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Military coalition in World War I
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires, were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918). It consisted of the
Central_Powers
Military coalition in World War I
United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom
Allies_of_World_War_I
1918 treaty between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers
separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which
Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk
The leaders of the Central Powers of World War I were the political or military figures who commanded or supported the Central Powers . Franz Joseph I −
Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I
Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I
1914–1918 global conflict
global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Major areas of conflict included Europe and the Middle East, as well
World_War_I
Territorial, political, and economic objectives in the First World War
lasting peace, and instead risked further conflict. Like the Allied powers, the Central Powers employed their war aims to mobilize domestic support, influence
War aims of the First World War
War_aims_of_the_First_World_War
East European theater of World War I
stalled in the Carpathians, and following successful offensives by the Central Powers in 1915 its gains were reversed. Germany and Austria-Hungary defeated
Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)
Last action on the Eastern Front, WW1
'Operation Fist Punch'), also known as the Eleven Days' War, was a Central Powers offensive in World War I. It was the last major offensive on the Eastern
Operation_Faustschlag
Systematic campaign in the Ottoman Empire
29 October 1914, the empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers by launching a surprise attack on Russian ports in the Black Sea. Many
Armenian_genocide
Multi-party war in the former Russian Empire (1917–1922)
re-establishing the Eastern Front of World War I. Three foreign states of the Central Powers also intervened, rivaling the Allied intervention with the main goal
Russian_Civil_War
1918 peace treaty during World War I
Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria). It ended Ukraine's involvement in World War I and saw the Central Powers
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)
Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine–Central_Powers)
One of the treaties that ended World War I
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties. Although the armistice
Treaty_of_Versailles
Kowel (Central powers victory) Campaign of 1917 (Central powers victory) Christmas Battles (Russian victory) Kerensky Offensive (Central powers victory)
List of military engagements of World War I
List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I
Scene of action between 29 October 1914 and 30 October 1918
the relative majority of Arabs), with some assistance from the other Central Powers; and on the other side, the British (with the help of a small number
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I
This is a list of military aircraft used by the Central Powers in World War I Built specifically for or in Austria-Hungary, whose designation system was
List of World War I Central Powers aircraft
List_of_World_War_I_Central_Powers_aircraft
Events after the end of the war in 1918
powers on the other, officially ended war between those countries. Other treaties ended the relationships of the United States and the other Central Powers
Aftermath_of_World_War_I
Entente from 27 August 1916 until insurmountable pressure from the Central Powers - which had occupied two thirds of the country - led to an armistice
Romania_in_World_War_I
Armistice ending the First World War
men dying on the last day of the war. The military situation for the Central Powers had been deteriorating rapidly since the Battle of Amiens at the beginning
Armistice_of_11_November_1918
1917–18/1918–21 state in Eastern Europe
Government and limiting its powers to five governorates: Volyn, Kiev, Podolia, Chernigov, and Poltava. On 14 July the Ukrainian Central Council created the Petty
Ukrainian_People's_Republic
Campaign during World War I
the Central Powers against the Kingdom of Serbia during the First World War. After an unsuccessful invasion by Austria-Hungary in 1914, the Central Powers
Serbian_campaign
Eastern European military conflict (1917–1921)
Following Bolshevik negotiations with the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk on 3 December 1917, the Central Rada expressed its desire for peace, and on
Ukrainian_War_of_Independence
Military occupation of Ukraine
The 1918 Central Powers occupation of Ukraine, also known as the Austro-German occupation of Ukraine or German and Austro-Hungarian occupation of Ukraine
1918 Central Powers occupation of Ukraine
1918_Central_Powers_occupation_of_Ukraine
1920 peace treaty on Hungary after World War I
quickly by the entry of most European powers into the First World War. Two alliances faced off, the Central Powers (led by Germany) and the Triple Entente
Treaty_of_Trianon
German state from 1871 to 1918
by a chancellor responsible only to him. The emperor was given extensive powers by the constitution. He alone appointed and dismissed the chancellor, was
German_Empire
Main theatre of operations during World War I
nations. As of 4 August, 1914, the Central Powers had 115 million people, the Allies 265 million. The Central Powers produced more steel than the Allies
European theatre of World War I
European_theatre_of_World_War_I
1917 battle on the Italian front of World War I
World War I. The battle was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers and took place from 24 October to 19 November 1917, near the town of
Battle_of_Caporetto
President of Germany from 1925 to 1934
Shortly thereafter, Hindenburg and Ludendorff played a key role in the Central Powers' Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive. As Field Marshal August von Mackensen broke
Paul_von_Hindenburg
Entrance of the Ottoman Empire into the First World War
Central Powers after the Ottomans entered the war. On 9 September 1914, the Porte unilaterally repealed the capitulations granted to foreign powers.
Ottoman entry into World War I
Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I
1915 Central Powers offensive on the Eastern Front of World War I
Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian
Gorlice–Tarnów_offensive
Overthrow of the German Empire
First World War. Tunstall, Graydon A.: The Military Collapse of the Central Powers, in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World
German revolution of 1918–1919
German_revolution_of_1918–1919
as the Allies) lost about six million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about four million. At least two million died from diseases and
World_War_I_casualties
Military campaign during World War I
The Allied powers (Britain, France and the Russian Empire) unsuccessfully attempted to make the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, capitulate
Gallipoli_campaign
Unratified 1920 treaty signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies
Empire. It was one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed with the Allied Powers after their defeat in World War I. Hostilities had already
Treaty_of_Sèvres
Meeting of the Allied Powers after World War I
in which the victorious Allies set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. Dominated by the leaders of Britain, France, the United States and
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)
Polish statesman (1867–1935)
he predicted a new major war would defeat the Russian Empire and the Central Powers. After World War I began in 1914, Piłsudski's Legions fought alongside
Józef_Piłsudski
Military expeditions, 1918–1920
The Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War consisted of a series of multi-national military expeditions starting in 1918. This intervention
Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War
Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War
Campaign in the Middle East during World War I
quickly became affected by the pre-war rivalry between the Allies and the Central Powers. Foreign interests in Persia were primarily driven by its strategic
Persian campaign (World War I)
Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)
1915 military campaign in Serbia
serbische Feldzug 1915) refers to a military campaign carried out by the Central Powers, primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, against the Kingdom
Serbian_campaign_(1915)
1917 – Last Russian offensive of World War I
on 5 August, nearly all of Eastern Galicia had been retaken by the Central Powers. The retreat of the Russian army eventually stopped, and Kornilov managed
Kerensky_offensive
Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
take part in World War I on the side of the Central Powers and later joined on the side of the Allied Powers. When the treaty was renewed in February 1887
Triple_Alliance_(1882)
Pacific fell without bloodshed. Naval warfare was common; all of the colonial powers had naval squadrons stationed in the Indian or Pacific oceans. These fleets
Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I
Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I
The Ottoman Empire was one of the Central Powers of World War I. Allied with the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria; it entered the war on 29
Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I
One of the treaties that ended World War I
be dissolved. According to article 177 Austria, along with the other Central Powers, accepted responsibility for starting the war. The new Republic of Austria
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)
Allied powers, with their larger fleets and surrounding position, largely succeeded in their blockade of Germany and the other Central Powers, whilst
Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I
1918 U.S. peace proposals after World War I
idealism. The United States had joined the Triple Entente in fighting the Central Powers on April 6, 1917. Its entry into the war had in part been due to Germany's
Fourteen_Points
Hearts of Iron IV mod
game Hearts of Iron IV (2016). Set in an alternate timeline where the Central Powers won World War I, the world of Kaiserreich differs drastically from the
Kaiserreich_(video_game_mod)
war. For nationalists, Italy had to maintain its alliance with the Central Powers to gain colonial territories at the expense of France. For the liberals
Causes_of_World_War_I
Events leading to World War I in 1914
series of interrelated diplomatic and military escalations among the major powers of Europe in mid-1914, which led to the outbreak of World War I. It began
July_Crisis
Comedy television series
Chad Powers is an American sports comedy television series created by Glen Powell and Michael Waldron, starring Powell in the titular role. Developed from
Chad_Powers
increasingly demoralised and unwilling to fight on. In the summer of 1917, a Central Powers offensive began in Romania under the command of August von Mackensen
Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)
Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917–1918)
Ottoman Empire joined the war on Germany's side, becoming part of the Central Powers. Italy, which was allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary before World
German_entry_into_World_War_I
1915) and the United States (from 1917). Opposing the Allies, the major Central Powers included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and Bulgaria
Diplomatic history of World War I
Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I
Kingdom of Bulgaria participated in World War I on the side of the Central Powers from 14 October 1915, when the country declared war on Serbia, until
Bulgaria_during_World_War_I
1917 de facto exit from World War I by Russia
the Kingdom of Bulgaria, the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire—the Central Powers—on the other. The armistice took effect two days later, on 17 December [O
Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers
1867–1918 empire in Central Europe
1908, provoking the Bosnian crisis. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I, which began with an Austro-Hungarian war declaration
Austria-Hungary
Use of aircraft during the First World War
aerial combat during World War I: Aircraft of the Entente Powers Aircraft of the Central Powers Biggles a fictional WWI aviator Biplane Dogfight Flying
Aviation_in_World_War_I
Administrator of the Imperial German occupational forces on the Eastern Front of WWI
the Russian Revolution in March 1917. Since the Berlin Conference of Central Powers on 14 August 1917, German authorities intensified various political
Ober_Ost
World War I battle won by Italy
part of the Central Powers. Though the battle proved to be a decisive blow to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and by extension the Central Powers, its full
Second Battle of the Piave River
Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River
World War I military campaign
Britain, Australia and the vast majority from the British Raj, and the Central Powers, primarily the Ottoman Empire, over control of Ottoman Iraq. It started
Mesopotamian_campaign
1916 Russian offensive during World War I
offensive involved a major Russian attack against the armies of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front. Launched on 4 June 1916, it lasted until late
Brusilov_offensive
Division of Ottoman territory after World War I
Cyprus. The Western powers had long believed that they would eventually become dominant in the area claimed by the weak central government of the Ottoman
Partition of the Ottoman Empire
Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
President of the United States from 1913 to 1921
neutrality as Wilson tried to negotiate peace between the Allied and Central Powers. Wilson was narrowly re-elected in the 1916 election, defeating Republican
Woodrow_Wilson
1870s–1914 European colonisation of Africa
conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers, which were driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th
Scramble_for_Africa
18th-century forced partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish sovereign state after 1918: after the end of World War I, the Central Powers' surrender to the Western Allies, the chaos of the Russian Revolution
Partitions_of_Poland
1923 treaty between Turkey and the Allies
to hand over those responsible to the Allied Powers for trial. Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey [Treaty of Sevres], art. 230, at 235
Treaty_of_Lausanne
Theatre of operations during World War I
lost territory, despite intelligence and financial support from the Central Powers to the Zaian Confederation and raids which caused losses to the French
African theatre of World War I
African_theatre_of_World_War_I
King of Romania from 1914 to 1927
during World War I, choosing to side with the Triple Entente against the Central Powers. This led to Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany removing his name from the
Ferdinand_I_of_Romania
War fought from 1918 to 1919
Romania were occupied by the Central Powers. Bucharest, the capital city of Romania, was captured by the Central Powers on 6 December 1916. German General
Hungarian–Romanian_War
Period of Greek history from 1914 to 1918
Venizelos believed that even if Germany and its allies in the Central Powers prevailed in Central Europe, Britain, with its naval might, would prevail at least
Greece_during_World_War_I
WWI naval blockade
War I in an effort to restrict the maritime supply of goods to the Central Powers, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. The
Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)
Blockade_of_Germany_(1914–1919)
political and military figures that fought for or supported the Allied Powers during World War I. Nicholas II – Last Tsar of Russia, titular King of Poland
Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I
Theatre of WWI
or Balkan campaign was a theatre of World War I fought between the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and the Ottoman Empire) and the
Balkan_Front_(World_War_I)
Patch (British Army), who died on 25 July 2009, aged 111. The last Central Powers veteran, Franz Künstler of Austria-Hungary, died on 27 May 2008 at the
List of last surviving World War I veterans
List_of_last_surviving_World_War_I_veterans
1917 battle during the Romanian Campaign of World War I
Central Powers against the Kingdom of Romania and Russia on the Romanian front during World War I. Romania was mostly occupied by the Central Powers,
Battle_of_Mărășești
Turkish Empire (c. 1299–1922)
Caucasus, and Crimea. The CUP joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers. It struggled with internal dissent, especially the Arab Revolt, and
Ottoman_Empire
1916 battle of World War I
campaign towards the end of 1916. It ended with a Central Powers victory. By August 1916 the Central Powers found themselves in an increasingly difficult
Dobruja_campaign
World War I military theatre
which was at various times bolstered with smaller units from the other Central Powers. The Macedonian front remained stable, despite local actions, until
Macedonian_front
Central powers offensive at 1915 on the Eastern front
the situation was seen as dire for the Austrian-Hungarian empire. The Central Powers reorganized their armies and Field Marshall von Hindenburg who believed
Battle_of_Dunajetz
Following their defeat in World War I, the Central Powers agreed to pay war reparations to the Allied Powers. Each defeated power was required to make
World_War_I_reparations
WWI and Russian Civil War unit (1914–1920)
Civil war, including the battles of Zborov and Bakhmach against the Central Powers, and were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War fighting Bolsheviks
Czechoslovak_Legion
History of Switzerland from 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1945
First World War. However, with two of the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) and two of the Entente Powers (France and Italy) all sharing borders
Switzerland during World War I and World War II
Switzerland_during_World_War_I_and_World_War_II
Battle of First World War
calculations, the central powers lost 79,000. The latest estimates were given by Maxim Oskin, he estimated the total losses of the central powers at 110,000
Battle_of_the_Vistula_River
Battle in World War I's Eastern Front
push into the Hungarian Plain and threaten Austria-Hungary, while the Central Powers sought to hold the passes and break the siege. The campaign took place
Carpathian_Campaign
1917 song by George M. Cohan
American men to enlist in the American Expeditionary Forces and fight the Central Powers. The song is best remembered for a line in its chorus: "The Yanks are
Over_There
World War I took place between the naval forces of the Entente and the Central Powers in the Mediterranean Sea between 1914 and 1918. Austria-Hungary was
Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I
Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I
Semi-autonomous polity (1815–1915)
renamed as the short-lived Kingdom of Poland, a client state of the Central Powers, which had a Regency Council instead of a king. Although the official
Congress_Poland
US dollars) is that the Allies spent $147 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $61 billion, but Germany concentrated the largest industrial conglomerate
Economic history of World War I
Economic_history_of_World_War_I
Country in Southern and Western Europe
to 1918, Italy took part in World War I with the Entente against the Central Powers. In 1922, the Italian fascist dictatorship was established. During World
Italy
fundamental contribution to defeating the Central Powers and Italy was recognized as one of the "Big Three" top Allied powers. Under the Peace Treaties of Saint-Germain
Italian entry into World War I
Italian_entry_into_World_War_I
German puppet state
the territories of formerly Russian-ruled Congress Poland held by the Central Powers as the Government General of Warsaw and which became active on 14 January
Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917–1918)
One of the treaties which ended World War I
Allies of World War I on the one hand, and Bulgaria, one of the defeated Central Powers in World War I, on the other. The treaty required Bulgaria to cede various
Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine
1915–1918 German administrative division
authority of general Erich Ludendorff, after the military advances of the Central Powers in the fall offensive of 1915 the territory came under a separate administration
Government_General_of_Warsaw
During World War I, France was one of the Triple Entente powers allied against the Central Powers. Although fighting occurred worldwide, the bulk of the
French_Army_in_World_War_I
World War I treaty between Italy and the Triple Entente
enlargement of its colonies. The Entente countries hoped to force the Central Powers – particularly Germany and Austria-Hungary – to divert some of their
Treaty_of_London_(1915)
1915 strategic withdrawal by Russian forces on the Eastern Front of World War I
Empire's critically under-equipped military suffered great losses in the Central Powers' July–September summer offensive operations, which led to the Stavka
Great_Retreat_(Russia)
Supplementary treaty between the German Empire and Bolshevik Russia
1917–1918 negotiations. The latter were aimed at ending the war between the Central Powers and Soviet Russia and clarifying the extent of Russia's territorial
Treaty of Berlin (27 August 1918)
Treaty_of_Berlin_(27_August_1918)
Country in Central Europe
difficulty, the Central Powers stopped and repelled the attacks of the Russian Empire. The Eastern Front of the Allied (Entente) Powers completely collapsed
Hungary
WW1 conflict in current Saudi Arabia
subsequently became an active military ally of the Ottoman Empire and the Central Powers, receiving arms and conducting operations against Allied interests.
Second_Saudi–Rashidi_War
Political reform movement in the Ottoman Empire
entrance of the empire into World War I in October 1914 on the side of the Central Powers. The genocides of 1915 to 1917 against Ottoman Christians were masterminded
Young_Turks
Overview of and topical guide to World War I
great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers
Outline_of_World_War_I
CENTRAL POWERS
CENTRAL POWERS
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly central)
English (mainly central) : topographic name for someone who lived where holly trees grew, from Middle English holi(n)s, plural of holin, holi(e) (Old English hole(g)n).
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Central
Surname or Lastname
English (southeastern and central)
English (southeastern and central) : topographic name for someone who lived by some oak trees, from misdivision of Middle English atten okes ‘at the oaks’ (see Nock).
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Central; Lord Shiva
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Cantrell.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Tamil, Traditional
Central
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Protector; Defendant; Central
Boy/Male
Hindu
Of variegated color
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly central and northern), Scottish, and Irish
English (chiefly central and northern), Scottish, and Irish : variant of Hanley.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Protector; Central; Defendant
Surname or Lastname
English (central and northern)
English (central and northern) : nickname for a gentle or timid person, from Middle English, Old English hind ‘female deer’.English and Scottish : variant of Hine ‘servant’, with excrescent -d.
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Protector defendant, central
Surname or Lastname
English (central western England)
English (central western England) : from the Middle English personal name Huwelet, Huwelot, Hughelot, a double diminutive of Hugh formed with the diminutive suffixes -el + -et and -ot. The surname is also established in Ireland.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Central
Boy/Male
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sindhi, Telugu
Of Variegated Colour
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Central; Centre of Body; An Ancient King
Girl/Female
Muslim
Protector, Defendant, Central
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly central England)
English (mainly central England) : patronymic from a pet form of the personal name Thomas.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly central and southeastern England)
English (mainly central and southeastern England) : patronymic from a personal name (see Hawk 1), or a variant of Hawk 2.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Limitless, Protector, Defendant, Central
CENTRAL POWERS
CENTRAL POWERS
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Lord Vishnu
Girl/Female
Australian, German, Turkish
Flame
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Torch.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
The Lord is Gracious
Girl/Female
Indian
Star
Girl/Female
Biblical
Eighth (an eight-stringed instrument).
Boy/Male
Tamil
Protection
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
A Name of Lord Ganesh
Girl/Female
Danish, Indian, Sanskrit
Woman
Boy/Male
Tamil
Gardens
CENTRAL POWERS
CENTRAL POWERS
CENTRAL POWERS
CENTRAL POWERS
CENTRAL POWERS
n.
Alt. of Centrale
a.
Of or pertaining to the chin; genian; as, the mental nerve; the mental region.
a.
Common to many, or the greatest number; widely spread; prevalent; extensive, though not universal; as, a general opinion; a general custom.
v. t.
To place or fix in the center or on a central point.
a.
Between the neural arch and the centrum of a vertebra; as, the neurocentral suture.
a.
Of or pertaining to a century; as, a centurial sermon.
pl.
of Centrum
a.
Pertaining to, or situated near, central or deep parts; inner; -- opposed to ectal.
v. i.
To be placed in a center; to be central.
a.
Of or pertaining to the mind; intellectual; as, mental faculties; mental operations, conditions, or exercise.
a.
Placed in the center or middle; central.
a.
Having a relation to all; common to the whole; as, Adam, our general sire.
n.
The central, or one of the central, bones of the carpus or or tarsus. In the tarsus of man it is represented by the navicular.
adv.
In a central manner or situation.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the belly, or ventral side, of an animal or of one of its parts; hemal; abdominal; as, the ventral fin of a fish; the ventral root of a spinal nerve; -- opposed to dorsal.
a.
Usual; common, on most occasions; as, his general habit or method.
a.
Alt. of Centrical
adv.
Toward the ventral side; on the ventral side; ventrally; -- opposed to dorsad.
pl.
of Postmaster-general