Lawn_car_park
German self-propelled siege mortar
desired and the light concrete-piercing shell (leichte Betongranate) 040 was introduced in 1942. Firing trials for the 540 mm (21 in) shells were not completed
Karl-Gerät
Howitzer
covered an area 70 m wide and 30 m deep. When set to HE action, the exploding shell produced a crater about 3.5 m in diameter and about 1.2 m deep. Shirokorad
152_mm_howitzer_M1910/37
Payload-carrying projectile
shell about 100 kg (220 lbs), a concrete demolition 203 mm (8 in) shell 146 kg (322 lbs), a 280 mm (11 in) battleship shell about 300 kg (661 lbs), and a
Shell_(projectile)
Modern architectural style
later example is the 22-story concrete shell tower 0–14 in Dubai, UAE (2007), designed by Reiser + Umemoto. The structural shell creates a unique lace-like
Parametric_architecture
British architecture firm
particularly influential in the 1950s–1960s, pioneering the use of concrete shell structures, and in the present day as a leader in sustainable architecture
Sheppard_Robson
Amphitheater in Mount Ngaliema, Kinshasa
The Théâtre de la Verdure (meaning "Green Theater"), is an open-air amphitheater situated within the Institute of National Museums of Congo on Mount Ngaliema
Théâtre de Verdure de Mont Ngaliema
Théâtre_de_Verdure_de_Mont_Ngaliema
German railway supergun
Bohlen und Halbach. The gun could fire a heavy concrete-piercing shell and a lighter high-explosive shell. An extremely-long-range rocket projectile was
Schwerer_Gustav
Ice hockey venue in Hungary
Ice Hockey Stadium of Dunaújváros is located in Barátság District, Eszperanto Street, at the Sport Center Complex of Dunaújváros City, Hungary. Dunaújváros
Ice Hockey Stadium of Dunaújváros
Ice_Hockey_Stadium_of_Dunaújváros
Opera house of Dortmund
which is dominated by straight lines, from the auditorium under a concrete shell roof. The new house opened on 3 March 1966, to serve as a venue for
Opernhaus_Dortmund
Shape and/or configuration of a building
material-inefficient, but low-cost beam and post (steel frame or concrete frame) structures. Thin concrete shell forms are remarkably efficient and aesthetically pleasing
Form_(architecture)
Concept of creating permanent dwellings at sea
evolo.us. "Ocean Builders". Retrieved 28 June 2022. "Apply Seasteading Concrete Shell Structures – The Seasteading Institute". The Seasteading Institute.
Seasteading
Building in Mandaluyong, Philippines
built as a condominium project called Palladium Summit but when the concrete shell was completed, the project fell through until a local tycoon bought
Summit_One_Tower
Catholic shrine and minor basilica in Montreal
18 times thinner than the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The concrete shell of the Oratory's dome is so thin in fact that when related to its overall
Saint_Joseph's_Oratory
Nuclear disposal site in Cook County, Illinois, US
of the buildings began in 1955. The reactors were defueled and the concrete shell for CP-3 was imploded and buried. In 1956 the property was returned
Site_A
Bronze age archeological site on Santorini
Dimensioning of Reinfornced Concrete Shell Roof for Akrotiri (Santorini)". Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. 59
Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)
Architectural term for an arched roof
wall. The 20th century saw great advances in reinforced concrete design. The advent of shell construction and the better mathematical understanding of
Vault_(architecture)
District in Switzerland
dedicated to architecture, construction and urban planning. The reinforced concrete shell roof rests on seven anchors, and is one of the most remarkable achievements
Les_Acacias
British architect (1893–1985)
II*-listed Wythenshawe Bus Garage (1939–42), which employed a novel concrete shell. As Manchester City Architect, he also contributed to the new Manchester
George_Noel_Hill
Amusement park in Whitley Bay, Tyne & Wear, England
a diameter of 50 ft, supported on 46-ft-high concrete columns. It is made of a reinforced-concrete shell, five inches thick, which is supported by 12
Spanish_City
domes spurred the invention by Walther Bauersfeld of both thin shells of reinforced concrete and geodesic domes. The use of steel, computers, and finite
20th-century_domes
Heavy gun-howitzer
opening of the breechblock before the shot; if there was a need to remove a shell, the lock had to be disabled. To assist loading when the barrel was set
152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)
152_mm_howitzer-gun_M1937_(ML-20)
Civilian airport in Subang, Selangor, Malaysia
Bailey of the Booty Edwards Architectural practice. It has a floating concrete shell roof and a circular ramp, inspired by the penguin pavilion at London
Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport
Sultan_Abdul_Aziz_Shah_Airport
Listed building in Manchester, England
reinforced concrete shell roof structure to be constructed in England. The building's structure was particularly innovative for its time. Its concrete arches
Wythenshawe_Bus_Garage
Concrete as an aesthetic enhancement
pebbles, or even shells). This creates a visually appealing surface with a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Additionally, colored concrete and/or a semi-transparent
Decorative_concrete
Bell tower in Ann Arbor, Michigan, US
and art moderne architectural styles, constructed with a reinforced concrete shell faced with limestone over a plan 42 feet (13 m) square. The design was
Burton_Memorial_Tower
Municipal building in London, England
as well as committee meetings. The building was stripped back to a concrete shell during an extensive refurbishment between 2017 and 2019. Prince's Mansions
Westminster_City_Hall
2014 video game
all you could see of Augustine were her eyes peering out [of] that concrete shell. The rage that had fill the moments earlier was now replaced by fear
Infamous_Second_Son
Approach to architecture
prefabricated concrete outer shell (i.e. universal civilization) versus the specially designed, 'uneconomic', organic, reinforced concrete shell of the interior
Critical_regionalism
Rock in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand
structure consists of a two-part concrete shell that was moved to the site by the floating crane Hikitia, then filled with concrete. It originally ran on gas
Steeple_Rock
Former synagogue in Berehove, Ukraine
authorities. The interior was converted into a theatre and cultural centre. A concrete shell was built around the building; though the original building was kept
Great_Synagogue_(Berehove)
German construction company
the 1920s the company developed the Zeiss-Dywidag-System. For this concrete shell construction system the company was awarded an Edward Longstreth Medal
Dyckerhoff_&_Widmann
Pier Luigi Nervi building in New Hampshire
Green men's and women's ice hockey teams. The barrel-vaulted, reinforced concrete arena was designed by renowned architect Pier Luigi Nervi. It was named
Thompson_Arena
United States historic place
Band Shell was deemed notable "on the state-wide level for its association with the WPA and as an excellent and well-preserved example of cast concrete construction
Athletic_Park_Band_Shell
Device which rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream
Gerard Kuypers. Their design used a thin, double-curved reinforced-concrete shell without the internal structural supports required by many earlier tower
Cooling_tower
Soviet field gun
equilibrator. The shield gave the crew some protection from small arms and shell fragments. The M1931/37 was transported as a single piece, with barrel pulled
122_mm_gun_M1931/37_(A-19)
Concrete structures used in offshore marine environments
Offshore concrete structures, or concrete offshore structures, are structures built from reinforced concrete for use in the offshore marine environment
Offshore_concrete_structure
Supposed village in North Korea, north of the DMZ
periodically turn on and off in some buildings. The buildings are said to be concrete shells that are maintained by caretakers in an effort to preserve the illusion
Kijong-dong
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