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CALTHEMITE

Calthemite

Secondary calcium carbonate deposit growing under man-made structures

Calthemite is a secondary deposit, derived from concrete, lime, mortar or other calcareous material outside the cave environment. Calthemites grow on

Calthemite

Stalactite

Elongated mineral formation hanging down from a cave ceiling

classified as "speleothems" due to the definition of the term. The term "calthemite" is used to encompass these secondary deposits which mimic the shapes

Stalactite

Soda straw

Mineral tube formation found in caves

outside the cave environment on exposed concrete surfaces as a type of calthemite, growing significantly faster than those formed on rock. These tubes form

Soda straw

Soda_straw

Efflorescence

Migration of a salt to the surface of a porous material

water. Calthemite is also a secondary deposit derived from concrete, mortar or lime, which can be mistakenly assumed to be efflorescence. Calthemites are

Efflorescence

Flowstone

Geological phenomenon

which mimic the shapes and forms of speleothems, are classified as "calthemites" and are associated with concrete degradation. Flowing films of water

Flowstone

Fordite

Layered automotive paint buildup which is cut, polished, and used in jewelry

Fordite jewelry in Colorado, 2016 Trinitite Corium (nuclear reactor) Calthemite "These Gorgeous Stones Were Accidentally Created From Layers of Car Paint

Fordite

Concrete degradation

Damage to concrete affecting its mechanical strength and its durability

the calthemites orange or red. The chemistry involving the leaching of calcium hydroxide from concrete can facilitate the growth of calthemites up to

Concrete degradation

Concrete_degradation

Stalagmite

Elongate mineral formation found on a cave floor

flowstone etc., outside the natural cave environment, are referred to as "calthemites". These concrete derived secondary deposits cannot be referred to as

Stalagmite

Cave popcorn

Small nodes of calcite, aragonite, or gypsum that form on surfaces in caves

structures outside the cave environment; these are classified as calthemite coralloids. Calthemite coralloids also occur in "artificial caves", such as mines

Cave popcorn

Cave_popcorn

Speleothem

Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water

speleothems. Such secondary deposits in man-made structures are termed calthemites. Calthemites are often associated with concrete degradation, or due to leaching

Speleothem

Travertine

Form of limestone deposited by mineral springs

a travertine Calcareous sinter – Freshwater calcium carbonate deposit Calthemite – Secondary calcium carbonate deposit growing under man-made structures

Travertine

Rimstone

Cave formation

secondary deposits consisting primarily of calcium carbonate, are called calthemites and mimics the shapes and forms of cave speleothems to create stalactites

Rimstone

Alkali–aggregate reaction

Expansive chemical reaction damaging concrete

calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). Energetically modified cement (EMC) Calthemite Pozzolanic reaction Cement.org | Alkali-aggregate reaction Alkali-Aggregate

Alkali–aggregate reaction

Alkali–aggregate_reaction

Anthropocene

Proposed geologic epoch

Anthropocene. Calthemite is a secondary deposit, derived from concrete, lime, mortar or other calcareous material outside the cave environment. Calthemites grow

Anthropocene

Clifton Suspension Bridge

Bridge in Bristol, England

Looking up at the arched ceiling of the interior of the abutment under the Leigh Woods side of the bridge, showing calthemites.

Clifton Suspension Bridge

Clifton_Suspension_Bridge

Alkali–carbonate reaction

Alkali-reaction affecting impure dolomite aggregates with formation of expansive brucite

cannot be ruled out. Alkali–aggregate reaction Alkali–silica reaction Calthemite: Secondary calcium carbonate deposit growing under man-made structures

Alkali–carbonate reaction

Alkali–carbonate_reaction

Pozzolanic activity

Measure of chemical reaction in cement

Alkali-carbonate reaction Alkali-silica reaction Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) Calthemite Cement Cement chemist notation Cenospheres Concrete Concrete degradation

Pozzolanic activity

Pozzolanic_activity

Alkali–silica reaction

Chemical reaction damaging concrete

2016. Kariba Dam Alkali-carbonate reaction Alkali–aggregate reaction Calthemite: Secondary calcium carbonate deposit growing under man-made structures

Alkali–silica reaction

Alkali–silica_reaction

Calcite rafts

Cave-crystallized calcite crusts

may completely calcify over and block the calthemite straw tip. Lattice work or calcite rafts on a calthemite (soda) straw stalactite drop Calcite rafts

Calcite rafts

Calcite_rafts

Conulite

Type of dripstone in soft sediment

(2023). "Calcium Carbonate Rafts, Cones and Conulites: Speleothems and Calthemites" (PDF). Helictite. 48: 1–10. Retrieved 27 April 2026. Monroe, Watson

Conulite

Greyfriars bus station

Former bus station in Northampton, England

Eighteen months after opening, in September 1977, mineral stalactites (calthemites) had started forming on the ceilings of some of the underpass walkways

Greyfriars bus station