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Creationist argument by William Dembski
use specified complexity as one of their two main arguments, along with irreducible complexity. Dembski argues that it is impossible for specified complexity
Specified_complexity
Pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God
arguments against evolutionary explanations: irreducible complexity and specified complexity, asserting that certain biological and informational features
Intelligent_design
Argument by proponents of intelligent design
regards intelligent design as pseudoscience. Irreducible complexity and specified complexity are the two main arguments used by intelligent-design proponents
Irreducible_complexity
Measure of algorithmic complexity
needed to specify the object, and is also known as algorithmic complexity, Solomonoff–Kolmogorov–Chaitin complexity, program-size complexity, descriptive
Kolmogorov_complexity
American mathematician and philosopher (born 1960)
both specified complexity and irreducible complexity. The scientific community sees intelligent design—and Dembski's concept of specified complexity—as
William_A._Dembski
Estimate of time taken for running an algorithm
worst-case time complexity, which is the maximum amount of time required for inputs of a given size. Less common, and usually specified explicitly, is
Time_complexity
1999 book by William Dembski
the pseudoscience of intelligent design. Dembski defines the term "specified complexity", and argues that instances of it in nature cannot be explained by
Intelligent_Design_(book)
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
to solve a given problem. The complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity unless specified otherwise. Analyzing a particular
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
In neo-creationism, the creator of life
exist. 2) These causes can be empirically detected (by looking for specified complexity)." Access Research Network. Frequently Asked Questions about Intelligent
Intelligent_designer
Set of problems in computational complexity theory
In computational complexity theory, a complexity class is a set of computational problems "of related resource-based complexity". The two most commonly
Complexity_class
Pseudoscientific concept
have evolved. Nelson proposes 'ontogenetic depth' as evidence of specified complexity, and a reliable marker of design by an intelligent agent, in opposition
Ontogenetic_depth
Dimensional–categorical hybrid model of personality disorders
diagnosis of a PD, and as such, to any specified personality disorder, as well as to Personality Disorder - Trait Specified. Supposed to capture fundamental
Alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders
Alternative_DSM-5_model_for_personality_disorders
Feature of systems that defy description
Complexity characterizes the behavior of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, leading to non-linearity
Complexity
Amount of resources to perform an algorithm
is finite). Generally, when "complexity" is used without being further specified, it is the worst-case time complexity that is considered. It is generally
Computational_complexity
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
design: A creator designed the Universe with the purpose of supporting complexity and the emergence of intelligence. The life principle: There is an underlying
Anthropic_principle
life demonstrates specified complexity, and proposed a law of conservation of information that extremely improbable "complex specified information" could
Objections_to_evolution
Measurement of computational complexity
"computational complexity" (of algorithms) has become commonly used to refer to asymptotic computational complexity. Further, unless specified otherwise,
Asymptotic computational complexity
Asymptotic_computational_complexity
Notion in intelligent design
multi-billion year history." The rank complexity is Dembski's φ function which ranks patterns in order of their descriptive complexity. See specified complexity.
Universal_probability_bound
Creationism advocacy organization
The International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID) was a creationism advocacy organization that described itself as "a cross-disciplinary
International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design
International_Society_for_Complexity,_Information,_and_Design
U.S. non-profit public policy think tank
Intelligent design Watchmaker analogy Concepts Irreducible complexity Specified complexity Fine-tuned universe Intelligent designer Theistic science Neo-creationism
Discovery_Institute
Statement issued in 2001 by the Discovery Institute
ability of random mutations and natural selection to account for the complexity of life, and encourages careful examination of the evidence for "Darwinism"
A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism
A_Scientific_Dissent_from_Darwinism
Work of mathematical cranks
based in probability or complexity theory, such as intelligent design proponent William Dembski's concept of specified complexity. 0.999..., often fallaciously
Pseudomathematics
Axioms in computational complexity theory
In computational complexity theory the Blum axioms or Blum complexity axioms are axioms that specify desirable properties of complexity measures on the
Blum_axioms
Overview of and topical guide to the creation–evolution controversy
argument against naturalism Fine-tuned universe Irreducible complexity Specified complexity Transitional fossil (commonly known as a missing link) Evolution
Outline of the creation–evolution controversy
Outline_of_the_creation–evolution_controversy
Intelligent design book by William A. Dembski and Winston Ewert
independently of the event itself. This pattern is what Dembski coined specified complexity. Throughout the book they use diverse examples such as detectability
The_Design_Inference
Concept in computer science
In computational complexity theory, a branch of computer science, bounded-error probabilistic polynomial time (BPP) is the class of decision problems solvable
BPP_(complexity)
Religious application of the existence of microorganisms that break down nylon
intelligent design proponents that specified complexity required an intelligent designer, since nylonase function was both specified and complex. Theologian and
Nylon-eating bacteria and creationism
Nylon-eating_bacteria_and_creationism
Information content of biological systems
evolution". Reuters. Retrieved 2025-04-15. Entropy and life Second law of thermodynamics Specified complexity, a creationist pseudoscientific concept v t e
Functional_information
explain the origins of life. Specified complexity – is the claim that when something is simultaneously complex and specified, one can infer that it was
List_of_pseudoscience_topics
2005 Board of Education hearings in Kansas
of DI research fellow William Dembski's The International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID) John C. Sanford – Cornell University
Kansas_evolution_hearings
Cambridge University Press, 2006. William A. Dembski, No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased without Intelligence (2007), ISBN 0-7425-5810-X
List of works on intelligent design
List_of_works_on_intelligent_design
Computational complexity of quantum algorithms
Quantum complexity theory is the subfield of computational complexity theory that deals with complexity classes defined using quantum computers, a computational
Quantum_complexity_theory
Branch of computational complexity theory
In computer science, parameterized complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory that focuses on classifying computational problems according
Parameterized_complexity
Audio codec
SBC, or low-complexity subband codec, is an audio subband codec specified by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) for the Advanced Audio Distribution
SBC_(codec)
United Kingdom-based creationist organisation
nor intelligent design are taught as a subject in schools, and are not specified in the science curriculum. The national curriculum for science clearly
Truth_in_Science
Argument for the existence of God
Behe, and, leveraging off the verbiage of information theory, the specified complexity argument, the most notable proponent of which was William Dembski
Watchmaker_analogy
Attribute of machine learning models
The sample complexity of a machine learning algorithm represents the number of training-samples that it needs in order to successfully learn a target function
Sample_complexity
Counter-argument to an argument for the existence of God
"Dawkins is right to object to unexplained organised complexity in God" but that God is simply specified and lacks the sort of composition and limitations
Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit
Promoter of pseudo-scientific arguments for creationism
articles, books or internally published content from Discovery's 'BioComplexity' journal which is not a legitimate scientific journal. The original Discovery
Biologic_Institute
Belief that nature originated through supernatural acts
were designed by God for a purpose, and are so self-sufficient that the complexity of the entire physical universe evolved from fundamental particles in
Creationism
Model of computational complexity
In theoretical computer science, circuit complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory in which Boolean functions are classified according
Circuit_complexity
Relationship between intelligent design and science
Proponents say evidence exists in the forms of irreducible complexity and specified complexity that cannot be explained by natural processes. They also
Intelligent design and science
Intelligent_design_and_science
Unsolved problem in computer science
could be automated. The relation between the complexity classes P and NP is studied in computational complexity theory, the part of the theory of computation
P_versus_NP_problem
American biochemist and intelligent design advocate (born 1952)
Culture. He advocates for the validity of the argument for irreducible complexity (IC), which claims that some biochemical structures are too complex to
Michael_Behe
2004 book by William A. Dembski
ISBN 0-8308-3216-5 OCLC 123119351 Preceded by No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased without Intelligence Followed by Intelligent
The_Design_Revolution
Complexity class
science, PPAD ("Polynomial Parity Arguments on Directed graphs") is a complexity class introduced by Christos Papadimitriou in 1994. PPAD is a subclass
PPAD_(complexity)
Study of resources used by an algorithm
the analysis of algorithms is the process of finding the computational complexity of algorithms—the amount of time, storage, or other resources needed to
Analysis_of_algorithms
Partition of a simple polygon into triangles
by Kirkpatrick, Klawe & Tarjan (1992). Several improved methods with complexity O(n log* n) (in practice, indistinguishable from linear time) followed
Polygon_triangulation
Creationist political and social agenda
evolution, creation, the origin of the world, the origin of biological complexity and diversity. When you are attributing the wonders of nature to these
Wedge_strategy
Campaigns which seek to promote intelligent design creationism
random mutation and natural selection to account for the origination and complexity of life and we therefore dissent from Darwinian macroevolution as a viable
Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns
Discovery_Institute_intelligent_design_campaigns
Function for sorting in C++ standard library
across implementations, but the worst-case asymptotic complexity of the function is specified: a call to sort must perform no more than O(N log N) comparisons
Sort_(C++)
Advocacy group in Scotland
Intelligent design Watchmaker analogy Concepts Irreducible complexity Specified complexity Fine-tuned universe Intelligent designer Theistic science Neo-creationism
Centre_for_Intelligent_Design
Measures of how efficiently algorithms use resources
respectively. Usually the resource being considered is running time, i.e. time complexity, but could also be memory or some other resource. Best case is the function
Best,_worst_and_average_case
Proof checkable by a randomized algorithm
In computational complexity theory, a probabilistically checkable proof (PCP) is a type of proof that can be checked by a randomized algorithm using a
Probabilistically checkable proof
Probabilistically_checkable_proof
American legal scholar (1940–2019)
Intelligent design Watchmaker analogy Concepts Irreducible complexity Specified complexity Fine-tuned universe Intelligent designer Theistic science Neo-creationism
Phillip_E._Johnson
Algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic or procedure
Carlo algorithms are considered, and several complexity classes are studied. The most basic randomized complexity class is RP, which is the class of decision
Randomized_algorithm
Attitude of the Catholic Church to evolution theory
to evidence of design (e.g., biological structures that exhibit specified complexity) that, in their view, cannot be explained in terms of a purely contingent
Evolution and the Catholic Church
Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church
Algorithm used for pathfinding and graph traversal
it finds the shortest path to a specified goal, rather than generating the entire shortest-path tree from a specified source to all possible goals. A*
A*_search_algorithm
Model of computational complexity
In computational complexity theory, the decision tree model is the model of computation in which an algorithm can be considered to be a decision tree,
Decision_tree_model
Pseudoscientific creationist movement
Intelligent design Watchmaker analogy Concepts Irreducible complexity Specified complexity Fine-tuned universe Intelligent designer Theistic science Neo-creationism
Neo-creationism
Discovery Institute campaign to promote intelligent design
evaluated and in which intelligent design concepts such as irreducible complexity are presented. The scientific community and science education organizations
Teach_the_Controversy
Nonprofit advocacy organization
Intelligent design Watchmaker analogy Concepts Irreducible complexity Specified complexity Fine-tuned universe Intelligent designer Theistic science Neo-creationism
Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center
Intelligent_Design_and_Evolution_Awareness_Center
British chemist (1927–2007)
are." In his book The Origins of Life, Orgel coined the concept of specified complexity, to describe the criterion by which living organisms are distinguished
Leslie_Orgel
Framework for scoring a behavior's complexity
fashion. The complexity of behaviors necessary to complete a task can be specified using the horizontal complexity and vertical complexity definitions
Model of hierarchical complexity
Model_of_hierarchical_complexity
Computational benchmark
algorithm. Quantum complexity classes are sets of problems that share a common quantum computational model, with each model containing specified resource constraints
Quantum_supremacy
Part of the Discovery Institute
the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should
Center for Science and Culture
Center_for_Science_and_Culture
Data structure for storing non-overlapping sets
Bernard A. Galler and Michael J. Fischer in 1964. In 1973, their time complexity was bounded to O ( log ∗ ( n ) ) {\displaystyle O(\log ^{*}(n))} , the
Disjoint-set_data_structure
intuitions and a handful of notions such as irreducible complexity and specified complexity, but as yet, no general theory of biological design." 2004
Timeline of intelligent design
Timeline_of_intelligent_design
Computational complexity class of problems
In computational complexity theory, bounded-error quantum polynomial time (BQP) is the class of decision problems solvable by a quantum computer in polynomial
BQP
Complexity class
In computational complexity theory, Polynomial Local Search (PLS) is a complexity class that models the difficulty of finding a locally optimal solution
PLS_(complexity)
American biologist and theologian (1942–2024)
and Stephen C. Meyer. He also worked at the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, which also promoted intelligent design. Wells
Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)
Jonathan_Wells_(intelligent_design_advocate)
daily Haaretz, "Intelligent Design calls to our attention the amazing complexity of the universe. That is descriptive science and should be part of all
Jewish reactions to intelligent design
Jewish_reactions_to_intelligent_design
Neo-creationist religious campaign
the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should
Intelligent_design_movement
Religious rejection of evolution
include the intelligent design (ID) arguments of irreducible complexity and specified complexity. Neither argument has been accepted for publication in a
Rejection of evolution by religious groups
Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups
Argument for the existence of God
intelligent design, including irreducible complexity (a variant of the watchmaker analogy) and specified complexity (closely resembling a fine-tuning argument)
Teleological_argument
Computer programming language
made. BCL has applications in the theory of program-size complexity (Kolmogorov complexity). Utilizing K and S combinators of the Combinatory logic,
Binary_combinatory_logic
Self-balancing binary search tree
Additionally, after finding a node for insertion and deletion, the amortized complexity of the tree restructuring operations is constant. Adding or deleting the
WAVL_tree
Style sheet language
multiple web pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, which reduces complexity and repetition in the structural content;
CSS
Type of audio codec specified by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group
LC3 (Low Complexity Communication Codec) is a royalty-free audio codec specified by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) for the Bluetooth Low Energy
LC3_(codec)
Abstract machine used to study decision problems
In complexity theory and computability theory, an oracle machine is an abstract machine that can query a black box called an oracle, which is able to give
Oracle_machine
Software engineering
patch candidate remains Bisection is in LSPACE having an algorithmic complexity of O ( log N ) {\displaystyle O(\log N)} with N {\displaystyle N} denoting
Bisection (software engineering)
Bisection_(software_engineering)
Abnormal condition of the mind
mutual dialogue in clinical practice would in theory allow the meaning and complexity of psychotic experiences to emerge. The classification of psychosis as
Psychosis
Intelligent design Watchmaker analogy Concepts Irreducible complexity Specified complexity Fine-tuned universe Intelligent designer Theistic science Neo-creationism
List of scientific bodies explicitly rejecting intelligent design
List_of_scientific_bodies_explicitly_rejecting_intelligent_design
Boolean satisfiability is NP-complete and therefore that NP-complete problems exist
In computational complexity theory, the Cook–Levin theorem, also known as Cook's theorem, states that the Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete
Cook–Levin_theorem
Mathematical model
closed under intersection. not closed under complement. The computational complexity of some problems related to timed automata is now given. The emptiness
Timed_automaton
Subfield of mathematical optimization
is related to operations research, algorithm theory, and computational complexity theory. It has important applications in several fields, including artificial
Combinatorial_optimization
United States federal regulatory standards
level of complexity by assigning scores of 1, 2, or 3 for each of the following seven criteria. A score of 1 is the lowest level of complexity, and a score
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
Clinical_Laboratory_Improvement_Amendments
Consistency model used in distributed computing to achieve high availability
Eventual consistency faces criticism for adding complexity to distributed software applications. This complexity arises because eventual consistency provides
Eventual_consistency
Practice of leading the work of a team to achieve goals and criteria at a specified time
for project management to be effective. Complexity can be: Structural complexity (also known as detail complexity, or complicatedness), i.e. consisting
Project_management
Fountain code class
statement for the Raptor code specified in IETF RFC 5053, and an IPR statement for the more advanced RaptorQ code specified in IETF RFC 6330. These statements
Raptor_code
that would be used in a schedule that repeats that task at exactly its specified repeat time. The density of a pinwheel scheduling problem is defined as
Pinwheel_scheduling
Decomposition of a graph into hamiltonion cycles
cases. In particular, the question is NP-complete for regular graphs of a specified even degree; e.g., for 4-regular graphs. The line graphs of cubic graphs
Hamiltonian_decomposition
shiken" (椀方試験) May 1, 1990 (1990-05-01) Kaibara enjoys a lunch of subtle complexity which has been prepared by the young chef Ryouzou. Kaibara decides to
List_of_Oishinbo_episodes
Algorithm to search the nodes of a graph
graph of German cities (upper diagram) starting from Frankfurt. The time complexity can be expressed as O ( | V | + | E | ) {\displaystyle O(|V|+|E|)} , as
Breadth-first_search
Self-replicating cellular automaton
Von Neumann's goal, as specified in his lectures at the University of Illinois in 1949, was to design a machine whose complexity could grow automatically
Von Neumann universal constructor
Von_Neumann_universal_constructor
Algorithm to search the nodes of a graph
stack, is needed to keep track of the nodes discovered so far along a specified branch which helps in backtracking of the graph. A version of depth-first
Depth-first_search
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. By contrast, Rijndael per se is specified with block and key sizes that may be any multiple of 32 bits, with a minimum
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Dimensional classification system for personality disorders
externalized anger and blaming others). Moreover, the number or complexity of trait domain specifiers often mirrors the global severity. Thus, a severe PD is
ICD-11 classification of personality disorders
ICD-11_classification_of_personality_disorders
each pair of locations, a distance is specified and for each pair of facilities a weight or flow is specified (e.g., the amount of supplies transported
Quadratic bottleneck assignment problem
Quadratic_bottleneck_assignment_problem
Systems analysis technique
m or n is not specified, then the lower or upper limit is simply "unknown" or "unspecified". Multi-dimensional arrays may be specified by nesting, e.g
Event_partitioning
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