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10th-century Hebrew Bible manuscript
The Aleppo Codex (Hebrew: כֶּתֶר אֲרַם צוֹבָא, romanized: Keṯer ʾĂrām-Ṣoḇāʾ, lit. 'Crown of Aleppo') is a medieval bound manuscript of the Hebrew Bible
Aleppo_Codex
11th-century Hebrew Bible manuscript
for the recovery of details in the missing parts of the Aleppo Codex. The Leningrad Codex (a codex is a handwritten book bound at one side, as opposed to
Leningrad_Codex
10th-century manuscript of the Hebrew bible
10th century CE. It is considered as old as the Aleppo Codex and a century older than the Leningrad Codex (from 1008 CE), the earliest known complete Hebrew
Codex_Sassoon_1053
Canadian-born Israeli journalist and author
had disappeared from the codex during the 1947 Anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo when the Central Synagogue of Aleppo, where the codex was housed, was set on
Matti_Friedman
2012 book by Matti Friedman
The Aleppo Codex: A True Story of Obsession, Faith, and the Pursuit of an Ancient Bible is a 2012 book by Matti Friedman published by Algonquin. The book
The_Aleppo_Codex
Yemenite Jewish tradition of orthography in a Torah scroll
proofread by ben Asher survive in two extant codices (the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex), the latter said to have only been patterned after texts
Torah_scroll_(Yemenite)
Authoritative text of the Tanakh in Rabbinic Judaism
The oldest-known complete copy, the Leningrad Codex, dates from the early 11th century. The Aleppo Codex, once the oldest-known complete copy but missing
Masoretic_Text
Collection of religious texts
(the synagogue of Aleppo in the Judean desert) and is therefore referred to as the Aleppo Codex which dates to around 920. This codex, which is over a
Bible
Section of a biblical book in the Masoretic Text
Maimonides based his division of the parashot for the Torah on the Aleppo Codex. The division of parashot for the books of Nevi'im and Ketuvim was never
Parashah
Jewish ethnic group
access to the Codex, but would not permit it to be reproduced photographically or otherwise. The Codex remained in the keeping of the Aleppo Jewish community
Syrian_Jews
Printed edition of the Tanakh printed in Jerusalem in 2001
in Jerusalem in 2000, and based on a manuscript commonly known as the Aleppo Codex. The printed text consists of 874 pages of the Hebrew Bible, two pages
Jerusalem_Crown
Jewish scribe who refined the Tiberian system of writing vowel sounds in Hebrew
I wrote". Umberto Cassuto used the Aleppo Codex as the basis of his edition of the Hebrew Bible. Leningrad Codex Gatez seems to have already made these
Aaron_ben_Moses_ben_Asher
Northwest Semitic language
alphabet, also developed vowel pointing systems around this time. The Aleppo Codex, a Hebrew Bible with the Masoretic pointing, was written in the 10th
Hebrew_language
Core group of ancient Hebrew scriptures
authorship). In Tiberian Masoretic codices (including the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex), and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order
Hebrew_Bible
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 31
the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century; since 1947 only verses 34-38 are extant), Codex Leningradensis
Jeremiah_31
Canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible
Tiberian Hebrew can be gleaned from the collation of various sources: The Aleppo Codex of the Hebrew Bible and ancient manuscripts of the Tanakh cited in the
Tiberian_Hebrew
Hebrew codex of the Prophets ascribed to masorete Ben-Asher
Madrid 1979–92. List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts Aleppo Codex Leningrad Codex Codex Sassoon Codex Orientales Damascus Pentateuch Dead Sea Scrolls Kahle
Codex_Cairensis
Handwritten copy of a portion of the Bible
published prior to the invention of the printing press. The Aleppo Codex (c. 920 CE) and Leningrad Codex (c. 1008 CE) were once the oldest known manuscripts of
Biblical_manuscript
Building of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem
Ram neighborhood of Jerusalem that houses the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Aleppo Codex, among other texts. The building was constructed in 1965, funded by the
Shrine_of_the_Book
Former synagogue in Aleppo, Syria
the location of the Aleppo Codex for over five hundred years until it was removed and taken to Israel following the 1947 Aleppo pogrom, during which
Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo
City in Aleppo Governorate, Syria
Aleppo is a city in northern Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the country's most populous governorate. With an estimated
Aleppo
Overview of the early history of Judaism
centuries CE, in the form of the Aleppo Codex (of the later portions of the 10th century CE) and of the Leningrad Codex (dated to 1008–1009 CE). Due largely
Origins_of_Judaism
10th-century Hebrew Pentateuch manuscript
of the oldest extant Bible codices, ranking along with the Aleppo Codex and Leningrad Codex. In many places, the Damascus Pentateuch follows the traditions
Damascus_Pentateuch
Attack on Syrian Jews in Aleppo, Syria
property was estimated to be valued at US$2.5m. During the riots the Aleppo Codex, an important medieval manuscript of the Torah, was lost and feared destroyed
1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo
1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo
Four-letter name of God in the Hebrew Bible
the Masoretic Text with Tiberian vocalisation, such as the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex, both of the 10th or 11th century, mostly write יְהוָה (yəhwāh)
Tetragrammaton
Historic city centre of Aleppo, Syria
Syria Al-Shibani Church Aleppo Codex Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) Central Synagogue of Aleppo Dead Cities Timeline of Aleppo List of World Heritage in
Ancient_Aleppo
Ancient Jewish manuscripts
Bible were Masoretic texts dating to the 10th century CE, such as the Aleppo Codex. Today, the oldest known extant manuscripts of the Masoretic Text date
Dead_Sea_Scrolls
Third and final section of the Tanakh
Chronicles. In Tiberian Masoretic codices, including the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex, and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order
Ketuvim
Book of Isaiah, chapter 40
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_40
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 7
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some
Jeremiah_7
First five books of the Hebrew Bible
Maimonides based his division of the parashot for the Torah on the Aleppo Codex. Conservative and Reform synagogues may read parashot on a triennial
Torah
Chapter in the Book of Esther
Susa Related Bible parts: Esther 1, 2, 3 Since 1947 the current text of Aleppo Codex is missing the whole book of Esther. Halley 1965, p. 238. Meyers 2007
Esther_9
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 29
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There
Jeremiah_29
the Biblical Codex" (שער כתר תורה), about the famous Aleppo Codex. It is this section which has made Boyarski known to history, for the Codex was still undamaged
Shemuel_Shelomo_Boyarski
Sixth book of the Bible
Joshua Roll. The earliest complete copy of the book in Hebrew is in the Aleppo Codex (10th century AD). The overarching theological theme of the Deuteronomistic
Book_of_Joshua
Book of Isaiah, chapter 34
tradition, which includes Codex Cairensis (895 CE), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).
Isaiah_34
Seventh book of the Bible
Hebrew is in the Aleppo Codex (10th century CE). The Septuagint (Greek translation) is found in early manuscripts such as the Codex Colberto-Sarravianus
Book_of_Judges
Identification of textual variants
diplomatic edition based on the Leningrad Codex. The Hebrew University Bible is also diplomatic, but based on the Aleppo Codex. The Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition
Textual_criticism
Book of Isaiah, chapter 2
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_2
Book of the Bible
Testament Since the anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo in 1947, the whole book has been missing from the Aleppo Codex. Metzger, Bruce M.; et al. (1993). The Oxford
Book_of_Haggai
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 1
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008)
Jeremiah_1
List of pre-modern handwritten books
city or library. Abrogans Aleppo Codex Codex Alexandrinus Al-Ousta Codex Codices Ambrosiani Codex Ashmole 61 Codex Amiatinus Codex Argenteus Arnamagnæan Manuscript
List_of_codices
Book of Isaiah, chapter 14
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_14
Book of Isaiah, chapter 43
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_43
Israeli biblical scholar (1925–1991)
Lexicography of Modern Hebrew" and "The Aleppo Codex" (in which he established the authenticity of this codex). He worked on several dictionaries, among
Moshe_Goshen-Gottstein
Book of the Hebrew Bible
which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), the Aleppo Codex (tenth century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008)
Book_of_Malachi
10th-century Masoretic text
finishing around 950 AD. List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts Aleppo Codex Leningrad Codex Codex Sassoon Damascus Pentateuch Dead Sea Scrolls Rives, Stephen
Codex_Orientales_4445
Book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament
Chabad.org Purim insights to Megillat Esther Mechon Mamre Full text, Aleppo Codex: text of Esther in Hebrew Christian translations Introduction to the
Book_of_Esther
System of diacritics for the Hebrew Bible
Closeup of Aleppo Codex, Joshua 1:1
Tiberian_vocalization
Book of Isaiah, chapter 41
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_41
Alphabet of the Hebrew language
The Aleppo Codex, a tenth-century Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible. Book of Joshua 1:1
Hebrew_alphabet
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 5
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There
Jeremiah_5
Book of the Bible
are the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments of this book
Book_of_Nahum
German-born Israeli Orthodox rabbi
experts on Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and especially of the text of the Aleppo Codex. His first cousin was the historian also named Mordechai Breuer. Breuer
Mordechai_Breuer
Book of the Bible
In Hebrew, the Leningrad Codex (1008) is a Masoretic Text version. Since 1947, the whole book is missing from the Aleppo Codex. Fragments containing parts
Book_of_Lamentations
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 36
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There
Jeremiah_36
Book or collection of books in the Bible
A high resolution scan of the Aleppo Codex containing parts of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets (the eighth book in Nevi'im), from 10th century.
Twelve_Minor_Prophets
Book of the Bible
initial authorship. The oldest Hebrew manuscripts include the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some fragments containing parts of
Book_of_Ruth
Book of the Bible
is found in the Codex Amiatinus (8th century). The Hebrew text in full is found in the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Leningrad Codex (11th century).
Book_of_Ezra
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 25
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some
Jeremiah_25
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 33
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some
Jeremiah_33
First Book of Samuel chapter
Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing
1_Samuel_17
Book of Isaiah, chapter 54
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_54
Book of Ezekiel, chapter 25
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There
Ezekiel_25
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 19
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some
Jeremiah_19
Book of the Bible
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895 CE), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).
Book_of_Joel
Arabic-speaking pre-Sephardic Jewish communities of the Middle East
Palestinian Jews Syrian Jews Pizmonim Baqashot Central Synagogue of Aleppo Aleppo Codex Israelites Margalit Zinati Landman, Isaak (2009). Volume 2, The Universal
Musta'arabi_Jews
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 44
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some
Jeremiah_44
Bible chapter
Text, which includes the Codex Cairensis (from year 895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (930), and Codex Leningradensis (1008)
Zechariah_9
First Chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008)
Ezekiel_1
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 10
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some
Jeremiah_10
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 28
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There
Jeremiah_28
Book of Judges, chapter 19
Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing
Judges_19
Book of Isaiah, chapter 60
which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Leningrad Codex (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_60
Books of the Bible
Samuel is in the Aleppo Codex (10th century CE). The complete Greek text of Samuel is found in older manuscripts such as the 4th-century Codex Sinaiticus.
Books_of_Samuel
First chapter of the Book of Judges
Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing
Judges_1
Book of Isaiah, chapter 42
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_42
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 46
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some
Jeremiah_46
Book of Isaiah, chapter 3
well as codices, such as Codex Cairensis (895 CE), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).
Isaiah_3
Book in the Hebrew Bible
Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Since 1947, the current text of the Aleppo Codex is
Book_of_Micah
Book of Isaiah, chapter 66
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_66
city of the slain. Numerous Jews and their holy books (including the Aleppo Codex) were held ransom by Raymond of Toulouse. The Karaite Jewish community
History_of_antisemitism
Book of Isaiah, chapter 24
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_24
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 30
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some
Jeremiah_30
Book of Isaiah, chapter 26
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_26
Religion of the Jewish people
org. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017. Codex Judaica Kantor 2006, p. 146" (as cited on Judah haNasi) Abraham ben David
Judaism
Book of Isaiah, chapter 56
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_56
the first edition of the Hebrew Bible that reproduces the text of the Aleppo Codex and includes a thorough critical apparatus. It was begun in 1956 by Moshe
Hebrew University Bible Project
Hebrew_University_Bible_Project
Book of Isaiah, chapter 55
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_55
Differences in Hebrew Bible manuscripts
א: Codex Sinaiticus A: Codex Alexandrinus B: Codex Vaticanus (Roman Septuagint) C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus ABP: Apostolic Bible Polyglot AC: Aleppo Codex
Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible
Textual_variants_in_the_Hebrew_Bible
Book of the Bible
the New King James Version. Since 1947, the whole book is missing from Aleppo Codex. "The Bible (online)". "Jonah's Path and the Message of Yom Kippur".
Book_of_Jonah
Daily prayer in Judaism
more recent and more authoritative editions, including the Aleppo Codex, the Leningrad Codex, the Second Rabbinic Bible (by Ben-Hayyim), the Letteris edition
Ashrei
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 23
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There
Jeremiah_23
Topics referred to by the same term
(disambiguation) Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), a kind of tree Aleppo Codex, the oldest complete manuscript of the Masoretic Hebrew Bible Aleppo pepper Aleppo boil
Aleppo_(disambiguation)
Book of Isaiah, chapter 61
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_61
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 37
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There
Jeremiah_37
Role of the Jews in the Crusades
beheaded on the way." Numerous Jews and their holy books (including the Aleppo Codex) were held ransom by Raymond of Toulouse. The Karaite Jewish community
Jews_and_the_Crusades
Lapid Publications is a translation from the Khabouris Codex, Yonan Codex and Houghton 1199 Codex. It also includes 560 transliterations and definitions
List of English Bible translations
List_of_English_Bible_translations
Book of Isaiah, chapter 58
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments
Isaiah_58
Book of Jeremiah, chapter 52
tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). There
Jeremiah_52
ALEPPO CODEX
ALEPPO CODEX
Boy/Male
Greek
Defender of men; protector of mankind.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Cleasby in North Yorkshire, named from the Old Norse personal name Kleppr or Kleiss + býr ‘farm’, ‘settlement’.
Male
Spanish
Pet form of Spanish Alejandro, ALEJO means "defender."
Male
Finnish
Finnish myth name of a smith god, SEPPO means "smith."
Boy/Male
Dutch, Finnish, German
Breath
Female
Greek
(Ἀληκτώ) Greek name ALEKTO means "unceasing." In Greek mythology, this is the name of one of the Furies (Gr. Erinyes, Eumenides). Virgil named two others: Megaira "grudge," and Tisiphone "murder-retribution."
Male
Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese form of Latin Alexius, ALEIXO means "defender."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Latin
Wise Man; Eagle
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic nickname for someone with large lips or with some deformity of the lips, from Middle English lippe (Old English lippa).English : perhaps from a Middle English personal name, Leppe or Lippe, apparently a short form of an Old English personal name formed with Lēof- ‘dear’, such as Lēofsige, Lēofstan.German : from a pet form of the personal name Philipp (see Philip).
Female
Greek
(ΜÎγαιÏα) Greek name MEGAIRA means "grudge." In mythology, this is the name of one of the Furies (Erinyes). Virgil named two others: Alekto "unceasing" and Tisiphone "murder-retribution."
Boy/Male
Finnish Hebrew
Victorious.
Boy/Male
Australian, German, Greek
Defender of Mankind
Male
Greek
(ΑλÎξιο) Short form of Greek Alexios, ALEXIO means "defender."
Boy/Male
Finnish, German, Greek, Spanish
Legend; Lover of Horses
Boy/Male
Latin
Eagle.
Boy/Male
Australian, Greek, Portuguese
Defender of Man; Man's Defender; Warrior
Boy/Male
Greek
Defender of man.
Male
Finnish
Pet form of Finnish Tefanus, TEPPO means "crown."
Boy/Male
Dutch, Finnish, German
Ever Ruler
ALEPPO CODEX
ALEPPO CODEX
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Winchell.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Stanbrough.
Boy/Male
Indian
Purv Disha; Sun
Boy/Male
American, British, English
From the Grassy Plain
Girl/Female
Hindi
Impenetrable.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Who is like God
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Wife of Lord Surya (Sun)
Boy/Male
Australian, Hebrew
Comforter
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Styles.
Girl/Female
Tamil
ALEPPO CODEX
ALEPPO CODEX
ALEPPO CODEX
ALEPPO CODEX
ALEPPO CODEX
pl.
of Codex
n.
A collection or digest of laws; a code.
n.
A collection of canons.
n.
A book; a manuscript.
a.
Relating to a codex, or a code.
n.
pl. (Greek Myth.) The avenging deities, Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megaera; the Erinyes or Eumenides.
n.
An ancient manuscript of the Sacred Scriptures, or any part of them, particularly the New Testament.
n.
A weight used in the East, varying according to the locality; in Turkey, the greater batman is about 157 pounds, the lesser only a fourth of this; at Aleppo and Smyrna, the batman is 17 pounds.