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Dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation
Precursor and Transient Species in Condensed Phase Radiolysis Radiolysis for Borate Regeneration Water Radiolysis, a Possible Source of Atmospheric Oxygen The
Radiolysis
Radioactive form of water
water. Pure T2O is a colorless liquid, and it is corrosive due to self-radiolysis. Diluted, tritiated water is mainly H2O plus some HTO (3HOH). It is also
Tritiated_water
Fifth planet from the Sun
Mark J.; Hudson, Reggie L. (March 2018). "Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)" (PDF). Icarus. 302: 418–425. Bibcode:2018Icar
Jupiter
Chemical element with atomic number 84 (Po)
irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly
Polonium
Chemical element with atomic number 85 (At)
of suitable cyclotrons and the prospect of melting the target. Solvent radiolysis due to the cumulative effect of astatine decay is a related problem. With
Astatine
Solution in which the solvent is water
solutions may contain, especially in the alkaline zone or subjected to radiolysis, hydrated atomic hydrogen and hydrated electrons.[citation needed] Aqueous
Aqueous_solution
Chemical reaction
Water splitting is the endergonic chemical reaction in which water is broken down into oxygen and hydrogen: 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2 Efficient and economical
Water_splitting
Alloy with higher durability than normal metals
and in heat capture and reuse. Sandia National Laboratories is studying radiolysis for making superalloys. It uses nanoparticle synthesis to create alloys
Superalloy
Major circulating system of ocean currents
therefore a measurable flux in O2 is not expected in the substrate if both radiolysis of water and knallgas bacteria co-occur. Despite the known occurrence
South_Pacific_Gyre
Second-largest moon of Jupiter
subject of active debate. Current kinetic modeling indicates that standard radiolysis of exposed surface ice (about ~10% of the total surface for the model)
Callisto_(moon)
Particle with size less than 100 nm
structures. Nanoparticles can also be formed using radiation chemistry. Radiolysis from gamma rays can create strongly active free radicals in solution.
Nanoparticle
One quadrillionth of a second
to travel that distance. 46 fs – the swiftest chemical reaction known (radiolysis of water leads to the formation of a H2O+ ion, which rapidly reacts to
Femtosecond
Class of molecules formed by ultraviolet irradiation of organic compounds
in nature through a chain of chemical reactions known as pyrolysis and radiolysis. This begins with the dissociation and ionization of molecular nitrogen
Tholin
Industrial production of molecular hydrogen
almost any carbon source. Nuclear radiation can break water bonds through radiolysis. In the Mponeng gold mine, South Africa, researchers found bacteria in
Hydrogen_production
Second-largest moon of Saturn
mix of complex organic compounds generated on the ice by pyrolysis and radiolysis of simple compounds containing carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. The trailing
Rhea_(moon)
Chemical compound
dimanganate(III) Mn 2O6− 6. A manganate(IV) anion MnO4− 4 has been prepared by radiolysis of dilute solutions of permanganate. It is mononuclear in dilute solution
Manganate
Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I)
Kläning UK, Sehested K, Wolff T (1981). "Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)"
Iodine
Chemical element with atomic number 5 (B)
Isabey J, Hickel B (1999). "The influence of water chemistry on the radiolysis of the primary coolant water in pressurized water reactors". Journal of
Boron
Smallest Galilean moon of Jupiter
fluidized material welling up from the fractures where pyrolysis and radiolysis take place. In order to generate colored tholins on Europa, there must
Europa_(moon)
Form of petroleum primarily used in road construction
of the presence of hydrogen gas bubbles generated by alpha and gamma radiolysis. A second mechanism is the matrix swelling when the encapsulated hygroscopic
Bitumen
Storage pools for spent nuclear fuel
temperature in normal operating conditions is held below 50 °C (120 °F). Radiolysis, the dissociation of molecules by radiation, is of particular concern
Spent_fuel_pool
Type of nuclear reactor
particles dissociate the water into its constituent gases, a process called radiolysis. AHRs were widely used as research reactors as they are self-controlling
Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor
Molecular hydrogen naturally occurring on Earth
reactions between water and rocks, particularly serpentinisation and radiolysis, rather than any primordial origin. Samples taken from an oil well east
Natural_hydrogen
Chemical compound
clearly less stable than the water-hydrogen-astatine system. Finally, radiolysis from astatine nuclei could sever the H–At bonds. Additionally, astatine
Hydrogen_astatide
Chemical element with atomic number 88 (Ra)
coloring, but they gradually turn yellow and then dark over time due to self-radiolysis from radium's alpha decay. Insoluble radium compounds coprecipitate with
Radium
British physicist
physicist known for his work in radiolysis. While working at Paterson Labs in Manchester, he created a pulse radiolysis apparatus that led to the discovery
John_Keene_(physicist)
Chemical compound
and sulfate radicals. Radical reactions of NAA were studied using pulse radiolysis technique. Hydroxyl adduct radical was formed as the intermediate during
1-Naphthaleneacetic_acid
Compounds containing at least one radium atom
coloring, but they gradually turn yellow and then dark over time due to self-radiolysis from radium's alpha decay. Insoluble radium compounds coprecipitate with
Radium_compounds
Uranyl peroxide mineral
a secondary uranium mineral containing peroxide produced by the alpha-radiolysis of water during its formation. It occurs as pale yellow to white needle-like
Studtite
Breakdown of nuclear fission results
this source are indistinguishable from protons from ternary fission or radiolysis of coolant water, their overall proportion is hard to quantify. If germanium-75
Fission_products_(by_element)
Hypothetical charge of an atom if all its bonds to different atoms were fully ionic
K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007
Oxidation_state
Combustible hydrocarbon liquid
Traditionally the UK plants at Sellafield used aromatic kerosene to reduce the radiolysis of TBP while the French nuclear industry tended to use diluents with very
Kerosene
Effects of ionizing radiation
dissolved oxygen, radiolysis always occurs. Dissolved hydrogen completely suppresses radiolysis by low-LET radiation while radiolysis still occurs with
Radiation_damage
Chemical element with atomic number 34 (Se)
HSeO2−4; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). "Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 90 (21): 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112
Selenium
Chemical element with atomic number 33 (As)
see Kläning UK, Bielski BH, Sehested K (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007
Arsenic
Fungus capable of radiosynthesis
properties are due to its ability to trap free radicals formed during radiolysis of water. Melanin production is also advantageous to the fungus in that
Radiotrophic_fungus
generation and isolation of the intermediates by flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis, but such methods are time-consuming and require expensive equipment.
Radical_clock
Material in core during nuclear meltdown
brown lava that had dropped into water thus being cooled rapidly. During radiolysis of the Pressure Suppression Pool water below the Chernobyl reactor, hydrogen
Corium_(nuclear_reactor)
Harmful high-frequency radiation
absorption, and photodisintegration. Ionization of molecules can lead to radiolysis (breaking chemical bonds), and formation of highly reactive free radicals
Ionizing_radiation
Interstellar object that passed near Earth in 2017
to happen in the interstellar comets, due to low-temperature water ice radiolysis by cosmic ray particles while ʻOumuamua or similar cometary body was in
1I/ʻOumuamua
Deep sea oxygen created by electrolysis
production of dark oxygen can occur through mechanisms including: Water radiolysis: This process typically takes place in dark geological ecosystems, such
Dark_oxygen
Chemical element with atomic number 97 (Bk)
Schmidt, K. H.; Morss, L. R.; Pippin, C. G.; Williams, C. (1988). "Pulse radiolysis studies of berkelium(III): preparation and identification of berkelium(II)
Berkelium
Supernova close enough to affect Earth's biosphere
life-harboring terrestrial planet. In Earth's case, gamma rays induce radiolysis of diatomic N2 and O2 in the upper atmosphere, converting molecular nitrogen
Near-Earth_supernova
Quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug
radiation energy deposition that damages DNA. Indirect radiation occurs from radiolysis of water, creating a free hydroxyl radical, hydronium and electron. The
Therapeutic_index
Chemical element with atomic number 52 (Te)
TeO−3; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). "Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637–45. Bibcode:2001JPCA
Tellurium
Assessments of possible life on Mars
methane include non-biological processes such as water-rock reactions, radiolysis of water, and pyrite formation, all of which produce H2 that could then
Life_on_Mars
Study of the chemical effects of radiation on matter
solvent (commonly water) to be measured. This experiment is known as pulse radiolysis which is closely related to flash photolysis. In the latter experiment
Radiation_chemistry
Nuclear reactor, Oak Ridge 1965–1969
Hastelloy-N, and graphite. Fluorine gas was found to be produced by radiolysis of frozen salts, but only at temperatures below about 212 °F (100 °C)
Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment
Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment
Explanation for the rates of electron transfer reactions
composed of a biphenyl entity, whose anion (produced by means of pulse radiolysis) acts as a donor, a steroid entity, which is a rigid spacer and different
Marcus_theory
Persistent storm in Jupiter's atmosphere
Loeffer, Mark J.; Hudson, Reggie L. (2018). "Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)". Icarus. 302: 418–425. Bibcode:2018Icar
Great_Red_Spot
American chemist
radiation chemistry, especially the Samuel-Magee model for describing radiolysis in solution. Magee obtained his A.B. at Mississippi College in 1935, M
John_L._Magee_(chemist)
Organic compound used in plastics manufacture
Buxton, George V.; Ellis, Paul G.; McKillop, Thomas F.W. (1979). "Pulse radiolysis study of acrylonitrile in aqueous solution". J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans
Acrylonitrile
Layered iron-rich sedimentary rock
of Precambrian evaporite. Other proposed abiogenic processes include radiolysis by the radioactive isotope of potassium, 40K, or annual turnover of basin
Banded_iron_formation
Isotope of fluorine emitting a positron
fluorine is produced as chemical bonds would be destroyed by the production (radiolysis). First published synthesis and report of properties of fluorine-18 were
Fluorine-18
Highly reactive molecules formed from diatomic oxygen (O2)
with water, a process termed radiolysis. Since water comprises 55–60% of the human body, the probability of radiolysis is quite high under the presence
Reactive_oxygen_species
Chemical reaction
including organic chemistry, free radicals, radiochemistry, and water radiolysis. In the 1970, with the emerging interest for the effect of free radicals
Haber–Weiss_reaction
Institute of Technology University of Colorado Thesis The Photolysis, Radiolysis and Mass Spectrometry of 1122-tetrafluorocyclobutane (1975) Website www
Akkihebbal_Ravishankara
Hypothetical planetary engineering process
For Jupiter's moons, the intense radiation around Jupiter would cause radiolysis of water vapour, splitting it into hydrogen and oxygen. The former would
Terraforming
methane include non-biological processes such as water-rock reactions, radiolysis of water, and pyrite formation, all of which produce H2 that could then
Climate_of_Mars
Chemical compound
relatively hard to handle, being very corrosive, poisonous, and prone to auto-radiolysis. PuF6 is stable in dry air, but reacts vigorously with water, including
Plutonium_hexafluoride
Cavity in the solar wind created by Saturn
magnetosphere of Saturn, when absorbed by ring particles and moons, cause radiolysis of the water ice. Its products include ozone, hydrogen peroxide and molecular
Magnetosphere_of_Saturn
Chemical element with atomic number 96 (Cm)
such as potassium persulfate, and is easily reduced to curium(III) by radiolysis and even by water itself. The chemical behavior of curium is different
Curium
Type of nuclear reactor
applications as those require temperatures in excess of 400 °C (752 °F). Radiolysis and certain accident scenarios which involve interactions between hot
Pressurized_water_reactor
Danish-American physicist
April 5, 1972) was a Danish-American physicist who studied the chemical (radiolysis) and biological (radiation biology) effects of X-ray and electron beams
Hugo_Fricke
Chemical compound
interchalcogen. Polonium monoxide is a black solid. It is formed during the radiolysis of polonium sulfite (PoSO3) and polonium selenite (PoSeO3). On contact
Polonium_monoxide
Chemical compound
K6(H2O)4[(UO2)2(O2)(C2O4)4] Pentagonal oxaloperoxouranates in K10[(UO2)(C2O4)]5(H2O)13 Radiolysis of uranium salts dissolved in water produces peroxides; uranyl peroxide
Uranyl_peroxide
Taiwanese politician and chemist (born 1952)
in 1984. His doctoral dissertation was titled, "Thermal oxidation and radiolysis of lipids in monolayers". When Hau returned to Taiwan after his doctoral
Hau_Lung-pin
analysis was originated and developed in the late 1990s in synchrotron radiolysis studies. The same year, these authors (Maleknia et al.) reported on the
Protein_footprinting
Separation of molecules or ionic compounds into smaller constituent entities
Photodissociation, dissociation of molecules by photons (light, gamma rays, x-rays) Radiolysis, dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation Thermal decomposition
Dissociation_(chemistry)
Magnetic field around the Jovian system
sputter off material from the surfaces and create chemical changes via radiolysis. The plasma's co-rotation with the planet means that the plasma preferably
Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter
English physicist (1905–1965)
developed pulse radiolysis 1962 – Ed Hart, of Argonne National Laboratory, and Jack Boag discovered the hydrated electron using pulse radiolysis at the Gray
Louis_Harold_Gray
2007 European study concept of an array of space observatories
for example, has a tenuous oxygen atmosphere thought to be produced by radiolysis of water molecules. Numerical simulations[citation needed] have shown
Darwin_(spacecraft)
Chemical compound with hydrogen and chalcogen atoms
and due to the intense radioactivity of polonium (resulting in self-radiolysis upon formation), only trace quantities may be obtained by treating dilute
Hydrogen_chalcogenide
Class of stony meteorites made of round grains
acids were synthesized close to the surface of a minor planet by the radiolysis (dissociation of molecules caused by radiation) of hydrocarbons and ammonium
Chondrite
Kuiper belt object
J.; Young, Leslie; Protopapa, Silvia; Bus, Schelte J. (October 2017). Radiolysis by-products on the surface of Kuiper Belt Object (20000) Varuna. 49th
20000_Varuna
Monotypic genus of bacterium
sulfate-reducing microorganism. Hydrogen for this reduction comes from the radiolysis of water caused by radiation from the decay chain of uranium and thorium
Desulforudis_audaxviator
Chemical compound
Iyer, RM; Willard, JE, (1967) Production and Annealing of Br2 in the Radiolysis of Polycrystalline C2Br6: An In Situ Determination, The Journal of Chemical
Hexabromoethane
Study of microorganisms in outer space
SR, Bryson CE, Grunthaner FJ, Grunthaner PJ (June 2013). "Perchlorate radiolysis on Mars and the origin of martian soil reactivity". Astrobiology. 13 (6):
Astromicrobiology
Exposure of objects or people to radiation
slides, transparencies and disks."[citation needed] Dose area product Radiolysis "Definition of Irradiator". www.merriam-webster.com. Merriam Webster,
Irradiation
John L. (1953). "Theory of Radiation Chemistry. II. Track Effects in Radiolysis of Water". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 21 (6): 1080–1087. Bibcode:1953JChPh
Spur_(chemistry)
Chemical compound
and carbon monoxide, along with some hydrogen. Chloral Bromal Iodal The Radiolysis of Some Organic Halogen Compounds in Aqueous Solutions, R. J. Woods and
Fluoral
Evaporite mineral
74.2.191. Smetannikov, A. F. (2010). "Hydrogen Generation during the Radiolysis of Crystallization water in Carnallite and Possible Consequences of this
Carnallite
Susceptibility of cells to radiation
are caused by free radicals, generated especially in water radiolysis and oxygen radiolysis. The genetic effects confer the predisposition of radiosensitivity
Radiosensitivity
Ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons
with water, caused by hydrogen absorption at crack tips resulting from radiolysis of the water, leading to a reduction in the required energy to propagate
Neutron_radiation
Gas layer surrounding Mars
methane include non-biological processes such as water-rock reactions, radiolysis of water, and pyrite formation, all of which produce H2 that could then
Atmosphere_of_Mars
Naturally occurring amino acid
"One-electron oxidation of ergothioneine and analogues investigated by pulse radiolysis: redox reaction involving ergothioneine and vitamin C". The Biochemical
Ergothioneine
Surname list
Hugo Fricke (1892–1972), Danish-American physicist who studied water radiolysis and invented the eponym dosimeter Janie Fricke (born 1947), American country
Fricke
Deep geological repository for radioactive waste
radioactive materials will dissociate water into hydrogen and oxygen (radiolysis). This could then create a potentially explosive environment inside the
Waste_Isolation_Pilot_Plant
Chemical compound
The fact that these synthesis routes do not work may be caused by the radiolysis of polonium hydride upon formation. Trace quantities of polonium hydride
Polonium_hydride
Nuclear reactor cooled or moderated by an organic liquid
coolants is that they decompose when exposed to radiation, also known as radiolysis. In contrast to heat-based decomposition, which tends to make lighter
Organic_nuclear_reactor
Chemical compound
was produced, but it was not fully characterized before it underwent radiolysis and decomposed to polonium tetrafluoride. Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg
Polonium_hexafluoride
Gas layer surrounding Jupiter
Loeffler, Mark J.; Hudson, Reggie L. (2018). "Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)". Icarus. 302: 418–425. Bibcode:2018Icar
Atmosphere_of_Jupiter
American-Armenian Materials Scientist
A. W. Wills, M. G. Thomas, D. J. Norris; Nano Lett. 11, 5553 (2011) Radiolysis to knock-on damage transition in zeolites under electron beam irradiation;
K._Andre_Mkhoyan
Chemical compound
Avantor. Sorensen VG, Bhale VM, McCallum KJ, Woods RJ (August 1970). "Radiolysis of aqueous 2,2,2-tribromoethanol solutions". Canadian Journal of Chemistry
Tribromoethanol
German nuclear chemist (1901–1990)
Technische Hochschule, Munich. S. Hoffmann, N. Riehl, W. Rupp, and R. Sizmann Radiolysis of Water Vapor by Alpha-Radiation [In German], Radiochimica Acta Volume
Nikolaus_Riehl
generated through abiotic as well as biotic processes, among which are the radiolysis and photolysis of water molecules and cellular respiration. According
Reactive oxygen species production in marine microalgae
Reactive_oxygen_species_production_in_marine_microalgae
French government energy research site
those reactor cores during operation, and may have fed off hydrogen from radiolysis. National Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (INSTN), which
CEA_Paris-Saclay
Quasi-free electron state in water
application of ESR spectroscopy. Advanced experimental techniques such as pulse radiolysis and time-resolved spectroscopy have been pivotal in detecting and studying
Wet_electron
How nuclear fuel behaves during a reactor accident
the operational lifetime of such reactors. In water-cooled reactors, radiolysis of the coolant by radiation generates hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, which
Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident
Behavior_of_nuclear_fuel_during_a_reactor_accident
Uniformity of handedness
circularly polarized light (CPL), quartz crystals, or the Earth's rotation, β-Radiolysis or the magnetochiral effect. Shortwave circularly polarized light, for
Homochirality
RADIOLYSIS
RADIOLYSIS
RADIOLYSIS
RADIOLYSIS
Boy/Male
Hindu
Buddhas tree
Boy/Male
English
Plant
Boy/Male
Muslim
Proud, Mighty
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Money
Boy/Male
Hawaiian
Biblical priest.
Girl/Female
Indian
Bestowed of longevity
Girl/Female
Indian
Little garden
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Victory over Air
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Righteous; Pious
RADIOLYSIS
RADIOLYSIS
RADIOLYSIS
RADIOLYSIS
RADIOLYSIS